Deck 2: Studying Human Sexuality

Question 1

Jed states that all men want sex all the time. Although several of his friends have tried to convince him otherwise, he maintains that "we're all that way." This is an example of a

A) stereotype.
B) factual statement.
C) value judgment.
D) bias.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A bias leads us to

A) select information that supports our views or beliefs.
B) question the results of our research.
C) make value judgments about the research of others.
D) engage in ethical practices.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is true of African Americans' traditional ideologies of sexuality?

A) Women should be responsible for condom use.
B) Men must avoid sex with numerous women.
C) It is acceptable for men to be gay or bisexual.
D) Women must engage in concurrent sexual relationships.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a feature of value judgments?

A) They describe a person's feelings.
B) They provide information about what motivates people.
C) Their truth or accuracy can be measured and tested.
D) They often act as blinders to understanding.

Question 5

Stereotypical beliefs

A) are surprisingly flexible.
B) are the same across different cultures.
C) are based on religious beliefs.
D) are resistant to change.

Question 6

One way to assess the credibility of a website with information about sexuality is to

A) ask a licensed sex therapist about it.
B) investigate its sponsor.
C) look for the information on Google Scholar.
D) look for testimonials about the site.

Question 7

Value judgments tend to

A) clarify views about human sexuality.
B) foster objectivity in the study of sexuality.
C) obscure the search for understanding in terms of sexuality.
D) undermine sexual norms in a society.

Question 8

Which of the following methods is incorporated by scholars to avoid personal bias?

A) They make use of value judgment to obtain conclusions for their research.
B) They apply the objective methods of social science research.
C) They try to maintain congruency with the existing research findings.
D) They channel and filter conflicting information in their research findings.

Question 9

Dr. Martinez conducted a survey to determine the frequency of sexual activity among the American middle class. He collected data from several individuals working at various multinational companies and concluded that an average middle-class American engages in sexual activity once in a week. In this scenario, Dr. Martinez's research sample is most likely a ________.

A) biased sample
B) representative sample
C) multistage sample
D) stratified sample

Question 10

Statistics about sexual behavior that are most promoted in the media tend to

A) reflect current scholarly research.
B) be distorted or oversimplified.
C) show the persuasiveness of aberrant sexual behaviors.
D) reinforce sexual stereotypes.

Question 11

Which of the following best defines a stereotype?

A) It is a simplistic, overgeneralized belief about people or ideas.
B) It is a statistically based general statement about a group of people.
C) It is an exaggeration based on a personal experience.
D) It is a statement of personal preference or inclination.

Question 12

According to a Times article, The Sunday Times in London asserted, incorrectly, that

A) Dr. Roselli found evidence to prove that sexual orientation is genetic.
B) sexual orientation is the result of rejection from the mother.
C) Dr. Roselli found a way to cure homosexual rams with hormone treatment.
D) homosexuality is caused by a defective gene.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of sexual stereotypes?

A) They often encourage gender equality.
B) They set standards for sexual behavior.
C) They influence one's sexual orientation.
D) They are powerful in stigmatizing bisexuals.

Question 14

The notion that gay male relationships are doomed to fail is an example of

A) an urban myth.
B) conventional wisdom.
C) cultural insensitivity.
D) a sexual stereotype.

Question 15

The main difference between a value judgment and an objective statement is that objective statements

A) describe how people actually behave.
B) cannot be empirically validated.
C) offer specific examples.
D) are based on the opinions of focus group members.

Question 16

The primary purpose of the sex information/advice genre is to

A) sell more number of copies of the printed material.
B) transmit facts about sexuality to a mass audience.
C) validate research-based findings.
D) enhance the reputations of experts in the field of sexuality.

Question 17

A set of simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized beliefs about a particular type of individual or group of people is known as a(n)

A) stereotype.
B) opinion.
C) judgment.
D) bias.

Question 18

In order to lend scientific credibility to their materials, the sexual information media

A) make up false research studies.
B) present actors who pose as experts in sexuality.
C) use the trappings of social science and psychiatry without the substance.
D) pay experts large sums of money to present information made up by the media.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of an opinion?

A) It is a substantiated belief or conclusion.
B) It is based on concrete evidence or accurate knowledge.
C) It fails to form a value judgment.
D) It reflects people's personal values or biases.

Question 20

The notion that women need a reason for sex and men need a place is an example of

A) a cultural norm.
B) conventional wisdom.
C) ethnographic profiling.
D) a sexual stereotype.

Question 21

Which of the following sex research methods makes use of questionnaires or interviews to gather information?

A) observational research
B) survey research
C) experimental research
D) clinical research

Question 22

Dr. Barnes is interested in the sexual behavior of middle-aged adults. She goes to a large corporation and collects data on all clerical workers who meet this criterion. Dr. Barnes calls her study "The Sexual Behavior of Middle-Aged American Workers." Dr. Barnes' study can be criticized on the grounds that

A) she has not followed standard ethical guidelines satisfactorily.
B) the findings are not based on a representative sample and are biased.
C) experimentation would have been a better methodology for this study.
D) her study suffers from ethnocentrism.

Question 23

Dr. Johnson would like to study the sexual attitudes of the American male. To obtain subjects for his research, he stands outside a restaurant and asks for volunteers. In this case, the sample obtained for study is most likely to be a(n) ________ sample.

A) biased
B) representative
C) ethnocentric
D) exclusionary

Question 24

An in-depth examination of an individual or a group who goes to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or social worker for assistance with psychological or medical problems or disorders is called

A) ethnocentric bias.
B) a biased sample.
C) survey research.
D) clinical research.

Question 25

Portia and Ellen are firmly convinced that their Ivy League college culture is superior to others in every way. They view students from other institutions with disdain. Portia and Ellen may be demonstrating

A) ethnocentrism.
B) phallocentrism.
C) phallic monism.
D) egocentric fallacy.

Question 26

An egocentric fallacy is the mistaken belief that

A) one's sexual behavior is superior to others.
B) one's intellectual ability is superior to others.
C) one's own values are held by others.
D) one's values are mostly disagreed with by others.

Question 27

Susan, a researcher, is interested in studying the relationship between illegal drug use and certain high-risk sexual behaviors in her college. She collects filled-out questionnaires from students and faculty and has each subject identified by his or her Social Security number. In this case, Susan is most likely to be in jeopardy for violating the principle of

A) informed consent.
B) debriefing after deception.
C) right to withdraw.
D) confidentiality.

Question 28

Janette selects a random group of 20 youths from her local community as a sample to study the sexual nature and behavior of adolescent male youths. The youths of her community are known to be atheists and not conservative in sexual endeavors. She uses a random questionnaire that requires the youths to answer questions on their sexual behavior and provide personal details. Based on the information provided, which of the following is a drawback of Janette's study?

A) The results of the study cannot be generalized to the larger population.
B) The sample size used for the study is too large.
C) The questionnaire used by Janette to study adolescent sexual behavior has low validity and reliability.
D) The participants were selected using random sampling method.

Question 29

Janet concludes that a particular tribe is bizarre because the men adorn themselves by piercing their genitalia and wearing little wire rings. She overlooks the fact that in her own culture, people pierce their ears, tongues, eyebrows, and other body parts. This is an example of

A) egocentric fallacy.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) phallocentrism.
D) continuum fallacy.

Question 30

Ethnocentrism is reinforced by

A) government-sponsored research.
B) the objective study of other cultures.
C) the globalization efforts of countries.
D) opinions, biases, and stereotypes about other cultures.

Question 31

A major limitation of clinical research is the

A) emphasis on extrapolation from individual case data.
B) fact that unhealthy providers create unhealthy clients.
C) emphasis on pathological behavior.
D) fact that its results cannot be replicated.

Question 32

Ethical considerations for research in sexuality include

A) an attempt to get the most representative sample possible.
B) informed consent from the participants.
C) maximization of bias.
D) the careful selection of the appropriate research method.

Question 33

In scientific research, a small group representing the larger group in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and so on is called a ________.

A) representative sample
B) stratified sample
C) biased sample
D) multistage sample

Question 34

How do the methods employed by sex researchers contrast with those used by other social scientists?

A) Sex researchers cannot conduct experiments without risking STI transmission.
B) Sex researchers must conduct their observations and experiments covertly.
C) Sex researchers must develop completely new methods because of subject matter.
D) Sex researchers are constrained by taboos and additional ethical concerns.

Question 35

In the context of sex research methods, clinical research

A) can be used to draw inferences about cause and effect.
B) uses questionnaires to gather information.
C) emphasizes the study of normal individuals.
D) is normally descriptive in nature.

Question 36

Noah is a member of the institutional review board (IRB) at his university. As a member of this committee, Noah must ensure that

A) the results of research studies are shared with the research participants.
B) research participants are protected from harm during research procedures.
C) the credentials of the research participants are verified.
D) all research participants cooperate until the research is complete.

Question 37

Logan, Amelia's father, claims that premarital sex is immoral and believes that all parents in the United States hold the same view about premarital sex. In this scenario, Logan's beliefs demonstrate ________.

A) phallic monism
B) phallocentrism
C) the egocentric fallacy
D) the ethnocentric fallacy

Question 38

Which of the following is true of sampling in sex research?

A) Some ethnic groups are underrepresented in most studies.
B) The most preferred choice of sample is individuals from large corporations.
C) Volunteers for sex research are highly likely to be females who are sexually inexperienced.
D) Gay men and lesbian women are restricted from volunteering for sex research.

Question 39

In the context of sex research methods, the drawing of a general conclusion from specific facts is called

A) induction.
B) deduction.
C) logic.
D) reliability.

Question 40

It is important to be careful while making generalizations from sex research studies because

A) sex research is fraught with violations of taboos and norms.
B) student volunteers frequently give misleading or inaccurate responses.
C) informed consent can create experimenter bias.
D) most research samples have several potential limitations.

Question 41

Danny, one among the many volunteers selected for a study on the sexual behavior of married men, lies about his sexual fetish and the frequency of intercourse in a week. He has casual sex outside marriage but does not reveal it. Which of the following sex research methods is most likely to have been used for the study?

A) observational research method
B) experimental research method
C) survey research method
D) laboratory research method

Question 42

A major problem with observational research on sexual behavior in natural environment is that

A) it always involves a very small sample size.
B) it raises the ethical issue of informed consent.
C) its requirements are as elaborate as that of clinical research.
D) its independent variables are often manipulated by researchers.

Question 43

Dr. Frank wants to study the queer sexual practices of men aged 40 to 50 in religious societies. He employs the survey research method to record their behavior. In order to collect the data most efficiently and eliminate the limitations caused by self-reporting, Dr. Frank must

A) collect personal notes from volunteers that document their sexual activities on a daily basis.
B) arrange for video conference in which volunteers can answer sex-related questions.
C) conduct face-to-face interview with volunteers.
D) write down his observations about the volunteers and refrain from asking them for data.

Question 44

The factors affected by the manipulation of other variables are called

A) dependent variables.
B) absolute variables.
C) autonomous variables.
D) independent variables.

Question 45

Which of the following is an advantage of the survey method used in sex research?

A) An in-depth examination of volunteers is conducted.
B) Interviewers' biases fail to influence the survey results.
C) Volunteers are able to complete questionnaires fairly quickly.
D) Volunteers' past records are verified to ensure credibility of their reports.

Question 46

According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the body upon which eroticism is focused during the first stage of psychosexual development is the

A) abdomen.
B) genitals.
C) mouth.
D) anus.

Question 47

Which statement best reflects the views of Havelock Ellis regarding the nature of female sexuality?

A) Women are naturally asexual, and if they are interested in sex, it is merely as a way to achieve pregnancy.
B) Women's animal lusts cause men to lose control and engage in intercourse to the point of weakness and illness.
C) Women have sexual desires no less intense than those of men.
D) Women experience themselves as anatomically defective without a penis and compensate for it by devoting themselves to their husband and children.

Question 48

Dr. Paula conducts a survey to study the prevalence of masturbation, transvestism, same-sex encounters, and other sexual behaviors among adolescents. In order to ensure that the participants are comfortable in revealing their sexual behaviors, Dr. Paula must

A) arrange a face-to-face interview to gain the trust of the participants.
B) inform the participants that behaviors such as masturbation and transvestism are common among adolescents.
C) offer anonymity to her participants and their reports.
D) offer medical help for participants reporting behaviors such as masturbation and same-sex encounters.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true of surveys used for sex research?

A) Surveys are expensive to administer and demand considerable time and effort of volunteers.
B) Measures are taken to ensure that all ethnic groups are represented in surveys.
C) The interviewer's sex, race, or religion is unlikely to influence survey results.
D) Volunteers generally underreport experiences that might be culturally considered deviant or immoral.

Question 50

A major reason for the lack of popularity of Freud's theory of sexuality among American sex researchers is

A) the emphasis on unconscious forces such as libido.
B) his overemphasis on adolescent and adult sexual expression.
C) the fact that there were no empirical data to support his ideas.
D) his view that excessive masturbation is the root of many personality problems.

Question 51

Jennie finds a correlation between marital satisfaction and sexual frequency. Based on this information, what conclusion should she draw from her finding?

A) Marital satisfaction causes people to have sex more frequently.
B) Sexual frequency causes people to be more satisfied with their marriage.
C) Either marital satisfaction increases the frequency of sex or sexual frequency increases marital satisfaction.
D) Marital satisfaction is the independent variable, and sexual frequency is the dependent variable.

Question 52

The sex researcher who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Havelock Ellis.
C) Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
D) Alfred Kinsey.

Question 53

According to Sigmund Freud, the fear that a phallic-stage boy feels because of his desires toward his mother leads to

A) neurosis.
B) penis envy.
C) a suppressed libido.
D) castration anxiety.

Question 54

Which of the following is an outcome of the phallic stage of psychosexual development in which little girls sexually desire their fathers?

A) an Oedipal complex
B) an Electra complex
C) the anal phase
D) the latency phase

Question 55

Which of the following is a drawback of online questionnaires used in sex research?

A) They discourage participants from reporting sensitive sexual behaviors.
B) They fail to offer anonymity to participants.
C) They make it difficult to verify the identity of participants.
D) They are expensive to administer.

Question 56

According to Sigmund Freud, girls and boys develop feminine and masculine identities, respectively, when they

A) begin to desire their parent of the opposite sex.
B) relinquish their desire for the other-sex parent and begin to identify with their same-sex parent.
C) begin to express their libido in socially acceptable ways.
D) reach the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

Question 57

Five-year-old Kayla is unhappy when she discovers that her brother has a penis and she does not. According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, Kayla

A) is in the phallic stage.
B) has castration anxiety.
C) is in the latency stage.
D) has developed an Oedipal complex.

Question 58

The factors that can be manipulated or changed by experimenters are called

A) dependent variables.
B) conditional variables.
C) subordinate variables.
D) independent variables.

Question 59

An interviewing research technique using computer and audio assistance is known as the

A) audio-CASI method.
B) CAT/PET method.
C) computer-generated audio-response method.
D) computer-aided audio-cassette method.

Question 60

A major limitation of correlational studies is that they cannot

A) indicate which variable causes the other to change.
B) accommodate a large number of subjects.
C) be ethically used in research on sexuality.
D) show relationships between variables.

Question 61

Dr. Collins wants to conduct a research study to determine the extent of online abuse targeted at homosexuals. As part of the study, he announces on his social media page that he is gay. He then records all the hate comments that are targeted at his sexual orientation. The research method adopted by Dr. Collins is known as________.

A) survey research
B) experimental research
C) observational research
D) clinical research

Question 62

The most expansive nationally representative study of sexual and sexual-health behaviors, published in 2010, is called

A) the National Sexual Health and Social Life Survey.
B) the National Assessment of Adolescent Sexual Health and Behavior.
C) the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior.
D) the National Survey of Family Growth.

Question 63

Ken has had sexual intercourse with women throughout his high school years. However, in college, he meets attractive men and soon starts to have sexual intercourse with them, too. Ken takes pride in being both homosexual and heterosexual equally. Which of the following will be Ken's rating in Kinsey's rating scale?

A) 0
B) 6
C) 3
D) 1

Question 64

How did Masters and Johnson collect data used to detail human sexual response?

A) oral interviews
B) written surveys
C) correlations
D) observation and direct measurement

Question 65

Feminist theorists attempt to understand the female experience in relation to

A) the hormonal differences between males and females.
B) the anatomical differences between males and females.
C) the social construction of gender asymmetry.
D) the religious teachings of Christianity.

Question 66

Which of the following statements is true according to Magnus Hirschfeld's research findings about homosexuality?

A) Homosexual men have a distinctive feminine quality.
B) Homosexuality is the result of the hormonal development of inborn traits.
C) Homosexuality is influenced by cultural and religious teachings.
D) Homosexual men and heterosexual men are similar in personality characteristics.

Question 67

The terms "homosexuality" and "heterosexuality" were coined by

A) Evelyn Hooker.
B) Magnus Hirschfeld.
C) K. H. Ulrichs.
D) Karl Maria Kertbeny.

Question 68

One of the most important findings in Kinsey's work was that

A) children had sexual thoughts and experiences.
B) a vast majority of women masturbated several times a day.
C) there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior.
D) few people understood or used contraceptive devices.

Question 69

The development of Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale was an attempt to

A) classify sexual behaviors in terms of their normality and abnormality.
B) evaluate the masculinity and femininity of Kinsey's subjects.
C) represent a proportion of an individual's sexual behaviors with the same or other sex.
D) measure the frequency of autoerotic behavior among subjects of different ages.

Question 70

One obstacle to sex research today, which was also experienced by Alfred Kinsey, is

A) the difficulty of getting female subjects to participate.
B) the absolute lack of willingness of participants to be observed in sexual situations.
C) the fear that surveys may change the sexual orientation of the participants.
D) the attack on the value of sex research by some members of Congress and conservative groups.

Question 71

Which of the following statements about masturbation was made by Alfred C. Kinsey?

A) It is harmful as it affects one's sexual well-being.
B) It facilitates aggression in males during sexual intercourse.
C) It is not a substitute for sexual intercourse but a distinct form of sexual behavior that provides sexual pleasure.
D) It adversely affects women's sexuality by reducing their ability to become orgasmic during intercourse.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true about the results of the National Health and Social Life Survey regarding the earlier findings and beliefs about sex in America?

A) Americans are largely open to exploring new sexual partners.
B) The frequency of sex among American couples reduces to about once in 3 months after marriage.
C) Homosexuality is more prevalent than originally believed.
D) Orgasms appear to be the rule for men but the exception for women.

Question 73

The highly successful approach to treatment of sexual problems that was developed by Masters and Johnson was based on

A) behavioral therapy.
B) sex education.
C) drug therapy.
D) Freudian therapy.

Question 74

Havelock Ellis viewed the so-called abnormal sexual behaviors as

A) the result of excessive autoeroticism.
B) a result of moral degeneracy and inferior genetic inheritance.
C) sexual instincts that have been repressed too long.
D) exaggerations of normal sexual behavior.

Question 75

Why was the research of Evelyn Hooker important?

A) She demonstrated that women reached orgasms primarily through stimulation of the clitoris.
B) She emphasized the need for more research on the sexual behavior of ethnic minority groups.
C) She showed that gay men could not be distinguished from heterosexual men on the basis of personality characteristics.
D) She analyzed the power aspect of relationships between the sexes.

Question 76

Which of the following statements was one of William Masters and Virginia Johnson's research findings?

A) Clitoral orgasm is physically and psychologically inferior to vaginal orgasms.
B) Male and female sexual responses are very similar.
C) Unlike women, men experience orgasm during masturbation.
D) Women experience orgasm primarily through vaginal stimulation.

Question 77

Which of the following is true of feminist scholars?

A) They believe in the superiority of the female gender over male gender.
B) They believe power is a critical element in male-female relationships.
C) They believe that gender is not a significant variable in certain aspects of social life.
D) They believe that the female experience of sex has been overstated.

Question 78

Why was the 1973 removal of homosexuality from the DSM-II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) significant?

A) It meant that there was nothing wrong with homosexuality and there was no need for therapy to cure it.
B) It supported the idea that homosexuality was due to poor parenting and, therefore, was not a choice made by individuals.
C) It supported the theories of Ulrichs and Hirschfeld.
D) It demonstrated that the life experiences and values of homosexuals were no different from those of heterosexuals.

Question 79

Which of the following statements best summarizes Havelock Ellis's view on homosexuality?

A) He saw it as a harmless congenital condition.
B) He believed that excessive masturbation led to homosexuality.
C) He viewed such interests as a type of immature sexuality.
D) He considered female homosexuality as a superior sexual lifestyle.

Question 80

According to the National College Health Assessment, what percentage of respondents had used (or had a partner who had used) emergency contraception during the last year in school?

A) 6%
B) 11%
C) 16%
D) 21%