Deck 45: Animal Movement

Question 1

Against which structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

A) endoskeleton
B) hydrostatic skeleton
C) shell
D) cuticle
E) bristles

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cardiac muscle cells are both

A) striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells.
B) smooth and under voluntary control.
C) striated and under voluntary control.
D) striated and interconnected by intercalated discs.
E) smooth and under involuntary control.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for which type of animal?

A) insects, including beetles
B) annelids, including earthworms
C) crustaceans, including lobsters
D) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks
E) bivalves, including clams

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the myosin head bound to when the muscle is at rest?

A) ADP plus an associated phosphate
B) tropomyosin
C) troponin
D) ATP
E) actin

Question 5

What is the contraction of skeletal muscles based on?

A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter
B) myosin cross- bridges binding to actin and undergoing a power stroke
C) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter
D) actin cross- bridges binding to myosin and undergoing a power stroke
E) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter

Question 6

In a relaxed skeletal muscle

A) thick and thin filaments overlap to the greatest extent possible.
B) the Z lines are farthest apart.
C) calcium is bound to tropinin.
D) sarcomeres are at their shortest length.
E) calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 7

Which muscle types) is/are involuntary?

A) skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) cardiac and skeletal muscle
D) smooth and cardiac muscle
E) cardiac muscle

Question 8

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

A) walking on its limbs.
B) swimming with its setae.
C) crawling with its feet.
D) using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles.
E) alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagella.

Question 9

Which of the following join muscles to bones?

A) loose connective tissue
B) ligaments
C) spindle fibres
D) Haversian systems
E) tendons

Question 10

The functions of the vertebrate skeleton include which of the following?
I. maintenance of body posture
II. calcium homeostasis
III. transfer of muscle forces

A) III
B) I and II
C) I, II, and III
D) I and III
E) II and III

Question 11

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre, calcium ions

A) reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential.
B) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fibre.
C) break cross- bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP.
D) bind with troponin, causing its shape to change so that the myosin- binding sites on actin are exposed.
E) spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 12

Compared with parallel muscles, pennate muscles

A) produce less force and undergo greater shortening.
B) produce more force and undergo greater shortening.
C) produce less force and undergo less shortening.
D) produce more force and undergo less shortening.

Question 13

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

A) energized cross- bridges.
B) actin.
C) myosin.
D) troponin.
E) acetylcholine receptors.

Question 14

Which muscle types) is/are composed of multinucleate cells resulting from the fusion of many embryonic cells?

A) cardiac muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) smooth and cardiac muscle
D) cardiac and skeletal muscle
E) skeletal muscle

Question 15

Chitin is a major component of the

A) skeleton of mammals.
B) exoskeleton of insects.
C) body hairs of mammals.
D) skeleton in birds.
E) hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms.

Question 16

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by which muscle type?

A) skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) voluntary muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) striated muscle

Question 17

What do the calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to?

A) actin
B) troponin complex
C) myosin
D) transverse tubules

Question 18

All skeletal muscle fibres are

A) smooth and under involuntary control.
B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibres.
C) smooth and under voluntary control.
D) striated and under voluntary control.
E) striated and electrically coupled to neighbouring fibres.

Question 19

Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ACh), and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusk Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen?

A) gradual loss of resting potential
B) decrease in the frequency of action potentials
C) paralysis of muscle tissue
D) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation
E) no effect

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fi
1) Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross- bridge binding sites.
2) Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is depolarized when a wave of depolarization moves from the neuromuscu junction into the cell's interior by way of the transverse tubules.
4) The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using e from ATP.
5) An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane at the neuromuscular junction.

A) 1 -2 -3 -4 -5
B) 3 -4 -2 -1 -5
C) 5 -3 -2 -1 -4
D) 5 -3 -1 -2 -4
E) 2 -1 -3 -5 -4

Question 21

What would be the effect on muscle contraction if troponin were experimentally altered to no longer interact with tropomyosin, so the complex could no longer bind to actin?

A) Muscle contraction would be weakened, but would still occur as long as tropomyosin is functional.
B) Muscle contraction could no longer occur.
C) Muscles could not relax after contraction.
D) ATP could not be hydrolyzed by enzymes in the muscle.

Question 22

What is an explanation for the pectoral or breast meat of ducks being very dark in colour?

A) Ducks employ intermediate muscle fibres for swimming and flying.
B) Ducks use their wings for very short flights and need fast muscle fibres to power their take- offs.
C) Ducks fly long distances and need myoglobin- rich slow muscle fibres to power high- endurance flights.
D) Ducks are primarily swimmers and therefore do not need breast muscles full of "white meat."

Question 23

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs or, in some cases, fish as their primary food sources. … conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
The marathon is a 26.2- mile endurance running race. Successful marathon runners will benefit from having leg muscles with a relatively high amount of

A) slow muscle fibres.
B) cardiac muscle fibres.
C) intermediate muscle fibres.
D) smooth muscle fibres.
E) fast muscle fibres.

Question 24

What causes rigor mortis?

A) lack of ATP in dead tissue
B) cessation of action potentials after death
C) lack of acetylcholine ACh) in dead tissue
D) exhaustion of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

A patient is hospitalized with muscle spasms caused by failure of back muscles to relax after contraction. Which of the following would be most likely to help?

A) Depolarize the motor neurons to send an action potential to the muscle cells.
B) Increase the amount of acetylcholine at the synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells.
C) Induce tropomyosin and troponin to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin.
D) Inject calcium into the muscle cell because it is not being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 26

When an action potential from a motor neuron arrives at the neuromuscular junction NMJ), a series of events occurs that leads to muscle contraction. Which of the following events will occur last i.e., after all of the others)?

A) release of Ca⁺⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) depolarization of the muscle cell
C) ACh release
D) conformational change in troponin
E) action potential propagation down the T- tubules

Question 27

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A) to store and release ACh
B) to store and release Ca⁺⁺
C) to store and release myosin
D) to store and release ATP
E) to store and release troponin

Question 28

What is the effect of the release of norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system?

A) Smooth muscle relaxes while cardiac muscle has increased contractile force.
B) Cardiac muscle relaxes while smooth muscle is stimulated to increase activity.
C) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are activated and increase the force of their muscle contractions.
D) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle relax.

Question 29

Why are the muscles used for movement in insects often pennate?

A) The limited space within insect exoskeletons requires muscle that generates high force without changing size significantly.
B) The internal muscle includes both flexor and extensor muscles.
C) Insects require muscle that generates large length changes to compensate for lack of joints in the skeleton.
D) Insects moult to grow their skeleton.

Question 30

Which forces are most important during terrestrial locomotion?

A) gravity and inertial forces
B) inertial forces and buoyancy
C) lift and drag forces
D) buoyancy and drag forces
E) gravity and drag forces

Question 31

What is the best explanation for why elephants stand with a more upright posture and have relatively thicker bones than cats?

A) Cats and elephants are from different taxonomic groups and therefore differ in appearance.
B) Cats are smaller and need to run faster; therefore, they have smaller bones and a crouching posture.
C) Because they have a much greater volume, elephants require a disproportionately larger cross- sectional area of their bones than cats.
D) Cats eat meat and elephants eat plants, requiring different bodies.

Question 32

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs or, in some cases, fish as their primary food sources. … conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
What effect would this conotoxin have on the prey?

A) It would cause muscle spasms in the prey.
B) It would result in paralysis of the skeletal muscle.
C) It would stimulate digestive tract smooth muscle to cause nausea and vomiting.
D) Either B or C, or both B and C.

Question 33

How does skeletal muscle return to its starting length after a contraction?

A) Antagonistic muscles work to lengthen a given muscle once it relaxes.
B) It lengthens itself by reversing the contraction process.
C) Ligaments bind muscles together.
D) It undergoes recoil due to the elastic properties of tendons.

Question 34

Compared with slow oxidative muscle fibres, those classified as fast glycolytic fibres typically have

A) a higher density of mitochondria.
B) a higher concentration of myoglobin.
C) a darker visual appearance.
D) less resistance to fatigue.
E) a smaller diameter.

Question 35

What cell types within bone are responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue to permit reabsorption of calcium?

A) osteoclasts
B) fibroblasts
C) myocytes
D) osteoblasts

Question 36

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?

A) Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions.
B) Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis.
C) Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired.
D) Answers A and B both apply.

Question 37

Why do horses tend to move at only limited ranges of speeds?

A) Walking is the most energetically costly form of locomotion for horses.
B) They are only capable of one speed for each of their gaits-walk, trot, gallop.
C) They locomote using the most energy- efficient combinations of gait and speed.
D) Because of their size, horses have limited gaits and, therefore, limited speeds.

Question 38

R. McNeill Alexander demonstrated that tendons improve the efficiency of running by

A) generating force to relengthen muscle once it relaxes.
B) acting like a stiff rod and communicating force without stretching.
C) connecting bones to bones and keeping the skeleton intact.
D) storing and releasing energy like a spring with each step.

Question 39

Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
"Marine cone snails from the genus Conus are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. These predatory molluscs have devised an efficient venom apparatus that allows them to successfully capture polychaete worms, other molluscs or, in some cases, fish as their primary food sources. … conotoxins from Australian species of Conus … have the capacity to inhibit specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in higher animals." B. G. Livett, K. R. Gayler, and Z. Khalil. 2004. Drugs from the sea: Conopeptides as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11:1715-23.)
This particular conotoxin inhibits acetylcholine receptors that are located

A) on motor neuron dendrites.
B) on the postsynaptic membrane, on the muscle cell.
C) along the motor neuron axon.
D) on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.

Question 40

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely to be which of the following?

A) running by a 40- kilogram ungulate
B) flying by a 100- gram bird
C) swimming by a 10- gram minnow bony fish)
D) swimming by a 100- kilogram tuna bony fish)
E) running by a 50- gram rodent

Question 41

You work in a lab and are given a slide with a stained specimen on it, but your colleague forgot to label the slide. You look at the specimen under the microscope and notice that the cells are branched, striated, and contain one or two nuclei. Based on these characteristics, what type of tissue would you hypothesize the specimen is?

A) epithelial
B) nervous
C) connective
D) muscle

Question 42

You work in a lab and are given a slide with a stained specimen on it, but your colleague forgot to label the slide. You look at the specimen under the microscope and notice that the cells are branched, striated, and contain one or two nuclei. Based on these characteristics, what type of muscular tissue would you hypothesize the specimen is?

A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) visceral
D) skeletal