Deck 47: Animal Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction?

A) mitosis -zygote -meiosis -gametes - embryo
B) meiosis -zygote -mitosis -gametes -embryo
C) mitosis -gametes -meiosis -zygote - embryo
D) meiosis -gametes -mitosis -zygote -embryo
E) meiosis -gametes -zygote -mitosis -embryo

Answer 1

E

Question 2

How are mature human sperm and ova similar?

A) Both are produced from puberty until death.
B) Both have the same number of chromosomes.
C) They are formed before birth.
D) They are approximately the same size.
E) They each have a flagellum that provides motility.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely

A) greatly reduce the volume of semen.
B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body.
C) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced.
D) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity.
E) enhance the fertilization potency of sperm in the uterus.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then

A) the blastopore would form the mouth.
B) cleavage would not occur in the zygote.
C) embryonic germ layers would not form.
D) the blastula would not be formed.
E) fertilization would be blocked.

Question 5

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur?

A) when conditions for survival are unfavourable
B) when conditions for survival are favourable
C) neither of the above

Question 6

In vertebrate animals, how does spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ?

A) Spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.
B) Oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth.
C) Oogenesis produces four functional haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon.
D) The division of cytoplasm is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis.
E) Oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development.

Question 7

Which one of the following criteria is not required to induce Daphnia to switch from asexual to sexual reproduction?

A) short day lengths
B) the absence of males in the population
C) low food supply
D) water from crowded populations of Daphnia

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell.
B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell, while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells.
C) In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.
D) Answers A and C are both correct.

Question 9

Aquatic animals that rely on external fertilization for reproduction have a low probability of successful fertilization. Which one of the following is not used by aquatic animals to increase the success of external fertilization?

A) elaborate courtship rituals to synchronize gamete release
B) production of a large number of gametes
C) release of pheromones to synchronize gamete release
D) moving onto land for fertilization

Question 10

Why does external fertilization typically occur much more often in aquatic animals than in terrestrial animals?

A) The gametes are hydrophobic, so they must be suspended in water to avoid clumping.
B) The gametes must be produced in large numbers, which can occur only in aquatic environments.
C) The gametes must be kept wet to avoid desiccation.
D) All of the above answers apply.
E) None of the above answers apply.

Question 11

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males?

A) vagina
B) oviduct
C) cervix
D) urethra
E) uterus

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the reproduction of males in Daphnia?

A) Daphnia males are produced sexually through fertilization of eggs, but are sterile from birth.
B) Daphnia males are produced asexually from unfertilized eggs.
C) Daphnia males are produced from a pseudo- sexual union of two eggs.
D) Daphnia males are produced asexually, but are sterile from birth.

Question 13

On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that uses a method of reproduction in which female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. What type of reproduction is this?

A) parthenogenesis
B) budding
C) cloning
D) sexual
E) hermaphroditism

Question 14

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents?

A) genetic recombination during meiosis
B) fusion of haploid gametes from different parents during fertilization
C) genetic recombination during mitosis
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 15

What is the most likely explanation for why Daphnia switch from asexual to sexual reproduction when certain environmental conditions deteriorate?

A) Sexual reproduction creates individuals that are more genetically diverse, thus increasing the likelihood of some members surviving hard times.
B) Although energetically expensive, sexual reproduction creates all genetically superior individuals that are more likely to withstand hard times.
C) Asexual reproduction is too energy intensive to maintain during hard times.
D) Sexual reproduction can produce more offspring faster than asexual reproduction, thus increasing the likelihood the species will survive hard times.

Question 16

Sexual reproduction

A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
B) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats.
C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.
E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

Question 17

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What type of cell division occurs to generate this type of offspring?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) A and B in combination
D) none of the above

Question 18

By what mechanism does a second male mating with a female gain an advantage in sperm competition in some insects?

A) The second male's sperm physically dislodge the first male's sperm and insert themselves in place.
B) The accessory fluids from the second male's semen is able to displace stored sperm from competing males.
C) The second male will have larger testes and so produce larger numbers of sperm.
D) Answers A and B are both correct.

Question 19

Secretions from which part of the human male anatomy produces molecules that stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus of females?

A) prostate gland
B) seminal vesicles
C) testes
D) bulbourethral gland

Question 20

You are studying two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs one male and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2. Given this information, what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing testis size of males of the two species?

A) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1.
B) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2.
C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.

Question 21

Changes in cell position occur extensively during which of the following?

A) cleavage, but not during gastrulation or organogenesis
B) gastrulation and cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) fertilization and cleavage, but not during gastrulation
E) organogenesis, but not during gastrulation or cleavage

Question 22

A physician finds that a 16- year- old male patient, who has a very high- pitched voice and underdeveloped teste has abnormally low levels of testosterone. What structures) might be the reason that this patient is producing su low level of testosterone?
1) gonads
2) pituitary gland
3) adrenal gland
4) hypothalamus
5) thyroid gland

A) #1 only
B) #1 and #2 only
C) #1 and #2 and #3
D) #1 and #2 and #4
E) #1 and #3 and #5

Question 23

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in

A) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy.
B) the absence of pituitary gonadotropin hormones.
C) the absence of secondary sex characteristics.
D) the absence of mammary gland development.
E) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium.

Question 24

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus. Usually it implants in the oviduct. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful?

A) Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct.
B) The orientation of the baby would be sideways.
C) The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus.
D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.

Question 25

What is a primary difference between the estrous and menstrual cycles?

A) The endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body.
B) Copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation.
C) Season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles.
D) Behavioural changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles.

Question 26

Following spermatogenesis, sperm are stored in the

A) epididymis.
B) van deferens.
C) seminal vesicles.
D) prostate gland.

Question 27

What structure in female humans is analogous to the sensitive tissues of the penis?

A) clitoris
B) cervix
C) labia minora
D) vagina
E) labia majora

Question 28

Labour contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of which molecule?

A) oxytocin
B) testosterone
C) vasopressin
D) prolactin
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 29

Which of the following is FALSE regarding bird reproduction?

A) After they are laid, bird eggs have the same amount of nutrients as a human egg.
B) Female birds only have one ovary.
C) The female can still lay eggs even when fertilization has not taken place.
D) Birds lay eggs and thus are oviparous.

Question 30

Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result is that the pregnant woman would

A) undergo the loss of oxytocin receptors from her uterine smooth muscle cells.
B) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles.
C) be prevented from lactation.
D) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta.
E) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone.

Question 31

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is know about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You
have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormone to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days?

A) luteinizing hormones LH)
B) estradiol estrogen)
C) human chorionic gonadotropin hCG)
D) progesterone

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about puberty in humans in the United States?

A) On average, puberty occurs at a younger age now than it did 200 years ago.
B) On average, puberty occurs later in girls with larger fat stores than it does in thin girls.
C) Puberty is initiated by hormones from the hypothalamic- pituitary axis.
D) All of the above are true statements about puberty.
E) Only answers A and B are true.

Question 33

During the menstrual cycle, peaks first, _ peak next, and finally surges.

A) estradiol; LH and progesterone; FSH
B) estradiol; LH and FSH; testosterone
C) estradiol; LH and FSH; progesterone
D) testosterone; estradiol and FSH; progesterone
E) progesterone; LH and FSH; estradiol

Question 34

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is know about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You
have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormone to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered. Before performing a cesarean section, the doctor wants to try to induce labour. Which of the following would she most likely inject?

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) luteinizing hormone LH)
D) progesterone
E) follicle- stimulating hormone FSH)

Question 35

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is know about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You
have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormone to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit.
Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away?

A) luteinizing hormones LH)
B) estradiol estrogen)
C) human chorionic gonadotropin hCG)
D) progesterone

Question 36

Which of the following hormones are secreted by a developing embryo during pregnancy in humans?

A) human chorionic gonadotropin hCG)
B) estradiol
C) luteinizing hormone LH)
D) progesterone

Question 37

Which embryonic tissue is responsible for forming the membrane that can be found completely surrounding the embryo while in utero?

A) mesoderm
B) epiderm
C) endoderm
D) ectoderm

Question 38

Why are bird eggs more nutrient rich relative to those found in a human?

A) In order to form the calcium carbonate egg shell.
B) Birds have a longer gestation period than humans and so require more nutrients.
C) The development of a bird embryo is more complex than the development of a human embryo.
D) The nutrients must sustain development until hatching.

Question 39

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans?

A) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi, so a barrier is impossible.
B) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.
C) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier.
D) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus.