Deck 4: Learner Differences and Learning Needs

Question 1

Which one of the following statements is TRUE about intelligence?

A) It is generally regarded today to be a poor predictor of academic achievement.
B) It is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists.
C) The first formal intelligence testing was conducted by Plato.
D) Throughout history there has been general agreement about its meaning.

Answer 1

It is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists.

Question 2

A five-year-old is found to have a mental age of seven on Binet's original IQ test. What is the estimate of the child's intelligence quotient?

A) 115
B) 130
C) 140
D) 170

Answer 2

140

Question 3

Based on the underlying idea of Gardner's theory, one might expect minor brain damage to

A) affect all types of functioning with about the same degree of impact.
B) cause more severe physical problems than mental problems.
C) interfere with one type of functioning but not affect other areas.
D) lower general intelligence but have less impact on specific types of intelligence.

Answer 3

interfere with one type of functioning but not affect other areas.

Question 4

Dianne's deviation IQ increased five points over her eighth-grade year. Her apparent improvement in deviation IQ score can be explained most validly

A) as a significant improvement in her intellectual skills.
B) as an exception to the general rule of IQ stability.
C) by the influence of measurement error.
D) by the relatively low validity of IQ tests.

Question 5

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes what three distinct types of intelligence?

A) Analytic, practical, and meta-components
B) Creative, analytic, and practical
C) Insight, creativity, and practical
D) Performance, knowledge, and analytic components

Question 6

The theory that defines intelligence as encompassing at least eight separate kinds of intelligence is

A) Binet's theory of school-related intelligences.
B) Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
C) Spearman's g factor concept.
D) Sternberg's components view of intelligence.

Question 7

A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating

A) naturalist intelligence.
B) speed of processing.
C) linguistic intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 8

An intelligence quotient is a

A) score comparing mental and chronological age.
B) score derived from a group achievement test.
C) way of expressing an individual's mental age.
D) way to compare mental age with cognitive level.

Question 9

The major difference between a disability and a handicap is that a disability is an inability to do something specific, such as being unable to hear or to walk, while a handicap

A) has both advantages and disadvantages.
B) is a disadvantage in certain situations.
C) is a disadvantage in most situations.
D) will become a disability.

Question 10

Alan performs well on most academic and learning tasks, but he has some difficulty on a test involving memorization of numbers. Spearman's explanation for Alan's test scores is expressed best by the statement that Alan

A) has a high g factor but has problems with specific abilities.
B) has good specific abilities but lacks a strong g factor.
C) is skilled in learning but unskilled in memory.
D) lacks the general intellectual capacity to perform math well.

Question 11

All children in Ms. Gray's math class can now solve subtraction problems, but Larry does them much more quickly and efficiently than most of his classmates. Sternberg would call this

A) automaticity.
B) flexibility.
C) insight.
D) meta-components.

Question 12

Which psychologist developed the concept of mental age?

A) Binet
B) Gardner
C) Sternberg
D) Wechsler

Question 13

A major advantage of using standardized intelligence tests is that they

A) are good indicators of the underlying cognitive processes needed for successful test performance.
B) provide ways of comparing a child's performance with those of other children in the same situation.
C) reward students for original and novel responses as opposed to school achievement.
D) sample a wide variety of conditions under which intelligent behaviors can be observed.

Question 14

Compared to individual ability tests, a major limitation of group ability tests is that group tests

A) are more expensive to administer and more difficult to interpret than individual ability tests.
B) are less likely to produce an accurate picture of a person's abilities.
C) provide a measure of general, but not specific, abilities.
D) take much more skill on the part of the teacher to administer and interpret.

Question 15

Approximately what percent of the general population scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?

A) 20
B) 50
C) 70
D) 80

Question 16

Most psychologists today believe that intelligence is influenced

A) about equally by heredity and environment.
B) about 25 percent by heredity and 75 percent by environment.
C) about 75 percent by heredity and 25 percent by environment.
D) minimally by both heredity and environment.

Question 17

According to the work of Cattell and Horn (1963, 1988), there are two types of intelligence:

A) Fluid and contextualized
B) Fluid and crystallized
C) Interpersonal and intrapersonal
D) Global and verbal

Question 18

Woolfolk's position on the issue of labeling exceptional students is that such practices

A) are clearly detrimental and should not be continued.
B) are far more beneficial than harmful and definitely need to be continued.
C) have both positive and negative effects and need to be exercised cautiously.
D) should be used only with physical handicaps that do not affect mental or emotional functioning.

Question 19

A deviation IQ score indicates

A) how a person compares with others in his/her age group.
B) how close mental age is to chronological age.
C) the degree of how well mental age is related to a particular cognitive level.
D) the difference between scores on group and individual IQ tests.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of "people-first" language?

A) Learning disabled students
B) High ability learner
C) Students receiving special education
D) At-risk student

Question 21

Students often complain about Debbie. Debbie is always speaking very loudly even when circumstances do not call for such behavior. What type of problem is she demonstrating?

A) Articulation
B) Oral language
C) Stuttering
D) Voicing

Question 22

Tammy received her fourth F in her math class. She accepted the grade and believes that there is nothing she can do to improve her scores. Tammy appears to be experiencing

A) a math ability problem.
B) a passive learning problem.
C) learned helplessness.
D) poor study and attention skills.

Question 23

Terman's classic study found that children who are gifted tend to be

A) larger and stronger as adults than their peers.
B) less athletic than their peers.
C) less socially skilled than their peers.
D) teachers' pets.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a caution offered by Woolfolk about the use of the term "learning styles"?

A) Younger students may not be the best judges of how they should learn.
B) The term does not reflect research in this area, and therefore "learning preferences" is a more accurate label.
C) Instruments for assessing students' learning preferences lack evidence of reliability and validity.
D) Students should avoid being put in situations where their learning preference is not be accommodated for.

Question 25

Current beliefs about teaching the gifted

A) clearly favor acceleration over enrichment.
B) clearly favor enrichment over acceleration.
C) view both acceleration and enrichment as beneficial.
D) view neither acceleration nor enrichment as beneficial.

Question 26

What is the largest category of students receiving some kind of special education services in Canada?

A) Students who are slow learners
B) Students with a physical disability
C) Students with an emotional handicap
D) Students with a learning disability

Question 27

What type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits?

A) Behavior management strategies
B) Cognitive management training
C) Cooperative learning strategies
D) Socialization skills training

Question 28

Attention Deficit Disorder refers to a condition that

A) affects an individual's ability to focus on tasks and/or be patient.
B) affects an individual's physical and language abilities.
C) is characterized by excessive nervousness.
D) is described as a type of learning disability.

Question 29

Which one of the following assessments would provide the most valid basis for identifying students who are academically gifted?

A) A group achievement test
B) A group intelligence test
C) An individual IQ test
D) Teacher observations and grades

Question 30

Charlene's school records indicate that she has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Mr. Fredericksen, her teacher for the new school year, will want to learn more about Charlene. However, his first reaction, based on the literature, is that Charlene will have problems

A) controlling her emotions.
B) paying attention.
C) reading at grade level.
D) thinking in a logical way.

Question 31

Recent research has indicated that acceleration of students who are gifted

A) has been unnecessarily discouraged in the past.
B) is related to lower achievement.
C) results in poor social and emotional adjustment.
D) robs students of the companionship of their age group.

Question 32

In treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is

A) common aspirin.
B) depressants.
C) placebo prescriptions.
D) stimulants.

Question 33

An IEP is a written plan for a specific student's education, and it must include

A) career goals.
B) needed transitional services.
C) specific educational goals.
D) specific educational goals, current functioning level, and career goals.

Question 34

Bill, age 16, is bright and articulate. His classmates watch him with great interest because he "will try almost anything." Unfortunately, his reading level is very low, probably no higher than fourth-grade level, and he does not succeed in most courses. This description of Bill would lead one to think first about the possibility of

A) a learning disability.
B) an emotional disturbance.
C) giftedness.
D) mental retardation.

Question 35

Which of the following is TRUE about the definitions of learning disabilities?

A) Many scholars believe there is too little emphasis given to the discrepancy between students' IQ and their achievement in school.
B) There are slight differences in the definitions used across Canada.
C) Psychological processing problems are over emphasized in definitions.
D) There are only environmental bases for learning disabilities.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of students with developmental disabilities?

A) They had significant limitations in cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviour.
B) Although learning at a slower rate, they are unlikely to reach a point at which their learning plateaus.
C) They have difficulties maintaining skills without ongoing practice.
D) They may have difficulties combining or integrating multiple skills, such as doing the laundry.

Question 37

Which one of the following situations is considered a language difference rather than a language disorder?

A) Delayed language development
B) Failing to adapt language to the context
C) Interrupted language development
D) Speaking in a strong dialect

Question 38

Which one of the following behaviors is an example of an articulation disorder?

A) Repeating a word several times in an utterance
B) Saying "wike" for "like"
C) Speaking in an inappropriate pitch
D) Speaking too slowly or too rapidly

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding stuttering?

A) If persisting for 1-2 months, a referral to a speech therapist should be made
B) It is more likely to occur in preschool than in adolescence.
C) It is not classified as a speech impairment.
D) The causes are well known, but treatments are not.

Question 40

Inclusion, as it relates to special education, means that students will

A) be included in regular classrooms for each activity in the daily routine of the school.
B) become involved in the development and implementation of his/her IEP.
C) demonstrate normal ability within his/her handicapping condition.
D) participate in the typical subject-matter lessons in the school's regular classrooms.

Question 41

What type of approach to understanding language seems best for students who are hard of hearing?

A) A combination of speech and manual reading methods
B) Finger spelling only
C) Sign language only
D) Speech reading only

Question 42

Solving a geometry problem will require students to use both their fluid and crystallized intelligences.

Question 43

Which disorder is most likely to have a lack of theory of mind associated with it?

A) Articulation Disorder
B) Autism Spectrum Disorder
C) ADHD
D) Tic Disorder

Question 44

A student is having a generalized epileptic seizure. Your first response as the teacher should be to

A) insert a pen or pencil in his mouth to protect the tongue.
B) move hard objects away from the student.
C) seek medical assistance immediately.
D) try to restrain the student's movements.

Question 45

Group IQs are more accurate estimates of IQ than individual results.

Question 46

A disability and a handicap refer to the same condition.

Question 47

Intelligence scores are computed today as deviation IQs rather than ratio scores.

Question 48

An IEP should be prepared by a team that includes the child's parents or guardians.

Question 49

A student who is considered "educationally blind"

A) can see class materials as long as they are of higher print quality.
B) can see class materials as long as they are printed very large.
C) requires the use of braille materials in order to learn.
D) becomes irritable when they have to work with a "buddy" in class.

Question 50

Carroll's intelligence model contains over 70 specific abilities.

Question 51

Provinces in Canada do not vary in their definitions of inclusion.

Question 52

RTI refers to

A) a type of annually revised program for an exceptional student.
B) a neurological condition that affects students' learning.
C) the practice of placing exceptional students in the most regular educational setting possible.
D) a process giving educators the option for assessing and educating students with serious learning problems early.

Question 53

Which of the following is a current trend in assistive technology?

A) Universal Design
B) Precise Mouse Movements
C) Voice-recognition software
D) Interactive Videodisc Programs

Question 54

According to Gardner, minor brain damage can be expected to affect all types of functioning with fairly equal impact.

Question 55

Rachele achieved an IQ score of 73 and has demonstrated difficulty with independent living and personal hygiene. She has difficulty interacting with others socially. Which one of the following disabilities BEST reflects Rachele's condition?

A) Student with an attention deficit disorder
B) Student with an independent living disorder
C) Student with a learning disability
D) Student with a developmental disability

Question 56

Greta is experiencing difficulty in Mr. Popanopoulous' class because she has different needs than many of the other students. Greta must use a variable-speed tape recorder to record the lessons, she often struggles with spasticity, and she frequently uses finger spelling as a method of communication. Which of the following disorders does NOT appear to describe Greta's possible condition?

A) Cerebral palsy
B) Epilepsy
C) Hearing impairment
D) Visual impairment

Question 57

The largest category of students with disabilities includes students who are emotionally disabled.

Question 58

An individual who can retrieve information from his or her memory with great speed is demonstrating a high level of crystallized intelligence.

Question 59

Loni has a vision impairment and you notice that she seems to have fewer problems working from photocopied material than from materials copied by hand. This difference is likely due to the

A) better quality of the photocopied print.
B) difference in print colors.
C) kind of material being copied.
D) size of the printing.

Question 60

Troy is frequently accused of day-dreaming during class. The problem has become annoying enough that his teacher has requested medical testing. These behaviours suggest the possible occurrence of

A) a generalized epileptic seizure.
B) a tonic-chronic seizure.
C) an absence seizure.
D) generalized cerebral palsy.

Question 61

Teachers are usually extremely accurate in identifying students who are gifted and talented.

Question 62

The theory of multiple intelligences consisting of at least eight separate entities was proposed by ________.

Question 63

The type of intelligence that increases until adolescence and then gradually declines with age is ________.

Question 64

The French psychologist credited with developing the first intelligence test is ________.

Question 65

Many children with hyperactivity are made more manageable by being given stimulant drugs.

Question 66

Curriculum compacting is a strategy recommended for students with developmental delays.

Question 67

A multiple-part description of intelligence that emphasizes competence and coping with new experiences and the environment is the theory of ________ intelligence.

Question 68

Students who tend to be motivated by rewards and external standards take a ________-processing approach to learning.

Question 69

More boys than girls are classified as hyperactive.

Question 70

The average deviation IQ score for the general population is ________.

Question 71

A student with mild developmental delay will be unlikely to read above the first-grade level.

Question 72

At the top of Carroll's three-tiered intelligence model is ________.

Question 73

Having the ability to apply culturally accepted problem-solving methods is referred to as ________.

Question 74

The type of language that teachers and others should use when referring to students with disabilities is ________.

Question 75

According to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, 2006), suicide among youth is higher for girls than boys.

Question 76

Universal design is a very restrictive application of technology for exceptional students.

Question 77

A student can be both gifted and have a learning disability.

Question 78

Bloom's study of talent revealed the role of families of prodigies in supporting the development of their child's gifts.

Question 79

An "oral" approach to communicating with children who have hearing impairments is speech reading.

Question 80

Classrooms in which teachers of students with disabilities and teachers of other students are involved in cooperative teaching are called ________ classrooms.