Deck 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives

Question 1

Research suggests that high dietary intake of ________ by pregnant women may be related to higher IQ levels among children.

A) omega-3 fatty acids
B) monosodium glutamate
C) vitamin B-3
D) placebos

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Biosocial perspectives are theories of

A) crime.
B) violence.
C) criminality.
D) victimization.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Freda Adler proposed that

A) as women entered nontraditional roles and occupations, their involvement in crime would become closer to that of men.
B) the relationship of gender and criminality will remain stable over time.
C) cross-cultural research suggests that socialization does not affect gender involvement in crime.
D) there is something about gender per se that is responsible for the observed gender differences in crime commission.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following was not listed by Wilson and Herrnstein as contributing to crime?

A) Age
B) Brain structure
C) Intelligence
D) Personality

Question 5

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the complete sequence of

A) DNA.
B) RNA.
C) XYY.
D) MAOA

Question 6

___________ argues that the propensity for crime commission evolved as part of the male reproductive strategy and a particular neurochemistry characteristic of males increases the probability of male criminality.

A) Neuroplasticity theory
B) Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory
C) The gender ratio problem
D) Epigenetics

Question 7

Which of the following brain mechanisms may be involved in aggression?

A) Disease
B) Physical injuries
C) Food allergies
D) All of the above

Question 8

What is the effect of stress on brain structure?

A) Stress does not have any effect on brain structure
B) Long-term exposure to high-level stress can reduce cognition
C) Long-term exposure to low-level stress can produce neuroplasticity
D) Short-term exposure to stress can increase brain development

Question 9

What is the impact of sugar on behavior?

A) Excess sugar consumption may be linked to crime
B) Excess sugar consumption may lead to learning disabilities, which increase the risk of criminality
C) Hypoglycemia increase violent behavior
D) The current evidence is unclear

Question 10

What have researchers found about the effect of deficient MAOA activity on children?

A) Deficient MAOA activity may predispose children to adult violence
B) Deficient MAOA activity may predispose maltreated children to adult violence
C) Deficient MAOA activity may reduce the risk of adult violence among maltreated children
D) Deficient MAOA activity has no effect on children

Question 11

Genes ___________ human action.

A) determine
B) produce
C) enable
D) cause

Question 12

An offender convicted of __________ is most likely to have a low level of serotonin in the brain

A) premeditated murder
B) insider trading
C) planned burglary
D) a crime of passion

Question 13

When would you expect the relationship between temperature and assaults to be the strongest?

A) 10 A.M.
B) Noon
C) 4 P.M.
D) 11 P.M.

Question 14

The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by

A) age.
B) the social environment.
C) genetics.
D) prenatal substance abuse.

Question 15

Which of the following factors probably does not activate chemical switches that regulate gene expression?

A) Stress
B) Diet
C) Toxins
D) Economic conditions

Question 16

The myth of the __________ holds that human nature is essentially good.

A) blank slate
B) noble savage
C) ghost in the machine
D) epigenesis

Question 17

The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is

A) temperature.
B) barometric pressure.
C) rainfall.
D) humidity

Question 18

The level of exposure to lead appears to be a reliable predictor of all but which of the following?

A) The number of juvenile offenses
B) The seriousness of juvenile offenses
C) The number of adult offenses
D) The seriousness of adult offenses

Question 19

The myth of the ___________ holds that the human mind has no innate traits.

A) blank slate
B) noble savage
C) ghost in the machine
D) epigenesis

Question 20

Which of the following foods has not been implicated in the production of criminal violence or antisocial behavior?

A) Food additives
B) Coffee
C) Processed foods
D) All of the above may possibly trigger antisocial behavior or criminal violence

Question 21

Wilson and Herrnstein stated that individuals commit more crimes as they get older.

Question 22

Once inherited, criminal genes inevitably produce antisocial behavior.

Question 23

Biosocial criminologists explain gender differences in criminal involvement by arguing that there is something about gender itself that is responsible for the observed differences.

Question 24

Biosocial criminologists argue that biological factors operate independently of environmental factors

Question 25

Prefrontal cortex problems may predispose someone to criminality.

Question 26

There is conclusive evidence linking sugar consumption to behavioral changes.

Question 27

The relationship between temperature and crime is influenced by time of day.

Question 28

There may be a gene for criminal behavior.

Question 29

Prenatal diet can affect the risk of delinquency of the child later in life.

Question 30

Changes in hormone levels can account for aggressive behavior.

Question 31

Oxytocin has been linked to increased risk likelihood of involvement in violence.

Question 32

Genes cause human action

Question 33

Childhood maltreatment appears to be a universal risk factor for antisocial behavior.

Question 34

Exposure to high levels of lead is not related to juvenile crime.

Question 35

Cultural changes in our society have resulted in a significant increase in female involvement in crime.

Question 36

Biosocial theories do not appear able to explain temporal variations in crime rates.

Question 37

Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men.

Question 38

Competitive/victimizing behavior is largely fueled by androgens.

Question 39

Vitamin deficiencies among children can increase the risk of aggressive behavior.

Question 40

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to injury or experience.

Question 41

What are some of the major findings of modern genetic research in criminology? What does this suggest about human behavior in relation to social and physical environments?

Question 42

__________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.

Question 43

According to Wilson and Herrnstein, criminality is consistently associated with ________ levels of intelligence.

Question 44

Biosocial criminology emphasizes the importance of recognizing the ______ between biology and the environment in the formation of biological responses to given situations.

Question 45

The development of antisocial behavior is mediated by an interaction between maltreatment and the gene responsible for the production of the enzyme ________.

Question 46

_________ selection is a form of natural selection that influences an individual's ability to find or choose a mate.

Question 47

The myth of the _________ holds that each person has an individual soul-like quality allowing him or her to make choices independent of biological predispositions.

Question 48

The relationship between _________ and assault is strongest at night.

Question 49

Men whose brains lack sufficient amounts of __________ may feel frustration more acutely and respond to frustrating circumstances more aggressively.

Question 50

Define biosocial theory and explain what sets it apart from other biological perspectives on crime.

Question 51

refers to the belief that the brain can alter its structure and function in response to experience.

Question 52

________ refers to the process by which social experiences change neural circuitry in the brain.

Question 53

Discuss the relationship between weather and crime, including how various types of weather affect different types of crime, how other factors may mediate the relationship, and the theory underlying the relationship.

Question 54

__________ estimates the amount of variation in the traits of a population that is attributable to genetic factors.

Question 55

Research has found a clear __________ correlation between temperature and violent crime.

Question 56

----------- are bundles of genes.

Question 57

The _________ defense used by Dan White argued that his consumption of junk food was evidence of depression.

Question 58

What are some of the various attempts to explain the gender ratio problem? How do biosocial criminologists address this issue? What factors need to be addressed when studying crime and gender?