Deck 15: Testing Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficients: Cousins or Just Good Friends

Question 1

What is the appropriate test statistic to use to determine the correlation coefficient?

A)t test for the correlation coefficient
B)p test for the correlation coefficient
C)r test for the correlation coefficient
D)t test for statistical significance

Answer 1

t test for the correlation coefficient

Question 2

When you posit that a relationship between two variables will be either positive or negative,which of the following will you use?

A)one-tailed test
B)ANOVA test
C)two-tailed test
D)Cohen's d test

Answer 2

one-tailed test

Question 3

Correlations can ______.

A)be directional or nondirectional
B)be only directional
C)be only nondirectional
D)neither be directional nor nondirectional

Answer 3

be directional or nondirectional

Question 4

The correlation coefficient can be used as its own test statistic,but what is the other appropriate test statistic often used to examine the significance of a correlation?

A)F-test
B)Cohen's d
C)t test
D) $\eta$ ²

Question 5

The level of significance or Type I error typically set for testing the level of significance of a correlation coefficient is ______.

A)0.01
B)0.05
C)0.95
D)0.99

Question 6

Correlation coefficients can test ______ variable(s)at a time.

A)only one
B)only two
C)one or more
D)two or more

Question 7

What do correlation coefficients examine?

A)differences between two groups
B)differences between two or more groups
C)the relationship between variables
D)how variables can be arranged into higher-order factors

Question 8

What is the most important characteristic of a correlation coefficient?

A)number of variables included
B)absolute value
C)one-tailed
D)two-tailed

Question 9

What is another term for a negative correlation?

A)indirect
B)nondirectional
C)direct
D)unidirectional

Question 10

This chapter illustrates that you can also incorporate ______ into the correlation coefficient.

A)statistical significance
B)substantial significance
C)descriptive statistics
D)generalizability

Question 11

In the formula for calculating degrees of freedom for a correlation coefficient,what does the n represent?

A)sample size
B)number of groups
C)number of pairs
D)population

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient?

A)H₁: $\rho$ _xy = 0
B)H₁: $\rho$ _xy > 0
C)H₀: $\rho$ _xy = 0
D)H₀: $\rho$ _xy > 0

Question 13

Which of the following Greek symbols is used to represent the population estimate for a correlation coefficient?

A) $\alpha$
B) $\chi$
C) $\rho$
D) $\sigma$

Question 14

What is another term for a positive correlation?

A)indirect correlation
B)nondirectional correlation
C)direct correlation
D)unidirectional correlation

Question 15

When there is no prediction that a relationship between two variables will be either positive or negative,what type of test should you use?

A)two-tailed
B)ANOVA
C)one-tailed
D)Cohen's d

Question 16

The correlation coefficient measures ______.

A)mean differences
B)causation
C)prediction
D)association

Question 17

What is the Greek letter $\rho$ called?

A)phi
B)alpha
C)chi
D)rho

Question 18

The appropriate method for calculating the degrees of freedom associated with a correlation coefficient is ______

A)n - 1
B)n - 2
C)n - 3
D)n - 4

Question 19

Significant correlations cannot indicate ______.

A)the probability level
B)the size of the effect
C)the strength of the effect
D)causality

Question 20

Which of the following represents the test statistic for a correlation coefficient?

A)t
B)r
C) $\varphi$
D)F

Question 21

If a research hypothesis does not predict the direction of a relationship,the test is ______.

A)one-tailed
B)two-tailed
C)direct
D)positive

Question 22

The relationship between chocolate sales and student happiness can be tested using the ______.

A)mean difference
B)t statistic
C)error difference
D)c statistic

Question 23

Which of the following indicates a nonsignificant correlation?

A)p < 0.05
B)p < 0.01
C)p = 0.02
D)p = 0.30

Question 24

If a simple Pearson correlation value = 0.75,what percentage of variance is unaccounted for?

A)75%
B)56%
C)44%
D)25%

Question 25

In the equation r₍₆₅₎ = 0.45,p < 0.05,what is the obtained value?

A)0.45
B)45
C)0.65
D)65

Question 26

If a research hypothesis posits that there is a direct relationship between two variables,the test is ______.

A)one-tailed
B)two-tailed
C)negative
D)nondirectional

Question 27

When computing a correlation coefficient,if you have 55 degrees of freedom,your sample size must be ______.

A)55
B)53
C)56
D)57

Question 28

If a simple Pearson correlation value = 0.685,what percentage of variance is accounted for?

A)35%
B)47%
C)68%
D)69%

Question 29

The statement r_xy $\neq$ 0 represents ______.

A)the null hypothesis
B)the t statistic
C)the mean difference
D)the research hypothesis

Question 30

Another use of correlation coefficient is to ______.

A)test mean differences
B)test causal relationships
C)estimate reliability
D)estimate power

Question 31

To examine the association between temperature and frozen yogurt sales,you hypothesize that higher temperatures will be associated with increased frozen yogurt sales.You have a ______.

A)one-tailed hypothesis
B)two-tailed hypothesis
C)nondirectional hypothesis
D)invalid hypothesis

Question 32

If the correlation between two variables is 0.496,how much of the variance has not been accounted for?

A)24.6%
B)49.6%
C)50.4%
D)75.4%

Question 33

If the correlation between two variables is 0.496,what is the coefficient of determination?

A)0.246
B)0.496
C)0.504
D)0.754

Question 34

If a simple Pearson correlation value = 0.362,what percentage of variance is unaccounted for?

A)25%
B)36%
C)56%
D)87%

Question 35

When computing the correlation coefficient,the ______ between variables,not the ______ between groups is being examined.

A)relationship;difference
B)difference;relationship
C)means,reliability
D)reliability;means

Question 36

Which of the following indicates a significant correlation?

A)p = 0.21
B)p < 0.05
C)p < 0.20
D)p < 0.50

Question 37

If a simple Pearson correlation value = 0.512,what percentage of variance is accounted for?

A)26%
B)49%
C)51%
D)74%

Question 38

When computing a correlation coefficient,if you have 27 degrees of freedom,your sample size must be ______.

A)25
B)27
C)29
D)26

Question 39

In the equation r₍₆₅₎ = 0.45,p < 0.05,what does r represent?

A)observed statistic
B)test statistic
C)experimental statistic
D)critical statistic

Question 40

Identify the degrees of freedom in the equation r₍₆₅₎ = 0.45,p < 0.05.

A)0.35
B)35
C)0.65
D)65

Question 41

Correlation coefficients examine the relationship between variables.

Question 42

Another term for a direct correlation is ______

A)a positive correlation
B)a nondirectional correlation
C)a negative correlation
D)a unidirectional correlation

Question 43

When you hypothesize that there will be a relationship between couples' listening skills and length of marriage,you have a ______.

A)one-tailed hypothesis
B)invalid hypothesis
C)valid hypothesis
D)two-tailed hypothesis

Question 44

The correlation between the two variables of interest is 0.81,which is significant at the 0.0337 level.That means ______.

A)that the null hypothesis is rejected
B)that the research hypothesis is rejected
C)that the null hypothesis is accepted
D)that the null hypothesis cannot be determined

Question 45

When the research hypothesis posits that there is a nondirect relationship between two variables,the test is ______.

A)one-tailed
B)two-tailed
C)negative
D)nondirectional

Question 46

The correlation between the two variables of interest is 0.081,which is significant at the 0.637 level.This means ______.

A)that the null hypothesis is rejected
B)that the research hypothesis is accepted
C)that the null hypothesis is accepted
D)that the null hypothesis cannot be determined

Question 47

When the research hypothesis predicts the direction of a relationship,the test is ______.

A)one-tailed
B)two-tailed
C)direct
D)positive

Question 48

Another term for an indirect correlation is ______

A)a negative correlation
B)a nondirectional correlation
C)a positive correlation
D)a unidirectional correlation

Question 49

A ______ correlation is also known as a ______ correlation.

A)negative;indirect
B)negative;nondirectional
C)positive;indirect
D)positive;nondirectional

Question 50

A ______ correlation is also known as a ______ correlation.

A)negative;direct
B)negative;nondirectional
C)positive;direct
D)positive;nondirectional

Question 51

Statistically significant correlations cannot show ______.

A)the probability level
B)the size of the effect
C)causality
D)the strength of the effect

Question 52

If the hypothesis shows no direction,what type of correlation coefficient should be used?

A)partial correlation
B)absolute value
C)one-tailed
D)two-tailed

Question 53

Which of the following indicates a very significant correlation?

A)p = 0.05
B)p < 0.05
C)p < 0.01
D)p < 0.50

Question 54

If the accounted variance is 24.2%,what is the correlation between the two variables?

A)24.6%
B)49.2%
C)50.4%
D)75.4%

Question 55

If the correlation between two variables is 0.876,how much of the variance has been accounted for?

A)24.6%
B)49.6%
C)59.1%
D)76.7%

Question 56

If the coefficient of determination is 0.767,what is correlation between the two variables?

A)0.246
B)0.496
C)0.504
D)0.876

Question 57

A correlation coefficient can only test one variable at a time.

Question 58

A researcher hypothesizes that there will be a positive relationship between couples' listening skills and length of marriage.The researcher has a ______.

A)one-tailed hypothesis
B)invalid hypothesis
C)valid hypothesis
D)two-tailed hypothesis

Question 59

When computing a correlation coefficient,if you have 36 degrees of freedom,your sample size must be ______.

A)35
B)34
C)38
D)37

Question 60

If the correlation between two variables is 0.767,how much variance has not been accounted for?

A)0.246
B)0.412
C)0.588
D)0.876

Question 61

Give an example of a situation when it would be appropriate to use the t test for the correlation coefficient test statistic.

Question 62

Think about the t test for the correlation coefficient.Write the equations for a research hypothesis with a one-tailed test and for a research hypothesis with a two-tailed test.Write the equation for the null hypothesis.

Question 63

Give an example of a one-tailed hypothesis that may be tested through a correlation.

Question 64

A significant correlation indicates a meaningful relationship.

Question 65

The correlation coefficient can only be used for one-tailed tests.

Question 66

What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question?

Question 67

If two variables are significantly correlated,this means that one variable causes the other.

Question 68

The research hypothesis posits that the more caffeine consumed by a subject,the longer a subject will stay awake (H₁: r_xy > 0).What would be concluded for r₍₁₀₎= 0.653,p < 0.05?

Question 69

With correlations,tests can be either directional or nondirectional.

Question 70

Write an example of a research hypothesis for a one-tailed t test for the correlation coefficient.

Question 71

Correlations can be used to examine the differences between groups.

Question 72

Write an example of a research hypothesis for a two-tailed t test for the correlation coefficient.

Question 73

Write an example of a null hypothesis for a t test for the correlation coefficient.

Question 74

The research hypothesis posits that there will be a relationship between the number of hours a student studies and their result on a test (H₁: r_xy ≠ 0).What would be concluded for r₍₄₅₎= 0.213,p > 0.05?

Question 75

The appropriate test statistic to use is the t test for the correlation coefficient.

Question 76

The research hypothesis posits that the relationship between two variables will be greater than 0 (H₁: r_xy > 0).What would be concluded for r₍₂₉₎= 0.467,p < 0.05?

Question 77

A significant correlation does not indicate causality.

Question 78

A single correlation can be computed in order to determine the relationship between three variables.