Deck 16: Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis.
B) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.
C) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.
D) All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body.
E) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

A) increased margination of phagocytes
B) cytolysis
C) inflammation
D) increased diapedesis of phagocytes
E) increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Answer 2

E

Question 3

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?

A) phagocyte migration
B) margination
C) diapedesis
D) vasodilation
E) repair

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT

A) pore formation in bacterial membranes.
B) destruction of nucleic acids.
C) inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
D) lysis of bacterial cells.
E) inhibition of phagocytosis.

Question 5

Activation of C5-C9 results in

A) inflammation.
B) activation of C3.
C) lysis of microbial cells.
D) phagocytosis.
E) fixation of complement.

Question 6

Which of the following is found normally in serum?

A) interferon
B) complement
C) histamine
D) leukocytosis- promoting factor
E) TLRs

Question 7

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to

A) attach to microorganisms and other foreign material.
B) undergo chemotaxis.
C) migrate.
D) engulf microorganisms and other foreign material.
E) produce toxic oxygen products.

Question 8

Margination refers to

A) the chemotactic response of phagocytes.
B) the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
C) dilation of blood vessels.
D) the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.
E) adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.

Question 9

Activation of C3a results in

A) increased blood vessel permeability.
B) cell lysis.
C) opsonization.
D) acute inflammation.
E) attraction of phagocytes.

Question 10

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

A) HCl.
B) the "ciliary escalator."
C) tears.
D) saliva.
E) multiple layers of cells.

Question 11

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

A) AMPs.
B) peptidoglycan.
C) LPS.
D) flagellin.
E) PAMPs.

Question 12

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT

A) isolation of an injurious agent.
B) repair of damaged tissue.
C) production of antibodies.
D) removal of an injurious agent.
E) destruction of an injurious agent.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) There are at least thirty complement proteins.
B) Complement activity is antigen- specific.
C) Complement increases after immunization.
D) Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis.
E) All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum.

Question 14

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT

A) the numbers of each type of white blood cell.
B) leukocytosis.
C) leukopenia.
D) the number of red blood cells.
E) the total number of white blood cells.

Question 15

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT

A) interference with viral replication.
B) bacterial cell lysis.
C) opsonization.
D) increased blood vessel permeability.
E) increased phagocytic activity.

Question 16

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

A) monocytes
B) neutrophils
C) lymphocytes
D) eosinophils
E) basophils

Question 17

The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to

A) remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
B) propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the throat.
C) remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract.
D) remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.
E) trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.

Question 18

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) antigen-antibody reactions.
B) factors released from damaged tissues.
C) lipid- carbohydrate complexes and C3.
D) C5-C9.
E) factors released from phagocytes.

Question 19

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) chemotaxis - chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
B) scab - dried blood clot over injured tissue
C) pus - tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid
D) diapedesis - movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue
E) abcess - a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus

Question 20

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

A) leukocidins.
B) biofilms.
C) formation of phagolysosomes.
D) capsules.
E) M protein.

Question 21

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

A) monocytes
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) neutrophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 22

A chill is a sign that

A) blood vessels are dilating.
B) body temperature is falling.
C) body temperature is not changing.
D) the metabolic rate is decreasing.
E) body temperature is rising.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?

A) Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.
B) The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes.
C) C3b causes opsonization.
D) C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
E) C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway.

Question 24

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe?

A) deficiency of C3
B) deficiency of C5
C) deficiency of C6
D) deficiency of C7
E) deficiency of C8

Question 25

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by

A) mannose on host membranes.
B) gram- negative cell walls.
C) lectins of the microbe.
D) gram- positive cell walls.
E) mannose on the surface of microbes.

Question 26

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A) they compete with pathogens for nutrients.
B) they produce lysozyme.
C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria.
D) they produce antibacterial chemicals.
E) they change the pH of the environment.

Question 27

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

A) lysozymes.
B) leukotrienes.
C) histamine.
D) kinins.
E) prostaglandins.

Question 28

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid

A) is transported into macrophages.
B) goes into lymph capillaries.
C) is lost as perspiration.
D) is excreted in urine.
E) returns to the blood.

Question 29

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT

A) HOCl.
B) OH·.
C) complement.
D) O₂^- .
E) H₂O₂.

Question 30

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT

A) they disrupt stages of viral multiplication.
B) they initiate transcription.
C) they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.
D) they are effective for long periods.
E) they bind to the surface of uninfected cells.

Question 31

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) activation of complement.
B) phagocytosis.
C) inflammation.
D) production of interferon.
E) production of antibody.

Question 32

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT

A) diapedesis.
B) chemotaxis.
C) release of histamines and prostaglandins.
D) antibody synthesis.
E) dilation of blood vessels.

Question 33

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it

A) stimulates T lymphocyte activity.
B) intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.
C) is caused by interleukin- 1 and TNF- alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus.
D) can be initiated by specific types of pathogens.
E) accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.

Question 34

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT

A) chemotaxis.
B) complement.
C) opsonization.
D) trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.
E) lysozyme.

Question 35

Which non- specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

A) cerumen and sebum - ear
B) lysozyme - tears and saliva
C) keratin and tightly packed cells - skin
D) mucociliary escalator - intestines
E) very acidic pH- stomach

Question 36

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of

A) C1.
B) C2.
C) C3.
D) C5.
E) C6.

Question 37

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial

A) DNA.
B) cell membrane.
C) ribosomes.
D) capsule.
E) cell wall.

Question 38

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

A) normal skin flora
B) acidic skin secretions
C) lysozyme
D) mucociliary escalator
E) phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

Question 39

All of the following are iron- binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT

A) ferritin.
B) transferrin.
C) siderophorin.
D) hemoglobin.
E) lactoferrin.

Question 40

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by

A) factors released from damaged tissues.
B) antigen-antibody reactions.
C) factors released from phagocytes.
D) lipid- carbohydrate complexes and C3.
E) C5-C9.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?

A) They gather at sites of infection.
B) They are found in certain tissues and organs.
C) They develop from neutrophils.
D) They are mature monocytes.
E) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

Question 42

The dermis is composed of connective tissue and provides protection from the external environment.

Question 43

An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram- positive bacteria.

Question 44

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.

Question 45

Innate immunity

A) provides increased susceptibility to disease.
B) is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.
C) involves a memory component.
D) involves T cells and B cells.
E) is nonspecific and present at birth.

Question 46

Describe the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.

Question 47

Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and health of the intestinal tract.

Question 48

Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.

Question 49

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

A) macrophages
B) basophils
C) erythrocytes
D) eosinophils
E) neutrophils

Question 50

All of the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT

A) swelling.
B) fever.
C) redness.
D) pain.
E) vasodilation.

Question 51

The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.

Question 52

Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.

Question 53

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT

A) they are a type of lymphocyte.
B) they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis.
C) they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.
D) they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system.
E) they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.

Question 54

Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.

Question 55

Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.

Question 56

Complement proteins act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.

Question 57

Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes.
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
d. Shigella dysenteriae