Deck 8: Nervous System

Question 1

Which of the following is not true of the enteric nervous system?

A)It is a unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system.
B)It contains both sensory and motor neurons.
C)It is contained wholly within the digestive tract.
D)It can function without input from the CNS or other parts of the PNS.
E)It is a subdivision of the somatic nervous system.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

If you are experiencing extreme frustration,your brain is more likely to exhibit which type of wave pattern?

A)Alpha waves
B)Beta waves
C)Delta waves
D)Theta waves
E)Gamma waves

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Continuous conduction of the action potential

A)occurs in myelinated axons
B)occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons
C)is a function of the nodes of Ranvier
D)is quicker than saltatory conduction
E)both A and D are correct

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Local potentials

A)are propagated down the length of the axon
B)if strong enough,activate voltage gated channels to initiate and action potential.
C)are another name for action potentials
D)are produced by the brief influx of K⁺ from the neuron
E)are produced by the brief efflux of Na⁺ from the neuron

Question 5

Which of the following represents the usual progression of brain activity in a normal person falling asleep?

A)alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to theta waves
B)beta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to delta waves
C)alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to delta waves
D)delta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to theta waves
E)theta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to beta waves

Question 6

The coccygeal plexus:

A)supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor
B)supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
C)supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle
D)Both A and B are correct.
E)All of the above.

Question 7

Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels,

A)the Na⁺ channels open for a brief time generating a local current.
B)the cell may reach threshold.
C)the inside of the membrane becomes more positive
D)a local potential is generated
E)All of the above are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following brain wave patterns are observed primarily in deep sleep,infants and patients with severe brain disorders?

A)Alpha waves
B)Beta waves
C)Delta waves
D)Theta waves
E)Gamma waves

Question 9

Which of the following is not a function of the astrocytes?

A)stimulate the activity of nearby neurons.
B)help to limit neural damage.
C)produce the myelin sheath around axons.
D)generate scar tissue.
E)inhibit the activity of nearby neurons.

Question 10

The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called:

A)short term memory
B)declarative memory
C)procedural memory
D)explicit memory
E)working memory

Question 11

Voltage - gated ion channels:

A)open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B)are always open
C)open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D)are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons
E)Both A and D are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT?

A)Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold changes in local potential.
B)Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the posynaptic neuron.
C)Spatial summation also occurs when local potentials overlap in time.
D)Both spatial and temporal summation can lead to either inhibition or stimulation depending upon the signal type.
E)A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to cause the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold.

Question 13

The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called:

A)short term memory
B)declarative memory
C)procedural memory
D)implicit memory
E)working memory

Question 14

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day.An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

A)Alpha waves
B)Beta waves
C)Delta waves
D)Theta waves
E)Gamma waves

Question 15

Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system?

A)receive sensory input
B)integrate information
C)maintain homeostasis
D)control muscles and glands
E)all of the above are major functios of the nervous system

Question 16

Leak ion channels:

A)open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B)are always open
C)open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D)are closed until opened by specific signals
E)are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons

Question 17

Which of the following is not TRUE of K⁺ leak channels?

A)are always open.
B)are 50 - 100 times more prevalent than Na⁺ leak channels.
C)have the greatest contribution to the resting potential of the cell.
D)are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential.
E)allow K⁺ ions to "leak" down their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

Question 18

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test.An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

A)Alpha waves
B)Beta waves
C)Delta waves
D)Theta waves
E)Gamma waves

Question 19

The limbic system:

A)influences long term declarative memory
B)influences motivation and mood
C)influences visceral responses to emotions
D)receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves
E)all of the above

Question 20

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called:

A)working memory
B)declarative memory
C)procedural memory
D)implicit memory
E)explicit memory

Question 21

In a neuron,short,branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and carry it to the cell body are called

A)dendrites.
B)axons.
C)cell bodies.
D)axon hillock.
E)a myelin sheath.

Question 22

The neuroglial cells that form a myelin sheath around axons are

A)the microglia.
B)the ependymal cells.
C)the Schwann cells.
D)the oligodendrocytes.
E)both the Schwann cells and the oligodendrocytes.

Question 23

Gaps between segments of oligodendrocytes or between individual Schwann cells are called

A)ganglia.
B)microglia.
C)nodes of Ranvier.
D)ependymal cells.
E)nerve tracts.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a reflex arc?

A)sensory receptor
B)afferent (sensory)neuron
C)spinal pathway
D)efferent (motor)neuron
E)effector organ

Question 25

The spinothalamic tracts of the spinal cord

A)are descending tracts.
B)carry pain,temperature,and light touch sensations.
C)carry proprioceptive information.
D)have upper and lower motor neurons.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 26

Action potentials

A)are propagated more rapidly in unmyelinated axons.
B)jump between nodes of Ranvier.
C)occur in an all-or-none fashion.
D)do all of these.
E)jump between nodes of Ranvier and occur in an all-or-none fashion only.

Question 27

The posterior (dorsal)horns of the spinal cord contain

A)sensory neurons.
B)motor neurons.
C)sympathetic autonomic neurons.
D)nerve tracts.
E)white matter.

Question 28

The peripheral nervous system (PNS)consists of

A)the brain.
B)the spinal cord.
C)all the nerves and ganglia outside of the spinal cord.
D)the white and grey matter and the spinal cord.
E)the white matter and the ganglia.

Question 29

A reflex

A)is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus.
B)allows a person to react to stimuli more quickly.
C)is a form of negative feedback response.
D)conducts signals from the periphery to the spinal cord then back to the periphery.
E)All of these are true of a reflex.

Question 30

Which of the following would increase conduction velocity of an action potential in an axon?

A)Decrease the diameter of the axon.
B)Wrap the axon in Schwann cells.
C)Remove the oligodendrocytes from around the axon.
D)Prevent saltatory conduction.
E)All of these would increase the conduction velocity of an AP in an axon.

Question 31

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:

A)prepares a person for intense physical activity
B)causes the release of glucose from the liver when stimulated
C)stimulates involuntary activities such as digestion,defecation and urination.
D)stimulates increases heart rate and blood pressure
E)is often referred to as the "fight or flight" response.

Question 32

An afferent neuron from a pain receptor and a neuron from the brain both synapse with a motor neuron.This is an example of

A)divergent pathways.
B)convergent pathways.
C)both divergent and convergent pathways.
D)incomplete pathways.
E)complete pathways.

Question 33

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS are called

A)nuclei.
B)nerve tracts.
C)nerves.
D)ganglia.
E)nodes of Ranvier.

Question 34

The resting membrane potential

A)occurs because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions than sodium ions.
B)partly results from the sodium-potassium exchange pump.
C)occurs because the cell membrane remains polarized at rest.
D)occurs because there are negatively charged proteins and ions inside the cell.
E)has all of these contributing factors.

Question 35

Chemical substances released from the presynaptic terminal

A)bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
B)may inhibit or stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on the receptors.
C)are normally broken down by enzymes located in the synapse.
D)are called neurotransmitters.
E)have all of these properties.

Question 36

An action potential occurs

A)if the membrane potential reaches a threshold value.
B)when negative proteins and ions rapidly enter the cell.
C)when the inside of the cell becomes negative compared to the outside.
D)when there is repolarization.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 37

White matter of the central nervous system

A)is formed by nerve cell bodies and their dendrites.
B)is formed by bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths.
C)forms the cortex of the brain.
D)forms nuclei deep within the brain.
E)have all of these properties.

Question 38

Axons

A)may branch to form collateral axons.
B)have an axon hillock which is devoid of nissl bodies.
C)are often surrounded by a myelin sheath.
D)carry action potentials away from the cell body.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 39

Dorsal roots of the spinal cord

A)have dorsal root ganglia.
B)have efferent nerve processes.
C)contain neurons that carry action potentials away from the spinal cord.
D)unite with other dorsal roots to form spinal nerves.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 40

The nodes of Ranvier

A)increase the conduction velocity of an action potential.
B)allow the current to flow easily between the extracellular fluid and the axon.
C)allow action potentials to develop.
D)allow for saltatory conduction of the action potential.
E)All of these are true of nodes of Ranvier.

Question 41

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the

A)pineal gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)thalamus.
D)mammillary bodies.
E)colliculi.

Question 42

To understand a word that one hears,action potentials from the ear reach the auditory cortex,travel to the auditory association cortex,and are comprehended as meaningful words by

A)Broca's area (motor speech area).
B)Wernicke's area (sensory speech area).
C)the prefrontal area.
D)the primary somatic sensory cortex.
E)the aphasic area.

Question 43

A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem that play a role in arousing and maintaining consciousness are collectively called the

A)reticular formation.
B)pons.
C)colliculi.
D)pyramids.
E)midbrain.

Question 44

Spinal nerves

A)are organized into plexuses,except for T₂ to T₁₁.
B)contain both afferent and efferent fibers.
C)mostly exit between adjacent vertebrae.
D)have both autonomic and somatomotor efferent fibers.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 45

Four mounds,found in the roof of the midbrain,which are involved in integration of hearing and visual reflexes are

A)the medullary pyramids.
B)the reticular formation.
C)the pons.
D)the colliculi.
E)both the medullary pyramids and the pons.

Question 46

A whole series of neurons that are involved in the long-term retention of a given piece of information,thought,or idea is called

A)short-term memory.
B)a memory engram.
C)an EEG.
D)aphasia.
E)brain waves.

Question 47

The most inferior portion of the diencephalon,which is very important in control of body temperature,hunger,and thirst,and also controls the pituitary gland is the

A)cerebrum.
B)hypothalamus.
C)mammillary bodies.
D)pineal gland.
E)infundibulum.

Question 48

Afferent fibers carrying general sensory input synapse in the _____,from where the information is relayed to the general sensory area.

A)association areas
B)primary sensory areas
C)premotor area
D)prefrontal area
E)thalamus

Question 49

Given these areas of the cerebral cortex: 1)prefrontal area
2)premotor area
3)primary motor area
If a person decided to jump over a chair,planned how to do it,and then actually jumped over the chair,which sequence below represents the correct order that these areas of the brain were involved?

A)1,2,3
B)1,3,2
C)2,1,3
D)2,3,1
E)3,1,2

Question 50

Cranial nerves may contain

A)sensory (afferent)neurons.
B)motor (efferent)neurons.
C)parasympathetic (efferent)neurons.
D)any or all of these nerve cell types.

Question 51

The deep groove that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres from each other is the

A)longitudinal fissure.
B)lateral sulcus.
C)lateral fissure.
D)central sulcus.
E)infundibulum.

Question 52

The area of the cerebral cortex (just posterior to the central sulcus)that receives general sensory information such as pain,pressure,and temperature is called the

A)general motor area.
B)association area.
C)primary motor area.
D)primary somatic sensory cortex.
E)premotor area.

Question 53

The part of the epithalamus that is an endocrine gland,is located posterior to the thalamus,and may influence puberty,is the

A)reticular formation.
B)midbrain.
C)mammillary bodies.
D)pineal gland.
E)infundibulum.

Question 54

Below are given the steps of the patellar reflex arc.What is the correct order of events from the time the hammer taps the patellar ligament to the knee jerk response? 1)The leg extends at the knee.
2)Sensory neurons conduct the action potentials to the spinal cord.
3)Motor neurons are stimulated and generate an action potential.
4)Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord.
5)The AP travels to the quadriceps femoris and cause it to contract.
6)Sensory receptors in the muscle detect the stretch of the tendon and muscles.

A)3,4,6,2,5,1
B)6,2,4,3,5,1
C)5,3,6,2,4,1
D)6,5,4,2,3,1
E)1,5,3,4,2,6

Question 55

Which of these is NOT a component of the diencephalon?

A)thalamus
B)pons
C)pineal gland
D)hypothalamus
E)All of these are components of the diencephalon.

Question 56

The corpus callosum

A)consists of a broad band of white tracts.
B)is found at the base of the longitudinal fissure.
C)is the largest of the commissures.
D)allows sensory information to be shared between the two cerebral hemispheres.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 57

Descending tracts

A)include the corticospinal tract.
B)contain axons of upper motor neurons that cross over to the other side of the spinal cord.
C)include the extrapyramidal tracts,which are involved in unconscious control of motor function.
D)contain upper motor neurons that modulate the activity of lower motor neurons.
E)have all of these properties.

Question 58

After a car accident,the ER doctor uses a hammer to test your patellar reflex response.You have no initial knee jerk response but after 2 weeks your response is exaggerated.What does it indicate?

A)The neurons within the brain or spinal cord that modify this reflex have been damaged.
B)The neurons within the periphery have been damaged.
C)Your cerebral cortex was damaged but has since re-routed your spinal reflexes.
D)Your spine had been severed but has since regrown.
E)The withdrawal reflex has taken over the stretch reflex function.

Question 59

The part of the brainstem that regulates heart rate,breathing,swallowing,coughing,and sneezing is

A)the cerebrum.
B)the medulla oblongata.
C)the pons.
D)the midbrain.
E)the spinal cord.

Question 60

Numerous raised folds on the surface of each cerebral hemisphere are called

A)gyri.
B)sulci.
C)fissures.
D)lobes.
E)pineal bodies.

Question 61

The central nervous system disorder characterized by seizures (massive neuronal discharges)and,when motor pathways are affected,convulsions (involuntary muscle contractions)is

A)epilepsy.
B)Huntington's chorea.
C)migraine headache.
D)alzheimer's disease.
E)cerebral palsy.

Question 62

Disruption of the blood supply causing death of parts of the brain also causes the group of clinical conditions referred to as

A)a myocardial infarction (a heart attack).
B)senile dementia.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)a cerebrovascular accident (a stroke).
E)multiple sclerosis.

Question 63

The limbic system

A)includes the olfactory cortex and portions of the diencephalon and portions of the cerebrum.
B)influences emotions,motivation and mood.
C)is functionally associated with the hypothalamus.
D)initiates responses necessary for survival,such as hunger and thirst.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 64

Why is it not normally possible for action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron to produce an action potential in the presynaptic neuron?

A)because the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons have no acetylcholine receptors
B)because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential
C)because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only
D)because the synaptic vesicles in the postsynaptic terminal are inactive
E)both because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential and because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only

Question 65

The ________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle.

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D)parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E)afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 66

The right cerebral hemisphere (in most people)

A)controls the activity of,and receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
B)contains the language centers.
C)is the analytical half of the cerebrum.
D)has a larger volume and mass than the left cerebral hemisphere
E)has all of these properties.

Question 67

The ________ consists of nerves,receptors,ganglia,and synapses outside the CNS.

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D)parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E)afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 68

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)has postganglionic cell bodies in chain ganglia or collateral ganglia.
B)has preganglionic neurons in cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves.
C)when stimulated,slows the heart rate and the respiration rate.
D)includes preganglionic neurons that secrete norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 69

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the _____ in the ventricles,and passes back into the blood through the _____.

A)cerebral aqueduct,central canal
B)choroid plexus,central canal
C)arachnoid granulations,choroid plexus
D)choroid plexus,arachnoid granulations
E)central canal,choroid plexus

Question 70

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)is involved in vegetative activities,such as digestion,urination,and defecation.
B)has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia,located either near or within target organs.
C)has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine.
D)has preganglionic cell bodies located in cranial and sacral areas.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 71

The ventricles of the brain

A)are cavities filled with air.
B)consist of four cavities.
C)consist of one lateral ventricle,two third ventricles and a fourth ventricle.
D)are connected by the cerebral aqueduct between the first and second ventricles.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 72

An individual has a severed corpus callosum.If directed to find an object with his left hand,without looking,

A)he probably could not find it.
B)he probably could find it,but could not say what it was.
C)he probably could find it,and could say what it was.

Question 73

Roger Romeo,always the confident and self-assured man-about-campus,is dismayed to find that every time he smells the perfume his first girlfriend wore,he gets tears in his eyes and a lump in his throat.What is the most likely physiological explanation for this involuntary response?

A)The frontal lobe controls motor activity,which is inhibited by smell.
B)The substantia nigra secretes dopamine,which inhibits his corpus striatum,and causes emotional responses (i.e.,acting like a "dope").
C)The mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus produce strong reflexive physical and emotional responses to odors and memories.
D)The temporal lobe evaluates auditory and olfactory input.
E)The comparator function of the cerebellum compares old and new smells.

Question 74

A space within the dura mater that collects blood from the small veins of the brain is called

A)the epidural space.
B)the subarachnoid space.
C)the dural venous sinuses.
D)the arachnoid layer.
E)the meningeal space.

Question 75

Basal nuclei

A)contains the corpus striatum.
B)contains the substantia nigra.
C)are important in planning,organizing and coordinating motor movements.
D)are linked with the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 76

Which of these nerves is NOT a branch of the brachial plexus?

A)axillary nerve
B)radial nerve
C)ulnar nerve
D)phrenic nerve
E)median nerve

Question 77

Chuck Wildlee,a baseball pitcher,was struck on the head by a line drive hit by Charley Hussel.Fortunately,Chuck was not seriously injured,but when he was revived,he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had.This was because

A)sensory memory had not been converted to short-term memory.
B)short-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory.
C)he lost both sensory and short-term memory.
D)long-term memory had not been converted to a memory engram.
E)long-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory.

Question 78

The _________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A)central nervous system
B)somatic nervous system
C)sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
D)parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
E)afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 79

The thickest and most superficial of the meninges is the

A)pia mater.
B)arachnoid layer.
C)dura mater.
D)choroid plexus.
E)dural sinus.

Question 80

The cerebellum

A)has no gyri or sulci.
B)acts as an agonist as one of its major functions.
C)is involved in balance,maintenance of muscle tone,and coordination of fine motor movement.
D)is stimulated by alcohol.
E)acts as an agonist as one of its major functions and is involved in balance,maintenance of muscle tone,and coordination of fine motor movement.