Deck 34: Plant Form and Function

Question 1

Which of the following cannot grow indeterminately?

A) stem
B) root
C) leaf
D) shoot
E) none of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The center of many stems contains only parenchyma cells; it is therefore best called a

A) dermal tissue.
B) complex tissue.
C) simple tissue.
D) meristematic tissue.
E) vascular tissue.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these statements is true about xylem and phloem?

A) Xylem and phloem cells are derived from a ground meristem.
B) Xylem cells do not contain cytoplasm.
C) Xylem is made of companion cells and vessel elements.
D) Phloem cells do not contain cytoplasm.
E) All of these statements are correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is not a function of modified leaves?

A) attracting pollinating insects with their bright colours
B) wrapping around structures for support
C) absorbing oxygen for photosynthesis
D) trapping and digesting insects for an additional nutrient source
E) storing nutrients and water

Question 5

Why do leaves exhibit a high surface area/volume ratio?

A) to increase the size of mesophyll cells to subsequently increase the rate of photosynthesis
B) to increase the amount of shade on the plant body to reduce transpiration
C) to increase the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the plant
D) to increase the amount of photon absorption
E) to increase the amount of water absorbed by the leaves

Question 6

Suppose a leaf, seed, and root were composed of 64 cells each. Arrange each structure in order of increasing surface area/volume ratio.

A) seed < leaf = root
B) seed < root < leaf
C) seed = root = leaf
D) leaf < root < seed
E) root < seed < leaf

Question 7

What is the advantage of having small, needlelike leaves?

A) better protection against insects and herbivore
B) increase in transpiration rate
C) decrease in transpiration rate
D) increased efficiency of light capture
E) decreased efficiency of light capture

Question 8

Which of these statements is not true about plant sclerenchyma cells?

A) They can be gritty stone cells in pears and hard cells in nutshells.
B) Like parenchyma and collenchyma, they all contain cytoplasm at maturity.
C) Long fibers are used in products such as hemp rope, linen, ramie, and paper.
D) They are the main support and water- transport cells in woody plants.
E) Their cell walls contain lignin in addition to cellulose.

Question 9

Which of these structure- function pairs is correct?

A) wax-makes leaf slippery so insects skid off
B) guard cells-prevent insects from laying eggs on leaves
C) cuticle-inhibits water loss and pathogen entry
D) stomata-protect against pathogens
E) trichomes-secrete the waxy cuticle

Question 10

Genetically identical plant species can exhibit varying root structures depending on their environment. What is this an example of?

A) natural selection
B) parasitism
C) phenotypic plasticity
D) a mutation

Question 11

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is

A) soil via the phloem.
B) soil via the xylem.
C) the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata.
D) all of the above.

Question 12

Imagine that you bought three identical young tomato plants. One you put to grow in the sunny location in tranquil part of your garden, one on the windy and sunny hill nearby, and one in the shady part of the garden. How will these plants look in two months' time?

A) The first one will be a medium size, the second one will be spindly with big leaves, and the third one will be short with small leaves.
B) The first one will be spindly with big leaves, the second one will be short with small leaves, and the third one will be a medium size.
C) The first one will be a medium size, the second one will be short with small leaves, and the third one will be spindly with big leaves.
D) The first one will be short with small leaves, the second one will be a medium size, and the third one will be spindly with big leaves.
E) The plants will be indistinguishable because they were identical when planted.

Question 13

When comparing root systems of plants growing on a square foot in a corn field and on a meadow, what result do you expect to receive?

A) The mass and length of roots on a meadow will be larger because soil is poorer and there is higher diversity of plants.
B) The overall mass of roots on a meadow will be lower, but the length will be higher since roots need to grow deeper to reach nutrients.
C) The overall mass of roots will be identical in a cornfield and on a meadow.
D) The mass and length of roots in a cornfield will be larger because soil is fertilized.

Question 14

Which of these is not an example of a parenchyma cell?

A) support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems
B) tissue in leaves that photosynthesizes
C) totipotent cells that aid in wound healing
D) stem cells that form a callus in the making of cuttings
E) edible cells in fruits and vegetables

Question 15

What is true about plant meristematic cells?

A) They are the main cells involved with transpiration.
B) They produce outgrowths called root hairs.
C) They are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells.
D) They are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant.
E) They subdivided into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, collenchyma, or sclerenchyma.

Question 16

You have been told that Canada thistle is a weed that spreads via growth from lateral roots. You want to use a root miner insect for weed control. What would you look for to verify that this weed spreads via lateral roots and not by underground stems?

A) a vascular bundle in the center surrounded by parenchyma tissue
B) meristematic tissue at the tips of the branches
C) vascular bundles in a ring around the outside of a cross section
D) an epidermis at the periphery

Question 17

Plants with thorns modified stems) are typical of plants that historically have needed to protect themselves from

A) windstorms.
B) mammalian herbivores.
C) severe drought stress.
D) hungry insects.
E) all of the above.

Question 18

What part of the root is responsible for water and nutrient absorption?

A) root cap
B) zone of cellular division
C) zone of cellular maturation
D) zone of cellular elongation
E) mucigel

Question 19

Which of the following structure- function pairs is correct?

A) chloroplasts-give shape and support to the cell
B) vacuoles-link one cell to another
C) pigments-digest waste products
D) cell walls-help support plants
E) plasmodesmata-store pigments and fluids

Question 20

Plant leaf epidermal cells have an amazing array of trichomes. What is not a function of trichomes?

A) Impale insects that try to lay eggs on the leaves.
B) Repel or trap insects with toxic compounds.
C) Reflect sunlight in sunny locations.
D) Store starch granules.
E) Reduce water loss from leaves.

Question 21

The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. Which hypothesis best explains the extensive surface area of roots?

A) provides structure for vascular tissue in the roots
B) provides good anchoring ability of the root system
C) needed to store sugars for overwintering capability
D) needed for contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption

Question 22

Where are the youngest wood and the youngest bark in a tree trunk?

A) The youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.
B) The youngest wood is in the center of a tree; the youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
C) The youngest wood is in the center of a tree; the youngest bark is the inner part, next to the vascular cambium.
D) The youngest wood is toward the outside, near the vascular cambium; youngest bark is the outside of the bark.

Question 23

In an annual ring, the first- formed cells in the spring are large; the ring looks light because you are seeing open cavities of the tracheids and vessel elements). The darker part of the annual ring is wood formed in the summer, and the diameter of the cells formed is smaller. Which kind of wood is probably stronger? Why? Where is the fall and winter wood?

Question 24

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

A) closest to ground level at the base of the tree
B) where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are
C) in young branches where leaves are forming
D) nowhere; trees have only secondary growth

Question 25

Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that

A) monocots do not produce wood in annual rings.
B) monocots are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars.
C) monocots have very thin stems.
D) monocots produce secondary xylem and phloem.

Question 26

Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below, concealed by the leaves. The leaves also have an intercalary meristem at their bases. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?

A) If you mow 2 inches above ground level, most apical meristems will be cut down.
B) If you mow 2 inches above ground level, both the apical and intercalary meristems can keep producing new cells.
C) If you mow right at ground level, the apical meristems are activated, thereby inducing grass growth.
D) Grass mowed 2 inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed 3 inches above the ground level.

Question 27

The veins of leaves are

A) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells.
B) composed of xylem and phloem.
C) continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots.
D) all of the above.

Question 28

Wood is an accumulation of

A) secondary phloem.
B) primary xylem.
C) primary phloem.
D) secondary xylem.
E) vascular bundles.

Question 29

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant?

A) It will probably get annual rings of wood.
B) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.
C) It is probably a monocot.
D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

Question 30

Root hairs on a root develop

A) on the entire root surface.
B) on the root cap.
C) after the cells elongate.
D) before the cells elongate.

Question 31

What is present in a shoot apical meristem region?

A) immature buds and leaves
B) protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
C) the region of cell division
D) all of the above

Question 32

In 2005, a spot 1 centimeter from the center of a woody stem is in the bark. In what tissue will the same spot 1 cm from the center) be in 2050?

A) bark
B) vascular cambium
C) secondary phloem
D) secondary xylem
E) impossible to tell

Question 33

The most effective way to kill a tree is to remove a ring of bark from the circumference. Why does the tree die?

A) No water can be transported from the leaves to the roots.
B) No sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots.
C) No water can be transported from the roots to the leaves.
D) Both water and sugars are prevented from being transported.

Question 34

Two lateral meristems in plants are

A) vascular cambium, producing secondary phloem; cork cambium, producing secondary xylem.
B) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing cork.
C) vascular cambium, producing cork; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem.
D) vascular cambium, producing secondary xylem; cork cambium, producing secondary phloem.

Question 35

Explain why it is possible for big old hollow trees to live and grow for many years, still producing green leaves.

Question 36

Growth and development of plant parts involves

A) cells taking up water.
B) specialization of meristimatic cells into xylem.
C) division of apical meristem cells.
D) all of the above.

Question 37

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

A) vertically in height
B) laterally in width

Question 38

What best describes the shape of the entire vascular cambium system in trees? Visualizing a pine tree helps with this question.

A) hollow cylinder with a smaller diameter at the top of the tree
B) hollow cylinder with a smaller diameter at the base of the tree
C) solid column of cells with a smaller diameter at the top of the tree
D) solid column of cells with a smaller diameter at the base of the tree

Question 39

Which of these actions describes secondary growth?

A) growth in height
B) development of wood and bark
C) development of fruit
D) development of leaves and flowers
E) growth of herbaceous tissue