Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

If an entire species exhibits the behaviour, and it is not learned, and it is present from birth, we can safely assume it is

A) an instinct.
B) an unconscious motivator.
C) an extrinsically rewarded behaviour.
D) an emotional response.

Answer 1

an instinct.

Question 2

All of the following are examples of extrinsic motivation, except

A) Angie reading for 30 minutes each evening so she can stay up later.
B) Anne reading her psychology in order to do well on her tests.
C) Bobby reading three books a week to win an award at school.
D) Yvette reading several books each month because reading is fun.

Answer 2

Yvette reading several books each month because reading is fun.

Question 3

Which of the following views suggests that our biological needs give rise to unpleasant states of tension or arousal that push us into action?

A) instinct theory
B) expectancy theory
C) affiliation theory
D) drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

drive-reduction theory

Question 4

Incentive is to motivation as ________ is to ________.

A) internal; external
B) need; satisfaction
C) physical; desire
D) one aspect; the larger theory

Question 5

An incentive is

A) something over and above what actually motivates us.
B) something that pulls or entices us to act.
C) a motive that comes from inside of us.
D) an internal reason for doing something.

Question 6

Intrinsically motivated behaviours are most likely to be reinforced by such things as

A) a feeling of accomplishment.
B) fear of punishment.
C) expectation of later rewards.
D) avoidance of an unpleasant task.

Question 7

Which student is taking psychology out of intrinsic motivation?

A) Maggie is taking the course because it was offered at a convenient time.
B) Jamie is taking the course because he thinks it will raise his grade point average.
C) Alfredo is taking the course because he has always found the subject interesting.
D) Kim is taking the course to fulfill a core course requirement.

Question 8

Fritz, an entomologist, asserts that an insect species he has studied has an innate tendency to play dead in the dark. This pattern appears to be unlearned and universal to the species. Fritz is describing

A) a reflex.
B) a motive.
C) a classically conditioned response.
D) an instinct.

Question 9

All of the following are examples of intrinsic motivation, except

A) Charles getting great toy design ideas from his magazine subscription; he enjoys modifying and expanding them.
B) Debbie wanting to take up a hobby and buying a book on woodworking.
C) Bruce wanting to score highest on the math test, because he knows that will earn him a sticker from his teacher.
D) Allison reading history books because she finds them fascinating.

Question 10

Which of the following is defined as the process that initiates, directs, and sustains behaviour in order to satisfy physiological and psychological needs?

A) reflexes
B) motivation
C) emotion
D) rewards

Question 11

Biological needs arising within our bodies create unpleasant states of arousal which are reduced only when we engage in certain activities, according to

A) action theory.
B) reflex theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) instinct theory.

Question 12

Before psychologists attempted to explain behaviour in terms of motives, they sought to do so by means of

A) instincts.
B) reflexes.
C) goals.
D) emotions.

Question 13

Motivation is a process that does all of the following, except

A) direct behaviour.
B) sustain behaviour.
C) initiate behaviour.
D) teach behaviour.

Question 14

The desire to perform behaviours largely because of the inherent pleasure they yield, rather than because of any hope of external reward, is

A) achievement motivation.
B) affiliation motivation.
C) power motivation.
D) intrinsic motivation.

Question 15

Which of the following terms do psychologists use to describe why people engage in activities for no reward except the pleasure of the activity itself?

A) extrinsic motivation
B) achievement motivation
C) power motivation
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 16

Which of the following is not suggested in the instinct theory of motivation?

A) The motivation is shared by all members of the species.
B) Motivation is unlearned.
C) Motivation develops shortly after birth.
D) Motivation is innate.

Question 17

Motives are

A) the outcome after a behaviour has occurred.
B) desires that energize and direct behaviour toward a goal.
C) always consciously known by the person they are stimulating.
D) generated only from internal needs.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes extrinsic motivation?

A) the desire to act in order to get a pay increase
B) the desire to eat because of hunger
C) the desire to cry because of a feeling of sadness
D) the desire to study because you like psychology

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of instincts?

A) They are unlearned.
B) They are characteristic of the entire species.
C) They improve with practice.
D) They are fixed patterns of behaviour.

Question 20

Drive-reduction theory assumes that we usually eat to reduce or eliminate

A) unpleasant sensations.
B) demands of external stimuli.
C) homeostasis.
D) the thought of food from our minds.

Question 21

An internal condition of arousal that directs a person to satisfy a physiological need is called

A) a drive.
B) expectancy.
C) a survival motive.
D) homeostatic deficiency.

Question 22

Joe finds that he needs a certain amount of stimulation in his life. Too much stimulation causes him to become overstressed, while too little leaves him bored and unmotivated. Which of the following theories best explains Joe's situation?

A) instinct theory
B) self-actualization theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) arousal theory

Question 23

The fact that organisms often engage in behaviours that increase rather than reduce tension contradicts

A) achievement theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) expectancy theory.

Question 24

In its original form, drive-reduction theory focused primarily on which of the following needs and the drives they produce?

A) psychological
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) biological

Question 25

Boredom is to __________ theory, as tension is to _____________ theory.

A) drive-reduction; arousal
B) drive-reduction; instinct
C) arousal; drive-reduction
D) arousal; instinct

Question 26

Kim is preparing to take a calculus exam. Which of the following suggests that if she is very nervous, she will do poorly on this complex exam?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) the need for achievement
C) instinctual theory of motivation
D) The Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 27

Which of the following theories suggests that motivation is basically a process in which various biological needs push or drive us to actions designed to satisfy these biological needs?

A) intrinsic motivation theory
B) instinct theory
C) expectancy theory
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 28

Josh spends countless hours surfing the internet. Which of the following theories would best explain his motivation to engage in this behaviour?

A) Extrinsic motivation theory
B) Instinct theory
C) Arousal theory
D) Drive-reduction theory

Question 29

Behaviours which help the body maintain a balanced internal state or equilibrium are likely to be repeated according to which of the following theories?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) expectancy theory
C) achievement theory
D) instinct theory

Question 30

According to arousal theory, people seek

A) increased arousal.
B) minimal arousal.
C) decreased arousal.
D) optimal arousal.

Question 31

Hank's love of roller coasters and Lillian's love of horror movies are best explained by

A) drive-reduction theory.
B) achievement theory.
C) power theory.
D) arousal theory.

Question 32

A state of homeostasis is necessary for

A) emotional balance.
B) achievement to be fulfilled.
C) motivation to occur.
D) physical survival.

Question 33

When the body is physiologically balanced, it is said to be in a state of

A) homogeneity.
B) equanimity.
C) homeostasis.
D) arousal.

Question 34

While taking a psychology exam, Millie got up and shut the classroom door because of some noisy students in the hall. Which theory explains Millie's behaviour?

A) homeostasis
B) arousal theory
C) instinct theory
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 35

According to the text, some researchers claim that negative sensations are experienced when people are

A) overaroused.
B) either underaroused or overaroused.
C) underaroused.
D) at optimal arousal.

Question 36

Which of the following is evidence in support of the stimulus motive in animals other than humans?

A) a rabbit building a nest
B) hungry rats exploring a maze
C) a monkey playing with a ball
D) a songbird singing its song

Question 37

When stimulation is too low, ________ cause us to increase stimulation.

A) arousal motives
B) stimulus motives
C) instinctual motives
D) reflexive motives

Question 38

According to drive-reduction theory, when you experience a particular drive state, you will be more and more likely to engage in actions that

A) are undriven.
B) reduce that drive.
C) are energized by another, unrelated drive.
D) increase that drive.

Question 39

Which of the following addresses the link between arousal and performance?

A) The Yerkes-Dodson law
B) achievement need
C) instinctual theory of motivation
D) James-Lange theory

Question 40

The motive to explore and the motive of curiosity are called

A) extrinsic motives.
B) stimulus motives.
C) instincts.
D) social motives.

Question 41

What is the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus?

A) controls attribution
B) signals us to eat
C) controls level of thirst
D) acts as a satiety centre

Question 42

Which psychologist developed the concept of a hierarchy of needs?

A) Donald Hebb
B) David McClelland
C) Stanley Schachter
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 43

The longer we remain in a state of sensory deprivation, the more likely we are to

A) increase our ability to concentrate.
B) have hallucinations.
C) establish a satisfying, relaxed feeling.
D) restore our energy levels.

Question 44

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) acts as a ________ centre; the ventromedial hypothalamus (VH) acts as a ________ centre.

A) satiety; satiety
B) satiety; feeding
C) feeding; satiety
D) feeding; feeding

Question 45

Which of the following are the most basic needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) physiological needs
B) love and belonging needs
C) the need for self-actualization
D) safety and security needs

Question 46

Rats soon become grossly obese when which of the following is destroyed?

A) the ventromedial hypothalamus
B) the lateral hypothalamus
C) the frontal lobe
D) the feeding centre

Question 47

Eric has always wanted to pursue a career in fine arts because he has always felt drawn to creative expression and feels that he could have the capacity to be a great artist. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level of needs does Eric's desire represent?

A) esteem needs
B) physiological needs
C) the need for self-actualization
D) belonging and love needs

Question 48

The condition in which sensory stimulation is reduced to a minimum or eliminated is called

A) stimulus reduction.
B) sensory deprivation.
C) sensory reduction.
D) stimulus deprivation.

Question 49

Which of the following is the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) physiological needs
B) belonging and love needs
C) esteem needs
D) the need for self-actualization

Question 50

Which of the following is considered to be one of the difficulties with Maslow's theory?

A) He does not attribute ages or stages to any of his levels.
B) Some people will ignore lower level needs, such as safety, for higher level needs such as recognition.
C) He offers no explanation for the motivation to achieve extraordinary things.
D) His theory is not comparable to other popular theories of behaviour.

Question 51

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following would need to be satisfied before a person would try to satisfy esteem needs?

A) safety, belonging, and self-actualization needs
B) physiological, safety, and self-actualization needs
C) physiological, protection, and living needs
D) physiological, safety, and belonging and love needs

Question 52

According to the text, research indicates that prolonged sensory deprivation leads to

A) decreased motor abilities and increased cognitive abilities.
B) improved abilities to focus attention.
C) irritability and inability to concentrate.
D) pleasant emotions.

Question 53

All of the following are esteem needs, except

A) the need to gain respect from others.
B) the need to be accepted.
C) the need to love and be loved.
D) the need to gain recognition from others.

Question 54

One type of thirst develops from a loss of fluid from the body tissues, which can be caused by all of the following, except

A) diarrhea.
B) vomiting.
C) bleeding.
D) salty food.

Question 55

When cells become dehydrated, we are stimulated to drink more water to restore our water volume as a result of the type of thirst called

A) extratissue thirst.
B) extracellular thirst.
C) intratissue thirst.
D) intracellular thirst.

Question 56

The brain area that triggers hunger and motivates eating behaviour is

A) the lateral hypothalamus.
B) the passive hypothalamus.
C) the ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) the anterior hypothalamus.

Question 57

The stomach stretches to hold ________ when full.

A) 1.2 litres
B) 0.5 litres
C) 3.0 litres
D) 0.9 grams

Question 58

Theresa went to the movies and ate some very salty popcorn. Afterwards, she was quite thirsty. The thirst she experienced was most likely

A) extratissue thirst.
B) intracellular thirst.
C) extracellular thirst.
D) intratissue thirst.

Question 59

The body cells lose water and become dehydrated when an individual

A) has diarrhea or vomiting.
B) drinks too much alcohol.
C) perspires heavily.
D) consumes too much salt.

Question 60

According to Maslow, the need to realize our full potential, or to "be all that we can be," is the main focus of which of the following?

A) love and belonging needs
B) esteem needs
C) the need for self-actualization
D) safety and security needs

Question 61

The appearance of food, the odour of food cooking, and even the sight of others eating are cues that trigger insulin release and thus overeating in

A) people overly responsive to internal cues.
B) people who are insensitive to external cues.
C) people who are insensitive to internal cues.
D) people overly responsive to external cues.

Question 62

Compared to those with a lower metabolic rate, persons with higher metabolic rates

A) gain much more weight eating the same amount of food.
B) can eat much more without gaining weight.
C) are more prone to obesity.
D) have probably been dieting for longer periods.

Question 63

Which of the following factors in obesity is not inherited?

A) the resting metabolic rate
B) childhood eating behaviour
C) leptin receptors
D) the number of fat cells we develop

Question 64

Which factor is mostly responsible for how fast your body burns calories to produce energy?

A) metabolic rate
B) eating habits
C) fat cells
D) calories consumed

Question 65

All of the following are satiety signals, except

A) high glucose levels in the blood.
B) a distended (full) stomach.
C) high insulin levels in the blood.
D) activity in ventromedial hypothalamus.

Question 66

Which types of food can stimulate the human appetite?

A) tart and low in fat
B) sweet and sour
C) sweet and high in fat
D) spicy and creamy

Question 67

The pace at which the body burns calories to produce energy is called the

A) fat-cell thermostat.
B) metabolic rate.
C) weight set point.
D) insulin utilization curve.

Question 68

In order to survive, men need

A) slightly more body fat than women.
B) considerably more body fat than women.
C) considerably less body fat than women.
D) the same percentage of body fat as women.

Question 69

Which of the following appears to be a genetic factor involved in controlling one's weight?

A) activity of the hormone leptin
B) the number of sweet receptors on the tongue
C) chewing rate
D) stomach size

Question 70

In order for a woman's reproductive system to function properly, she must maintain

A) 20 percent body fat.
B) no body fat.
C) 30 percent body fat.
D) 12 percent body fat.

Question 71

Which of the following is a hunger signal?

A) A distended (full) stomach
B) High insulin levels
C) High glucose levels in the blood
D) CCK in the blood

Question 72

Which of the following is one of the body's satiety signals?

A) cholecystokinin
B) high insulin levels
C) stomach contractions
D) low blood levels of glucose

Question 73

How fast or slow your body burns calories to produce energy depends on

A) how much you eat.
B) your metabolic rate.
C) your fat cells.
D) your set point.

Question 74

What is the role of insulin?

A) It decreases our sensation of hunger.
B) It helps the body produce sugars.
C) It helps the body convert glucose to energy.
D) It is the gastrointestinal hormone.

Question 75

Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) may not be necessary in the perception of hunger because researchers found that

A) hunger is a physical process, and thus perception is not involved.
B) people become hungry before stomach contractions start to happen.
C) humans continue to experience hunger even when it is impossible for them to feel stomach contractions.
D) hunger pangs are not real.

Question 76

When the brain receives the message that blood levels of glucose are low, then

A) the person feels satiated.
B) the person no longer feels thirsty.
C) hunger is stimulated.
D) thirst is stimulated.

Question 77

Which of the following is a hunger signal?

A) low insulin level
B) CCK in the blood
C) low glucose level in the blood
D) high glucose level in the blood

Question 78

In order to survive, women need

A) slightly more body fat than men.
B) the same percentage of body fat as men.
C) slightly less body fat than men.
D) considerably more body fat than men.

Question 79

Which of the following is not an external influence for humans feeling hungry?

A) the hands of the clock
B) thinking about food
C) the company of other people eating
D) sight and smell of food

Question 80

All of the following are hunger signals, except

A) stomach contractions.
B) CCK in the blood.
C) activity in the lateral hypothalamus.
D) high insulin levels in the cells.