Deck 4: A Tour of the Cell

Question 1

What is the primary reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM)can resolve biological structures as small as 2 nm,whereas 200 nm is the limit of resolution for a light microscope?

A)Diffraction of light by a light microscope distorts the image.
B)Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.
C)Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
D)TEM is used to visualize very thin sections of cells.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

If a treatment were available that would disrupt the nuclear lamina in living cells,what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence for the cell?

A)the loss of chromosome function
B)the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division
C)a change in the shape of the nucleus
D)closure of nuclear pores disrupting transport of materials into and out of the nucleus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

A)lipids
B)glycogen
C)proteins
D)cellulose
E)nucleic acids

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Cell fractionation is commonly used in biological research to

A)sort cells based on their size and weight.
B)visualize the 3-D structure of cell membranes.
C)isolate organelles to examine their biological functions.
D)examine the distribution of organelles within the cell.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is a plausible description of some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?

A)Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system.
B)The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes.
C)Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes may be synthesized on ribosomes that are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
D)In prokaryotes,the ribosomes that are involved in the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the cell.

Question 6

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins destined for export from the cell?

A)smooth ER
B)lysosomes
C)rough ER
D)Golgi vesicles
E)free cytoplasmic ribosomes

Question 7

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells,they can achieve the finest resolution by using a

A)phase-contrast light microscope.
B)scanning electron microscope.
C)transmission electronic microscope.
D)confocal fluorescence microscope.

Question 8

Which of the following structures will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?

A)cell wall
B)mitochondria
C)chloroplast
D)nucleoid
E)flagella

Question 9

The total volume of plant cells is often significantly greater than the total volume in animal cells.The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

A)plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
B)plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded)plasma membrane than animal cells.
C)plant cells contain a large vacuole that occupies much of the volume of the cell.
D)animal cells are spherical,whereas plant cells are elongated.

Question 10

Proteins that will be exported from the cell are synthesized by which of the following cellular components?

A)smooth ER
B)lysosomes
C)rough ER
D)Golgi vesicles
E)free cytoplasmic ribosomes

Question 11

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains.What are the domains?

A)Bacteria and Eukaryotes
B)Bacteria and Protists
C)Bacteria and Fungi
D)Bacteria and Archaea

Question 12

A researcher disrupts cells and separates subcellular components using centrifugation.What is the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component remains in the liquid solution or ends up in the pellet?

A)the relative size and weight of the component
B)the relative solubility of the component
C)how hydrophobic the component is
D)the carbohydrate composition of the component

Question 13

A researcher disrupts cells and separates subcellular components using centrifugation.Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will pellet when disrupted cell mixtures are centrifuged at increasingly higher speeds?

A)ribosomes,nuclei,mitochondria
B)chloroplasts,ribosomes,pieces of membrane
C)nucleus,ribosomes,chloroplasts
D)nucleus,mitochondria,ribosomes

Question 14

A cell with an abundance of free ribosomes is most likely carrying out which of the following processes?

A)producing primarily proteins for secretion
B)producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins
C)producing primarily cell wall or extracellular matrix components
D)producing primarily an abundance of new membranes
E)producing primarily vacuole contents

Question 15

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs.Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?

A)rough ER
B)smooth ER
C)Golgi apparatus
D)nuclear envelope
E)lysosomes

Question 16

The smallest cell structures that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution)research-grade light microscope are

A)microtubules.
B)chloroplasts.
C)ribosomes.
D)nuclear pores.

Question 17

One advantage of light microscopy over transmission electron microscopy is that

A)specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts.
B)light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than transmission electron microscopy.
C)light microscopy provides for higher magnification than transmission electron microscopy.
D)light microscopy allows you to view dynamic processes in living cells.

Question 18

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

A)standard light microscopy
B)a hand lens (magnifying glass)
C)transmission electron microscopy
D)scanning electron microscopy

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning cells of bacteria and archaea is correct?

A)Archaea contain small membrane-enclosed organelles;bacteria do not.
B)Archaea contain a membrane-bound nucleus;bacteria do not.
C)Chromosomes in both archaea and bacteria contain DNA.
D)Mitochondria are present in some bacteria and all archaea.

Question 20

Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria?

A)DNA
B)flagella
C)plasma membrane
D)ribosomes
E)endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

If plant cells are grown on media containing radioactively labeled thymine for one generation,where will radioactively labeled macromolecules be detected?

A)only in the nucleus
B)only in the nucleus and mitochondria
C)only in the nucleus and chloroplasts
D)in the nucleus,mitochondria,and chloroplasts

Question 22

Thylakoids,DNA,and ribosomes are all components found in

A)vacuoles.
B)chloroplasts.
C)mitochondria.
D)lysosomes.
E)nucleoli.

Question 23

Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus?

A)detoxification of drugs
B)protein modification and sorting
C)synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins
D)production of ribosomal subunits

Question 24

Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?

A)lysosome
B)vacuole
C)mitochondrion
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisome

Question 25

In an animal cell,DNA may be found in which of the following organelles?

A)only in the nucleus
B)only in the nucleus and mitochondria
C)only in the nucleus and rough ER
D)in the nucleus,mitochondria,and rough ER

Question 26

Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted by a eukaryotic cell?

A)lysosome
B)peroxisome
C)mitochondrion
D)Golgi apparatus

Question 27

A mutation that inactivates an enzyme involved in the modification of sugars associated with glycoproteins is most likely to affect the function of which of the following cellular structures?

A)smooth ER
B)cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
C)transport vesicles produced by the rough ER
D)transport vesicles produced by the trans face of the Golgi apparatus

Question 28

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components.In animal cells,which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

A)smooth ER
B)lysosomes
C)central vacuoles
D)peroxisomes

Question 29

Which organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils,phospholipids,and steroids?

A)ribosome
B)lysosome
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)Golgi apparatus

Question 30

Which of the following types of proteins are synthesized by the rough ER?

A)ribosomal proteins
B)cytosolic proteins
C)mitochondrial proteins
D)lysosomal proteins

Question 31

Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A)rough ER
B)vacuole
C)mitochondrion
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisome

Question 32

Some key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotic cells from a prokaryotic ancestor are membrane-bound organelles.Which of the following organelles or features is a common structure shared by both eukaryotic cells and their prokaryotic ancestors?

A)ribosomes
B)chloroplasts
C)mitochondria
D)nuclear envelope

Question 33

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes,DNA,ribosomes,plasma membrane,chloroplasts,and mitochondria.It could be

A)a bacterial cell.
B)a plant cell but not an animal cell.
C)an archaeal cell or a plant cell.
D)an animal cell or a plant cell.

Question 34

Which organelle occupies much of the volume of a plant cell?

A)nucleus
B)central vacuole
C)mitochondrion
D)Golgi apparatus
E)peroxisome

Question 35

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?

A)plasma membrane → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → rough ER
B)Golgi → rough ER → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
C)rough ER → transport vesicle → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
D)rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
E)rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → lysosome → plasma membrane

Question 36

Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

A)It has a double membrane structure.
B)It is not involved in protein synthesis.
C)It produces a special class of transport vesicles.
D)It is not derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi.

Question 37

Plastids are only found in which of the following types of cells or organisms?

A)bacteria
B)archaea
C)plant cells
D)animal cells

Question 38

What types of proteins are synthesized somewhere other than the rough ER?

A)plasma membrane proteins
B)nuclear envelope proteins
C)secreted proteins
D)mitochondrial membrane proteins

Question 39

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating very large,complex,undigested lipids.Which cellular organelle is likely to be defective in this condition?

A)the rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)the Golgi apparatus
C)the lysosome
D)the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system.Which eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of,or as an elaboration of,the endomembrane system?

A)plasma membrane
B)chloroplasts
C)mitochondria
D)nuclear envelope

Question 41

The cell walls of bacteria,fungi,and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane.Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?

A)They have pores that regulate the exchange of water and small molecules between cells and their environment.
B)They are composed of complex mixtures of lipids and carbohydrates.
C)They provide a rigid structure that prevents the uptake of excess water into cells.
D)They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell for assembly.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is correct?

A)Transport vesicles move between organelles of the endomembrane system independently from the cytoskeleton.
B)Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression,whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching).
C)Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
D)Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's response to external signals and stimuli.

Question 43

Which of the following is a correct match between a cytoskeletal element and its function?

A)microfilaments and intracellular vesicle transport
B)microtubules and cleavage furrow formation
C)microfilaments and flagellar motility
D)intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic streaming
E)microtubules and chromosome movement

Question 44

In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons,the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and

A)combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.
B)combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate water.
C)combine the hydrogen with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and water.
D)combine the hydrogen with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.

Question 45

When a potassium ion (K⁺)moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root,it must pass through several cellular structures.Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?

A)plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
B)secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
C)primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
D)primary cell wall → plasma membrane → lysosome → cytoplasm → vacuole
E)primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → secondary cell wall → vacuole

Question 46

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved

A)endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
B)endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using photosynthetic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
C)endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using scavenger bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into lysosomes.
D)evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi.

Question 47

Extracellular matrix proteins are produced by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?

A)lysosomes
B)cytoplasm
C)nuclear envelope
D)Golgi apparatus
E)rough ER

Question 48

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?

A)microtubules and motor proteins
B)actin filaments and microtubules
C)actin filaments and motor proteins
D)centrioles and motor proteins

Question 49

Which organelles or structures are absent in plant cells?

A)mitochondria
B)microtubules
C)Golgi apparatus
D)centrosomes
E)peroxisomes

Question 50

Which of the following molecules is required to build cilia or flagella?

A)keratin
B)tubulin
C)actin
D)myosin

Question 51

Which of the following organelles are enclosed by a double membrane?

A)only nuclei
B)only central vacuoles
C)nuclei and chloroplasts
D)nuclei and lysosomes

Question 52

Motor proteins provide for molecular transport of materials in cells by interacting with what type(s)of cellular structures?

A)the nuclear envelope
B)membrane proteins
C)the extracellular matrix
D)cytoskeletal structures
E)cellulose fibers in the cell wall

Question 53

Passive movement of fluids and bacteria from the interior of the small intestine through the space between cells of the intestinal wall can cause serious infection and medical complications.Defects in which of the following would be associated with such a condition?

A)cell walls
B)gap junctions
C)tight junctions
D)middle lamella
E)desmosomes

Question 54

Centrioles,cilia,flagella,and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements.Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities?

A)Cilia and flagella are derived from the centrioles.
B)Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structures.
C)Centrioles are derived from cilia and/or flagella.
D)Natural selection for cell motility repeatedly selected for microtubular arrays in circular patterns in the evolution of each of these structures.

Question 55

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add carbohydrate modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its

A)nuclear lamina.
B)nuclear lamina and extracellular matrix.
C)microtubules and Golgi apparatus.
D)Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix.

Question 56

Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization.A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to

A)perform amoeboid movement.
B)form cleavage furrows.
C)contract muscle fibers.
D)extend pseudopodia.
E)move vesicles within the cell.

Question 57

A 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules,consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules,is associated with which of the following structures?

A)motile cilia and centrioles
B)centrioles only
C)both eukaryotic and bacterial flagella
D)eukaryotic flagella only
E)eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia

Question 58

The chemical reactions involved in respiration in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are virtually identical.In eukaryotic cells,ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria,where would you expect most ATP synthesis to occur in prokaryotic cells?

A)in the cytoplasm
B)on the nucleoid membrane
C)on the endoplasmic reticulum
D)on the plasma membrane

Question 59

Intermediate filaments attach to which of the following structures in the plasma membrane?

A)extracellular matrix
B)gap junctions
C)tight junctions
D)middle lamella
E)desmosomes

Question 60

Vinblastine,a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization,is used to treat some forms of cancer.Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to carry out which of the following processes?

A)form cleavage furrows during cell division
B)migrate by amoeboid movement
C)separate chromosomes during cell division
D)extend pseudopods
E)maintain the shape of the nucleus

Question 61

Which of the following structures play a key role in maintaining the structural integrity of animal tissues?

A)proteoglycans and microtubules
B)gap junctions and microfilaments
C)tight junctions and microfilaments
D)desmosomes and intermediate filaments

Question 62

Which structure-function pair is mismatched?

A)microtubule;muscle contraction
B)ribosome;protein synthesis
C)Golgi;protein trafficking
D)nucleolus;production of ribosomal subunits

Question 63

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

A)chloroplast
B)wall made of cellulose
C)mitochondrion
D)centriole

Question 64

Which of the following structures plays a major role in making skin tissue water tight?

A)desmosomes
B)gap junctions
C)integrins
D)tight junctions
E)plasmodesmata

Question 65

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

A)ER → Golgi → nucleus
B)nucleus →ER →Golgi
C)ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
D)ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Question 66

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

A)mitochondrion
B)ribosome
C)nuclear envelope
D)chloroplast

Question 67

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?

A)nuclear envelope
B)chloroplast
C)Golgi apparatus
D)plasma membrane

Question 68

A biologist wants to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals.The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape,size,and 3-D characteristics.Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?

A)transmission electron microscopy
B)cell fractionation
C)light microscopy using stained sections of kidney tissue
D)light microscopy of living unstained material
E)scanning electron microscopy

Question 69

Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP.If a cell is exposed to cyanide,most of the cyanide will be found within the

A)mitochondria.
B)ribosomes.
C)peroxisomes.
D)lysosomes.

Question 70

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

A)peroxisomes
B)desmosomes
C)gap junctions
D)extracellular matrix
E)tight junctions

Question 71

A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles.Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light,whereas organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark.The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain,respectively,

A)mitochondria and chloroplasts.
B)chloroplasts and nuclei.
C)peroxisomes and chloroplasts.
D)chloroplasts and mitochondria.
E)mitochondria and peroxisomes.

Question 72

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?

A)muscle cell
B)nerve cell
C)phagocytic white blood cell
D)bacterial cell

Question 73

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

A)plasmodesmata.
B)intermediate filaments.
C)tight junctions.
D)desmosomes.
E)gap junctions.

Question 74

The extracellular matrix may influence animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the cytoskeleton of the cell via which of the following molecules or structures?

A)gap junctions
B)tight junctions
C)integrins
D)proteoglycans

Question 75

Comparison of samples from the liver of an alcoholic with samples from the liver of a non-drinker when examined by transmission electron microscopy would likely reveal that

A)the ultrastructure of the two livers is very similar.
B)the liver of the non-drinker has expansive rough ER compared to the alcoholic's liver.
C)the liver of the alcoholic has expansive smooth ER compared to the non-drinker's liver.
D)the liver of the alcoholic has substantially more lysosomes than the non-drinker's liver.