Deck 20: How Animals Move

Question 1

Which human bone is found in the pectoral girdle?

A) clavicle
B) humerus
C) radius
D) sternum
E) tibia

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In clinical studies,nutritional supplements that block the activity of myostatin had which of the following effects?

A) increased muscle mass in both homozygotes and heterozygotes
B) increased muscle mass in homozygotes only
C) increased muscle mass in heterozygotes
D) reduced muscle mass in both heterozygotes and homozygotes
E) the nutritional supplements had on effect at all

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Synthetic versions of muscle-building hormones are also known as ___ hormones.

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) metabolic
D) bully
E) nutritional

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which skeleton moves in response to muscular contraction?

A) endoskeleton
B) exoskeleton
C) hydrostatic skeleton
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 5

What type of skeleton is an internal fluid filled chamber?

A) hydroponic
B) hydrostatic
C) hydrophobic
D) hydrophilic
E) endoskeleton

Question 6

What is the disorder in which bone loss outpaces bone formation?

A) osteoporosis
B) Parkinson's
C) muscular dystrophy
D) Alzheimer's
E) all of these

Question 7

What structures are found between the vertebrae?

A) cartilage
B) tendons
C) fibrous connective tissue
D) ligaments
E) bone marrow

Question 8

Which skeleton provides the least amount of protection and support?

A) endoskeleton
B) exoskeleton
C) hydrostatic skeleton
D) all of these provide the same protection and support
E) none of these provide protection or support

Question 9

How many vertebrae do humans have?

A) 21
B) 26
C) 23
D) 46
E) 58

Question 10

Understanding how to inhibit myostatin production may lead to effective treatment of

A) hemophilia.
B) muscular dystrophy.
C) firbromyalgia.
D) retinoblastoma.
E) more than one of these.

Question 11

Which hormone increases muscle mass?

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) luteinizing hormone
D) testosterone
E) more than one of these

Question 12

What structure protects the heart and lungs?

A) vertebral column
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) ribs and sternum
E) all of these

Question 13

In the future,it may be possible to slow muscle loss from diseases and aging by inhibiting myostatin production.However,which of the following might be adversely affected?

A) ligaments
B) tendons
C) heart muscle
D) actin production
E) ATP production

Question 14

Which human bone is the largest?

A) humerus
B) femur
C) ulna
D) tibia
E) radius

Question 15

Which group of bones protects the organs and supports the weight of the upper body while standing?

A) vertebral column
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) ribs and sternum
E) femur and tibia

Question 16

____ is a regulatory protein that slows the production of muscle proteins.

A) Actin
B) Myosin
C) Troponin
D) Testosterone
E) Myostatin

Question 17

What type of skeleton do earthworms have?

A) exoskeleton
B) endoskeleton
C) hydrostatic skeleton
D) segmental skeleton
E) none of these

Question 18

Bones are wrapped in ____ tissue(s).

A) adipose
B) dense connective
C) epithelial
D) loose connective
E) all of these

Question 19

What process increases the size of a muscle?

A) increased muscle cell division
B) addition of muscle companion cells
C) stretching of individual muscle cells
D) synthesis of new protein filaments
E) more than one of these

Question 20

Bone mass typically increases until we turn

A) 10.
B) 15.
C) 25.
D) 35.
E) 45.

Question 21

What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?

A) muscles do not work effectively
B) the body tissues are unprotected by it
C) it does not grow with the animal
D) it prevents the possibility of flying
E) more than one of these is a disadvantage to an exoskeleton

Question 22

Which of the following invertebrates has an endoskeleton?

A) clams
B) lobsters
C) sea stars
D) earthworms
E) more than one of these invertebrates has an endoskeleton

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT found in a femur?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) connective tissue
D) collagen
E) all of these are found in a femur

Question 24

In a vertebrate,which of the following is NOT a part of the axial skeleton?

A) skull
B) ribs
C) vertebrae
D) knee
E) tail

Question 25

What vitamin helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

A) A
B) B12
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 26

Which of the following animals has an exoskeleton?

A) leeches
B) frogs
C) crabs
D) roundworms
E) more than one of these animals has an exoskeleton

Question 27

Gibbons are able to swing through the trees by their arms thanks to ___ joints.

A) fibrous
B) cartilaginous
C) synovial
D) hinged joints
E) gliding joints

Question 28

Which of the following hold the bones of synovial joints in place?

A) tendons
B) loose connective tissue
C) ligaments
D) cartilage
E) other bones

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT found in compact bone?

A) concentric layers of extracellular matrix
B) blood and nerve canals
C) yellow marrow
D) red marrow
E) all of these are found in compact bone

Question 30

Which of the following human bones is not necessary for normal functioning?

A) tibia
B) ulna
C) radius
D) fibula
E) more than one of these bones is not necessary for normal functioning

Question 31

The sternum is a major site of red blood cell formation.The bones in the sternum must be ___ bones.

A) compact
B) spongy
C) cartilaginous
D) fibrous
E) synovial

Question 32

Of what substance are intervertebral disks made?

A) smooth muscle
B) cartilage
C) ligaments
D) loose connective tissue
E) epithelial tissue

Question 33

How many pairs of ribs do male and female humans have?

A) 12 in males and 13 in females
B) 12 in males and 11 in females
C) 12 in males and 12 in females
D) 14 in males and 12 in females
E) 14 in males and 14 in females

Question 34

Which of the following is a correct difference between the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle?

A) the pectoral girdle has more bones
B) the pectoral girdle includes the patella and the pelvic girdle includes the radius
C) the bones of the pelvic girdle are fused; the bones of the pectoral girdle are not
D) the bones of the pelvic girdle are part of the upper body; the bones of the pectoral girdle are a part of the lower body
E) more than one of these is a correct difference between the pectoral and the pelvic girdle

Question 35

Which of the following human bones is incorrectly paired?

A) fibula--tibia
B) ulna--radius
C) scapula--clavicle
D) sternum--ribs
E) femur--carpals

Question 36

Which of the following is most like an endoskeleton?

A) the wooden frame of a house
B) the covering of chair
C) the hair of a dog
D) the trunk of a tree
E) an umbrella handle

Question 37

Which of the following is a bone of the lower leg in humans?

A) femur
B) fibula
C) radius
D) ulna
E) humerus

Question 38

Which mineral important for nerve cell function and muscle contraction is stored in bone?

A) calcium
B) phosphorous
C) potassium
D) sodium
E) magnesium

Question 39

What kind of skeletons do arthropods have?

A) exoskeletons
B) endoskeletons
C) hydrostatic skeletons
D) segmental skeletons
E) none of these

Question 40

Which of the following animals does NOT have an endoskelton?

A) sea stars
B) snakes
C) frogs
D) oysters
E) all of these animals have an endoskeleton

Question 41

The single tendon of the biceps attaches to ___.

A) the clavicle
B) the scapula
C) the ulna
D) the radius
E) more than one of these bones

Question 42

Aerobic respiration does which of the following?

A) increases the supply of ATP
B) increases the formation of actin filaments
C) increases the enzymes for glycolysis
D) increases muscle size
E) all of these

Question 43

Skeletal muscles make up approximately ____% of the body weight of a young man of average fitness.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30
E) 40

Question 44

The main components of the thick filaments of a sarcomere are ___ and the main components of the thin filaments of a sarcomere are ___.

A) actin---myosin
B) myosin---actin
C) myofibrils--actin
D) A lines---Z lines
E) myofibrils---myosin

Question 45

The ends of a sarcomere are defined by ___.

A) A lines
B) M lines
C) Z lines
D) myofibrils
E) thick filaments

Question 46

In a muscle contraction,which of the elements are pulled together and overlap?

A) actin
B) myosin
C) ATP
D) ADP
E) the thick filaments

Question 47

How many skeletal muscles are found in the body?

A) 900
B) 800
C) 350
D) 700
E) 70

Question 48

A tendon is an extension of ___ tissue.

A) dense connective
B) loose connective
C) bony
D) epithelial
E) muscle

Question 49

What ion needs to be released from an endoplasmic reticulum in order for muscles to contract?

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) phosphorous
D) oxygen
E) nitrogen

Question 50

The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is a(an)___.

A) myofibril
B) sarcomere
C) myosin filament
D) actin filament
E) Z line

Question 51

In a muscle contraction,which element is fixed in place?

A) the muscle fiber
B) the myofilament
C) the sarcomere
D) the actin filament
E) the myosin filament

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct order from largest unit to the smallest?

A) muscle fiber>>myofibril>>sarcomere>>filaments
B) myofibril>>muscle fiber>>sarcomere>> filaments
C) sarcomere>>myofibril>>filaments>>muscle fiber
D) muscle fiber>>sarcomere>>myofibril>>filaments
E) muscle fiber>>filaments>>myofibril>>sarcomere

Question 53

When muscles contract,the opposing muscle will

A) pull.
B) push.
C) contract.
D) relax.
E) shorten.

Question 54

When you bring your hand to your shoulder,your biceps muscle ___ and your triceps muscle ___.

A) contracts---relaxes
B) relaxes---contracts
C) contracts---contracts
D) relaxes---relaxes
E) lengthens---shortens

Question 55

In a muscle contraction,the Z lines of a sarcomere are ___.

A) closer together but not overlapping
B) further apart
C) the same distance as when not contracting
D) thicker
E) overlapping

Question 56

The two tendons of the biceps attach to ___.

A) the clavicle
B) the scapula
C) the humerus
D) the radius
E) more than one of these bones.

Question 57

During exercise,which pathway produces the most energy?

A) lactate fermentation
B) anaerobic respiration
C) aerobic respiration
D) use of stored ATP
E) all of these produce the same amount of energy

Question 58

When a muscle fiber is relaxed,why can't myosin bind to actin?

A) ATP is not present
B) the myosin binding site on actin is blocked
C) the myosin head is in the wrong shape for binding
D) the actin is in the wrong orientation for myosin binding
E) the myosin head is 180 degrees from its attachment configuration

Question 59

____ connects muscle to bone.

A) A ligament
B) Epithelium
C) A tendon
D) A joint
E) Bones

Question 60

Once the stored ATP is consumed,what substance will muscles turn to for energy?

A) glucose
B) lactate
C) sugar
D) creatine phosphate
E) myoglobin

Question 61

Why are girls less likely than boys to suffer from Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A) girls have less testosterone than boys
B) they are protected as heterozygotes
C) they do not have a Y chromosome
D) girls are NOT less likely to suffer from Duchenne muscular dystrophy than boys
E) a combination of more than one of the first three answers is correct

Question 62

In which of the following diseases does a virus infect and kill motor neurons?

A) polio
B) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
D) multiple sclerosis
E) fibromyalgia

Question 63

Which kind of exercise makes skeletal muscles more resistant to fatigue?

A) high intensity-short duration
B) low intensity-long duration
C) medium intensity-medium duration
D) high intensity-long duration
E) low intensity-short duration

Question 64

What is the ultimate cause of death from Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A) The cardiac muscles fail.
B) The brain tissue degenerates.
C) The liver fails.
D) The respiratory muscles fail.
E) The kidneys fail.

Question 65

What occurs in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A) muscle fibers break down
B) motor neurons stop signaling muscle fibers
C) actin filaments do not form
D) myosin filaments do not form
E) calcium does not leave the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 66

In a muscle contraction,what specifically is the role of calcium?

A) it causes the hydrolysis of ATP
B) it connects actin with myosin to form a cross-bridge
C) it causes the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin
D) it catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
E) it causes the release of Pi from the myosin head

Question 67

Which of the following is true concerning white muscle fibers and red muscle fibers?

A) white muscle fibers have more mitochondria
B) red muscle fibers have no myoglobin
C) white muscle fibers make ATP by aerobic respiration
D) red muscle fibers fatigue less easily
E) red muscle fibers get most of their ATP thanks to creatine phosphate

Question 68

In muscle contraction,which of the following triggers the power stroke?

A) release of Pi from the myosin head
B) binding of ATP to the myosin head
C) hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi
D) cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin
E) relaxation of the sarcomere

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT found in white muscle fibers?

A) stored ATP
B) creatine phosphate
C) myoglobin
D) hemoglobin
E) more than one of these

Question 70

In a muscle contraction event,what causes the release of calcium from its endoplasmic reticulum?

A) the hydrolysis of ATP
B) the formation of ATP
C) the formation of the actin-myosin cross-bridge
D) a signal from a motor neuron
E) the shortening of the sarcomere

Question 71

Which of the following is true about an ATP bound myosin molecule?

A) it is in a high energy state
B) it is in a low energy state
C) it is in a cross-bridge state with actin
D) the myosin binding site is open
E) more than one of these is true

Question 72

In muscle contraction,the breaking of the cross-bridge between actin and myosin is caused by___.

A) hydrolysis of ATP into ADP plus Pi
B) formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
C) release of Pi from the myosin head
D) binding of a new ATP to the myosin head
E) return of myosin to a high-energy state

Question 73

When running a marathon,which of the following is the correct order of "energy molecules" that allow for the supply of energy to muscles?

A) stored ATP>>creatine phosphate>>myoglobin
B) myoglobin>>creatine phosphate>>stored ATP
C) stored ATP>>myoglobin>>creatine phosphate
D) creatine phosphate>>stored ATP>>myoglobin
E) creatine phosphate>>myoglobin>>stored ATP

Question 74

What does myoglobin supply for muscle activity?

A) oxygen for aerobic respiration
B) phosphate for ATP formation
C) direct energy for white muscle fiber contraction
D) glucose for lactate fermentation
E) more than one of these

Question 75

An Olympic marathon runner probably has more __ than does an Olympic weight lifter.

A) white muscle fibers
B) red muscle fibers
C) creatine phosphate
D) stored ATP
E) oxygen

Question 76

What specifically happens when the myosin bound ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi?

A) the myosin converts to a high energy state
B) the myosin converts to a low energy state
C) the energy released from ATP causes the release of calcium from endoplasmic reticula
D) myosin and actin form a cross-bridge
E) the sarcomere contracts

Question 77

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation of a gene on the ___ chromosome.

A) X
B) Y
C) 21st
D) 1st
E) 18th

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a result of low intensity but long duration exercise?

A) increased capillary growth
B) decreased number of mitochondria
C) decreased white fibers
D) increased amounts of myoglobin
E) all of these are a result of low intensity but long duration exercise

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT true about the enzyme,lipoprotein lipase?

A) its concentration decreases with exercises
B) it allows muscles to take up fatty acids
C) increased levels decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease
D) it allows muscles to take up triglycerides
E) all of these are true about lipoprotein lipase

Question 80

In a muscle contraction,the sarcomere shortens when ___.

A) the myosin heads move in opposite directions
B) the myosin heads move towards each other
C) the actin filaments move in opposite directions
D) the actin-myosin cross-bridge disconnects
E) ATP is formed from ADP and Pi