Deck 11: Gender and Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true of gender stereotypes in the United States?

A) They are based on prototypes of white,middle-class,heterosexual Christians.
B) Competence and expressiveness are more similar for African American males and females than white American males and females.
C) They are more positive for African American women than Hispanic women.
D) They have become less rigid since the 1980s.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_____ combines statistical results of multiple studies to estimate size consistency of a variable's effects.

A) Meta-analysis
B) Factor analysis
C) Experiment analysis
D) Mega-analysis

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Pat is dyslexic and started speaking a little later than Chris.Pat is more likely to be

A) either gender,since we do not enough information to determine likelihood.
B) either gender,since verbal differences are small.
C) a female than Chris.
D) a male than Chris.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities,personality traits,and social behavior are

A) gender roles.
B) gender differences.
C) sexual orientations.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT associated with the gender similarities hypothesis?

A) Gender differences do not affect relationships.
B) Hyde's meta-analysis included over forty-six meta-analyses.
C) Most gender psychological differences are quite small.
D) Critics think Hyde left out important variables in her meta-analysis.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a stereotyped attribute for females?

A) Considerate
B) Sensitive
C) Gentle
D) Active

Question 7

Hyde's meta-analysis of gender comparison studies

A) was inconclusive.
B) verified that men are more aggressive than women.
C) led her to propose the gender similarities hypothesis.
D) disputed that men are more rational than women.

Question 8

The traditional male stereotype is more _____ than the female stereotype.

A) defined
B) flexible
C) accurate
D) complimentary

Question 9

Research on gender differences in mathematical ability indicates that

A) girls are more precocious than boys in mathematics.
B) boys generally do better than girls on mathematical analogies.
C) girls outperform boys at the high end of the mathematical ability distribution.
D) boys slightly outperform girls in mathematical problem solving when they reach high school.

Question 10

Scholars often use _____ to refer to male-female differences that are learned and _____ to designate biological differences.

A) gender;sex
B) sex;gender
C) gender;gender
D) sex;sex

Question 11

The area of cognitive abilities that has more than a small or confusing gender difference

A) is spatial ability.
B) is mathematical ability.
C) is verbal ability.
D) does not include any of these.

Question 12

Your text uses _____ to mean the state of being male or female.

A) sex
B) gender
C) gender identity
D) sexual orientation

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a stereotyped attribute for males?

A) Ambitious
B) Expressive
C) Competitive
D) Independent

Question 14

The gender similarities hypothesis states that

A) psychological gender similarities are rarely found.
B) most psychological gender differences are quite small.
C) there are no differences between genders as substantiated by Hyde's research.
D) there are decisive differences between genders psychologically.

Question 15

Chris has often said things like,"She was logical for a woman." This indicates that Chris

A) gives compliments to women.
B) has an androcentric point of view.
C) is androgynous.
D) has an unconventional stereotype of women.

Question 16

Regarding gender differences in intelligence,

A) males have an advantage because of biased testing.
B) males have an advantage because of slightly larger brains.
C) females have an advantage because of their higher verbal abilities.
D) there are no substantial differences in overall intelligence.

Question 17

Using a male stereotype as the standard of comparison for behavior of females is

A) egocentrism.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) androcentrism.
D) androgynous.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an area of gender difference in cognitive abilities?

A) Intelligence
B) Verbal
C) Mathematics
D) Spatial

Question 19

More recent gender stereotypes

A) are more diverse and try to include other groups besides white heterosexuals.
B) are more positive than before the 1980s.
C) view gender differences on a continuum as opposed to a dichotomy.
D) have the belief that traits associated with females represent the norm.

Question 20

_____ has shown gender differences in infants as young as 5 months old.

A) Verbal ability
B) Spatial ability
C) Self-esteem
D) Mathematical ability

Question 21

Cathy and Carl are fraternal twins.With regard to mental disorders,

A) Cathy is more likely than Carl to develop a mood disorder.
B) Both are equally likely to develop a mood disorder.
C) Cathy is more likely than Carl to commit suicide.
D) Carl is more likely to develop a mood disorder.

Question 22

Cross-cultural findings of gender differences

A) do not support evolutionary psychology views.
B) support evolutionary views because of their inconsistencies.
C) do not support evolutionary psychology theory because males and females have different adaptive demands.
D) support evolutionary psychology theory when consistent differences arise.

Question 23

Females have a higher rate of ______ than males.

A) anxiety
B) eating disorders
C) depression
D) all of these

Question 24

Meta-analysis of 115 studies on gender differences on self-esteem found that

A) females have higher self-esteem in the areas of athleticism and physical appearance.
B) males have higher self-esteem in the areas of self-satisfaction and physical appearance.
C) females have higher self-esteem in the areas of behavioral conduct and physical appearance.
D) males have higher self-esteem in the areas of behavioral conduct and morality/ethics.

Question 25

In controlled settings where male and female participants were exposed to aggression-evoking stimuli,

A) both were equally likely to be directly aggressive.
B) women were more likely to be indirectly aggressive.
C) women were more likely to be verbally aggressive.
D) there were cultural differences in type of aggressive behavior of each gender.

Question 26

Research on gender differences in communication

A) supports the stereotype that women are more talkative than men.
B) found that when women have more power in work or relationships they are less likely to interrupt a man.
C) men are more affected by status than women.
D) indicates that men interrupt women more than women interrupt men.

Question 27

In cross-cultural gender differences studies,

A) there are large differences between genders in cognitive abilities across all cultures.
B) there are more differences within each gender than between genders.
C) large differences between genders in cognitive abilities are only found in developed countries.
D) females are only more aggressive than males because of mate selection practices.

Question 28

Margie tends to interrupt others at work frequently.Given research in communication and gender differences,Margie is most likely

A) a typical woman.
B) working primarily with men.
C) in management.
D) actually a man.

Question 29

In the area of aggression,

A) males are nine times more likely to commit murder than females.
B) women make up 14% of violent offenders according to victim reports.
C) 7% of federal inmates are women.
D) all of these are true.

Question 30

Women _____ suicide more often than men,and men _____ suicide more than women.

A) commit;avoid
B) attempt;complete
C) complete;attempt
D) commit;fail to commit

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of gender differences for a given trait score?

A) Gender accounts for a significant proportion of the differences.
B) They tell us a lot about individuals.
C) Gender differences help us understand which gender is better than the other.
D) Individual differences are far more varied within each gender than between genders.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true of evolutionary analyses of gender differences?

A) It is plausible that evolutionary forces could have led to some divergence between genders in typical behavior.
B) It is controversial.
C) It is relatively easy to test empirically.
D) It can be used to promote the status quo of the dominance of males over females.

Question 33

Research on overall incidence of mental disorders have found

A) strong gender differences.
B) gender differences in mood disorders,but not in another other type of disorder.
C) minimal gender differences.
D) no gender differences.

Question 34

Group gender differences in behavior

A) tell us nothing about specific individuals.
B) compare the average man and woman.
C) are generally very small.
D) do all of these.

Question 35

Eight-year-old Becky is more likely than eight-year-old Tom to engage in which of the following behaviors?

A) Hit another child
B) Push another child
C) Threaten another child
D) Spread rumors about another child

Question 36

Females are more likely _____ throughout the lifespan compared to males.

A) to engage in deliberate self-harm
B) develop alcoholism
C) use drugs
D) display antisocial behavior

Question 37

Research suggests that an emotional difference between men and women is

A) men experience more emotional than women.
B) women are more outwardly expressive than men.
C) women experience emotions more than men.
D) men are taught to display their emotions more than women.

Question 38

_____ suggests that gender differences in behavior reflect natural selection of the course of human history.

A) Evolutionary psychology
B) Behaviorist psychology
C) Psychoanalytic theory
D) Humanistic psychology

Question 39

Cathy and Carl are a set of female/male twins.When tested for self-esteem,

A) Cathy is likely to score a small amount higher than Carl.
B) Carl is likely to score a small amount higher than Cathy.
C) Cathy is likely to score much higher than Carl.
D) Carl is likely to score much higher than Cathy.

Question 40

Looking at specific mental disorders,men are more likely than women to suffer from which of the following?

A) Drug-related disorders
B) Anxiety disorders
C) Depression
D) All of these are equally likely between men and women.

Question 41

Parents influence socialization

A) by encouraging play activities with different toys based on gender.
B) by mothers refusing to read children's books that are gender-stereotyped.
C) by fathers limiting daughters' toys to toys deemed more feminine.
D) through the award-winning children's books that are always nonsexist in modern literature.

Question 42

Jane is in grade school and has just finished the highest level of reading at the reading corner table.Dick has just finished the middle level of reading.Based on typical treatment of boys and girls by teachers,Ms.Tricia will most likely

A) pay more attention to Jane and praise her efforts.
B) pay more attention to Jane,but scold Dick for going slowly.
C) pay more attention to Dick,but praise Jane more.
D) pay more attention to Dick and praise his efforts.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the influence of school environment on gender-role socialization?

A) Current college textbooks do not contain gender bias.
B) Teacher-student interactions reinforce the gender stereotype of male competence and dominance.
C) Teachers pay more attention to girls in elementary school.
D) Girls receive more encouragement for academic achievement from grade-school teachers.

Question 44

Lucy read about research that males tend to use one side or the other of their brain for specific cerebral tasks more than females.She thinks this might make scientific sense because

A) men are more focused when they do something.
B) women use their right hemisphere for verbal processing and men have smaller right hemispheres compared to women.
C) the corpus callosum that connects the two hemispheres of the brain tends to be larger in females than males.
D) all of these apply.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a problem with the evidence regarding prenatal hormones shaping gender differences?

A) The data are correlational because we cannot ethically assign neonates to experimental groups thereby preventing causal conclusions.
B) The evidence is stronger for males than females.
C) Behavior is always subject to social factors after birth.
D) The conclusions are based on small samples of people who have abnormal conditions.

Question 46

Mothers given an androgen-like drug to prevent miscarriage have given evidence that when exposed to high levels of androgens prenatally

A) boys exhibit more female-typical behavior than other boys.
B) girls exhibit more male-typical behavior than other girls do.
C) the female embryo is highly resistant to the effects of such hormones.
D) causal conclusions can be drawn from these correlational data.

Question 47

Gender-role socialization

A) is less flexible for black families than white families.
B) varies depending on culture.
C) are more flexible for Asian and Hispanic families than white families.
D) are the same from one generation to another.

Question 48

Hormones are

A) the same in male and female embryos until after 28 weeks.
B) not a factor in prenatal development.
C) chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands.
D) all of these.

Question 49

_____ is the acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society.

A) Socialization
B) Gender role
C) Sexual orientation
D) Indoctrination

Question 50

Women being expected to rear children,cook meals,and clean house is an example of

A) socialization.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender expectation.
D) gender role.

Question 51

The _____ connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

A) skull
B) cerebrum
C) corpus callosum
D) neuronal dendrites

Question 52

High levels of _____ in male embryos and their low level in female embryos lead to differentiation of genital organs.

A) androgens
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) hormones

Question 53

It appears that especially for men the left hemisphere is more actively involved in ______ and mathematical processing,while the right hemisphere is specialized to handle ______ processing.

A) nonverbal;verbal
B) verbal;spatial
C) spatial;verbal
D) nonverbal;spatial

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true of an analysis of 200 bestselling and award-winning children's books?

A) They were nonsexist.
B) Nearly twice as many male as female main characters were portrayed.
C) Fathers were underrepresented and often withdrawn or ineffectual.
D) Female characters were more nurturing and less likely to have an occupation.

Question 55

Children tend to separate into same-gender groups

A) between the ages of 4 and 6 years.
B) without being adult-driven.
C) naturally and spend more time with same-gender peers from 6 to 12 years of age.
D) All of these are true.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true of brain organization gender differences?

A) Males do not consistently have more specialized brain organization than females.
B) Male and female brains are much more different than they are similar.
C) Females do not always have a larger corpus callosum.
D) A significant amount of brain development occurs after the age of 10 years making it impossible to determine what differences are due to socialization rather than innate organization.

Question 57

The _____ is made up of _____ and is responsible for most complex mental activities.

A) frontal lobe;neurons
B) cerebral hemisphere;frontal lobes
C) cerebrum;cerebral hemispheres.
D) cerebrum;frontal lobes

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a major source of gender-role messages?

A) Hormones
B) Peers
C) The media
D) Parents

Question 59

Between the ages of 3 and 11 years,

A) boys and girls do not exhibit stereotypical behavior.
B) boys are evaluated more negatively than girls when playing like the other gender.
C) gender atypical boys are more often a victim of bullying and loneliness.
D) negative adjustment and gender atypical behavior are unaffected by positive parenting styles.

Question 60

The influence of prenatal hormones on behavior

A) can be tested with prenatal experimentation.
B) is unclear in terms of their effect on genitalia.
C) becomes apparent only when something interferes with normal prenatal hormonal secretions.
D) is major in all aspects.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a sexual problem for women?

A) An association of shame and guilt with sex
B) Fear of pregnancy bringing negativity to sex
C) Negative emotions connected to sexual exploitation and rape
D) Sexual promiscuity because of modern gender roles

Question 62

_____ is discrimination against people on the basis of their gender.

A) Harassment
B) Homophobia
C) Sexism
D) Gender stereotyping

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT true of sexism?

A) It is limited to American culture.
B) Women discriminate against other women.
C) Men are sometimes the victims of gender-based discrimination.
D) Economic discrimination is sexism when there is differential access and treatment in jobs based on gender.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT true of males who accept the gender stereotype to suppress emotions?

A) Men are less likely to seek social support than women.
B) Children of men with traditional masculine norms will have higher self-esteem and lower rates of aggression and behavior problems.
C) Suppressed emotions can contribute to stress-related disorders.
D) Men's emotional inexpressiveness can cause problems in their relationships with partners and children.

Question 65

Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?

A) Teachers' behaviors
B) The books that are used
C) Academic and career counseling
D) All of the these

Question 66

Men can confuse feelings of intimacy and sex.This relates to

A) an intense intolerance of homosexuality called homophobia.
B) misinterpreting a compliment or friendly remark as a sexual invitation.
C) a feeling that sex is the only way they can feel intimately connected to someone.
D) all of these.

Question 67

Which of the following types of media appear to contain gender-role bias?

A) Video games
B) Educational software
C) Television commercials
D) All of these

Question 68

In the modern male role,masculinity is validated by

A) self-expression with other men.
B) physical strength.
C) economic achievement.
D) emotional expression.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT one of the major expectations for today's women?

A) Women are liberated to make their own choices of lifestyles.
B) Women are incomplete until they marry.
C) Women should have children and be self-sacrificing.
D) Women are expected to work outside the home and also have a satisfying family life.

Question 70

Philip's parents want him to grow up with less gender-role stereotypes.Based on current research,

A) they should encourage him to have only educational software on his computer.
B) they should recognize that all media will portray stereotypes and focus on countering it with their own values.
C) they can relax when he is watching commercials since they rarely portray stereotypes.
D) he will be less likely to develop gender-role stereotypes if he plays video games instead of watching adventure cartoons.

Question 71

Most women have major day-to-day responsibilities

A) in the role of worker.
B) in the role of spouse.
C) in the role of parent.
D) in the three roles of spouse,parent,and worker.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect that media aside from television has on gender-role socialization?

A) Educational software has equal male and female characters.
B) Daily newspaper comics avoid gender-stereotypic patterns.
C) Educational software portrays gender-stereotypic appearance for females.
D) Educational software portrays males in an unbiased manner.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role?

A) Autonomy
B) Emotional expression
C) Aggression
D) Stoicism

Question 74

The problem with multiple roles for women is

A) they are harmful for mental health.
B) most women are marrying and having children right away instead of working on education and careers.
C) the tensions among the roles and the unequal sharing of role responsibilities.
D) multiple roles,in themselves,are inherently problematic.

Question 75

The ability-achievement gap

A) is not a problem for women because of the changes in the modern female role.
B) has roots in the conflict between achievement and femininity that is built into the traditional female role.
C) is the gap between learning how to attract and interest males and actually finding prospective mates.
D) comes from sexual bias in the workplace.

Question 76

The central theme that runs through the traditional male gender role appears to be

A) getting in touch with your inner feminine side.
B) stoicism.
C) aggression
D) anti-femininity.

Question 77

The marriage and motherhood mandates fuel women's intense focus on ______,which is,learning how to attract and interest males as prospective mates.

A) sexual orientation
B) heterosexual success
C) reproductive fitness
D) the self-reliant mandate

Question 78

Women are more likely to have the career of _____ than _____.

A) clergy;lawyer
B) kindergarten teacher;carpenter
C) physician;accountant
D) post-secondary teacher;psychologist

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of distress for men's changing gender roles according to Brooks?

A) Violence
B) Emotional supersensitivity
C) Substance abuse
D) Sexual misconduct

Question 80

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the effect that television has on gender-role socialization?

A) Females appear more often and are likely to appear in primary roles.
B) About 35% of children are raised in homes where the TV is almost always on or on most of the time on.
C) Male characters are more likely to demonstrate competence-related behaviors such as reaching a goal and showing ingenuity.
D) Gender stereotypes are especially exaggerated in television commercials.