Deck 24: Neural Control and the Senses

Question 1

Referring to the above diagram,the letter "D" is used to label

A) the dendrites.
B) the cell body.
C) the neuroglia.
D) the axon.
E) none of these.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

MDMA,the active ingredient in Ecstacy,

A) interferes with the removal of serotonin by transport proteins.
B) causes an increased release in the neurotransmitter, dopamine.
C) blocks the movement of epinephrine across the synaptic cleft.
D) binds to endorphins making them unavailable.
E) causes the rapid transport of acetylcholine across the synaptic cleft.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A neuron

A) communicates with other cells via electrical signaling only.
B) communicates with other cells via chemical signaling only.
C) communicates with other cells via a combination of electrical and chemical signaling.
D) is not involved in direct communication with other cells.
E) does none of these.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Interneurons

A) are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord.
B) detect stimuli.
C) control muscles and glands.
D) are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, detect stimuli, and control muscles and glands.
E) are nearly always found in the brain and spinal cord, but they only detect stimuli.

Question 5

Which ions are important in maintaining the membrane potential of the neurons?

A) sodium and chloride
B) potassium and calcium
C) sodium and potassium
D) magnesium and calcium
E) none of these

Question 6

Identify the correct interaction of neurons in the vertebrate nervous system.

A) stimulus, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
B) effectors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, stimulus
C) sensory neurons, stimulus, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
D) motor neurons, interneurons, stimulus, sensory neurons, effectors
E) none of these

Question 7

The pleasurable feeling one gets from taking Ecstacy is related to the neurotransmitter,

A) endorphin.
B) acetlycholine.
C) dopamine.
D) serotonin.
E) epinephrine.

Question 8

Referring to the above diagram,the dendrites are labeled as

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 9

A life-threatening result of taking Ecstacy can be

A) excessive fluid volume.
B) increased body temperatures.
C) organ system shut-down.
D) internal bleeding.
E) all of these.

Question 10

When a neuron is not being stimulated,its membrane potential is classified as

A) resting potential.
B) threshold potential.
C) action potential.
D) inactive potential.
E) inhibitory potential.

Question 11

In order to establish a membrane potential,the cytoplasmic fluid is ____ compared to the interstitial fluid

A) more positively charged
B) more negatively charged
C) hypertonic
D) hypotonic
E) none of these

Question 12

Ecstasy overdoses

A) almost always lead to death.
B) cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis.
C) seldom lead to death.
D) cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis and almost always lead to death.
E) cause panic attacks and temporary psychosis but seldom lead to death.

Question 13

Use the above figure to answer the following question(s).
What is depicted in the above diagram?

A) a sensory neuron
B) an interneuron
C) a motor neuron
D) a neuroglial cell
E) none of these

Question 14

Which of the following can be an effect of Ecstacy?

A) reduced anxiety
B) more sensitive to your environment
C) bleeding from all of your body openings
D) death
E) all of these can be effects of Ecstacy

Question 15

The trigger region

A) is the point at which an action potential starts.
B) is adjacent to the cell body.
C) is part of the axon.
D) contains gated channels for sodium and potassium.
E) has all of these characteristics.

Question 16

The active ingredient in Ecstacy works by

A) binding to active transporters in brain neuron membranes.
B) blocking the movement of neurotransmitters across synapses
C) binding to neuroreceptors on the ends of neurons
D) stopping signal transmissions down the length of an axon
E) inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic junction

Question 17

How many different classes of neurons are involved in most nervous systems?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 18

The active ingredient in Ecstacy is

A) MDA.
B) MDMA.
C) MMA.
D) LSD.
E) STP.

Question 19

Branched extensions that receive information from other cells are called

A) axons.
B) dendrites.
C) interneurons.
D) sensory neurons.
E) cell bodies.

Question 20

A brief reversal of the electric gradient across the plasma membrane is called

A) a threshold potential.
B) an action potential.
C) a reverse potential.
D) a resting potential.
E) an ionic potential.

Question 21

Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by

A) diffusion.
B) enzymatic degradation.
C) active pumping back into the neuron.
D) all of these.
E) b and c only.

Question 22

An action potential results from the

A) opening of voltage-gated channels.
B) closing of voltage-gated channels.
C) ionization of voltage-gated channels.
D) opening and closing of voltage-gated channels.
E) opening and ionization of voltage-gated channels.

Question 23

If a person is highly alert,anxious,and has loss of fine motor control,what type of drug have they most likely taken?

A) a narcotic analgesic
B) a stimulant
C) a depressant
D) a hallucinogen
E) none of these

Question 24

When a neuron is at rest

A) there are more positively charged ions inside the axon than outside it.
B) there are more negatively charged ions inside the axon than outside it.
C) there are more negatively charged ions outside the axon than inside it.
D) there are equal amounts of negatively charged ions outside the axon and inside it.
E) there are more positively charged ions outside the axon than inside it.

Question 25

The communication point between two neurons is called the

A) electrical synapse.
B) chemical synapse.
C) neural junction.
D) neural bridge.
E) interneuron.

Question 26

At the height of the action potential,

A) the interstitial fluid is more negatively charged than the cytoplasmic fluid.
B) the interstitial fluid is less negatively charged than the cytoplasmic fluid.
C) the interstitial fluid and the cytoplasmic fluid have the same charge.
D) all sodium and potassium ions rush out of the neuron.
E) both a and d occur.

Question 27

In a motor neuron,what is the correct order of structures from the receiving end to the terminal end?

A) axon-cell body-dendrites
B) dendrites-axon-cell body
C) dendrites-cell body-axon
D) cell body-dendrites-axon
E) axon-dendrites-cell body

Question 28

The nucleus of a neuron is found in the

A) axon.
B) cell body.
C) dendrites.
D) myelin sheath.
E) neuroglia.

Question 29

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys

A) dendrites.
B) axon terminals.
C) receptors for neurotransmitters.
D) myelin sheaths.
E) cell body membranes.

Question 30

Neuroglia are

A) another term for neurons.
B) helper cells that move neurons from place to place.
C) cells that provide insulation to neurons.
D) chemicals that conduct signals across synapses.
E) more than one of these.

Question 31

Action potentials

A) can move up or down an axon, away from or towards the cell body.
B) move in a one way direction towards the cell body .
C) move in a one way direction away from the cell body.
D) can jump from cell to cell.
E) do none of these.

Question 32

The order of signal transmission beginning with a stimulus is from

A) sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron.
B) motor neuron to sensory neuron to interneuron.
C) interneuron to sensory neuron to motor neuron.
D) sensory neuron to motor neuron to interneuron.
E) motor neuron to interneuron to sensory neuron.

Question 33

The brief reversal of the electric gradient across a neuron's plasma membrane is called a(an)

A) action potential.
B) resting potential.
C) kinetic potential.
D) threshold potential.
E) energy potential.

Question 34

Neurotransmitters

A) are stored in synaptic vesicles.
B) are chemical signals released by neurons.
C) are released from the axon via exocytosis.
D) bind to receptors on target cells.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Question 35

Which of the following represents the charged environment inside a neuron and in the interstitial fluid that surrounds it?

A) negatively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions inside than outside; more potassium ions outside than inside
B) positively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions inside than outside; more potassium ions outside than inside
C) negatively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions outside than inside; more potassium ions inside than outside
D) positively charged proteins inside; more sodium ions outside than inside; more potassium ions inside than outside
E) negatively charged proteins inside; equal amounts of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside

Question 36

The separation of charge between the cytoplasm of an unfired neuron and the interstitial fluid creates

A) kinetic energy.
B) mechanical energy.
C) potential energy.
D) chemical energy.
E) activation energy.

Question 37

When a neuron is at rest

A) the sodium and potassium gated channels are closed.
B) the sodium gated channels are closed and the potassium gated channels are open.
C) the sodium gated channels are open and the potassium gated channels are closed.
D) the sodium and potassium gated channels are open.
E) the sodium and potassium gated channels may be open or closed depending upon their location in the nervous system.

Question 38

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A) include muscle weakness.
B) include impaired coordination.
C) include vision problems.
D) typically begin between the ages of 20 and 40.
E) are described by all of these.

Question 39

Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are both neurological diseases that result from

A) lack of acetylcholine production.
B) disrupted neurotransmitter signaling.
C) failure to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
D) too much dopamine production.
E) none of these.

Question 40

The membrane potential of a neuron is defined as the

A) measured capacity of a neuron to create an electrical impulse.
B) voltage in the neuron plasma membrane.
C) threshold potential of a neuron.
D) the electric gradient across a neuron's plasma membrane.
E) amount of voltage it takes to stimulate a neuron to fire.

Question 41

When an action potential begins

A) sodium is blocked from leaving the neuron cytoplasm.
B) sodium is blocked from entering the neuron cytoplasm.
C) sodium diffuses from the interstitial fluid into the neuron cytoplasm.
D) sodium diffuses from the neuron cytoplasm into the interstitial fluid.
E) sodium is actively pumped from the interstitial fluid into the neuron cytoplasm.

Question 42

Potassium ion channels open

A) as the action potential passes down the axon.
B) when the threshold potential is reached.
C) during the resting potential.
D) when the action potential reaches the axon terminal.
E) when neurotransmitters attach to dendrite receptors.

Question 43

When sodium ions flow into the axon cytoplasm,

A) the membrane potential reverses.
B) the cytoplasm becomes more positively charged.
C) the interstitial fluid becomes more negatively charged.
D) an action potential is generated.
E) all of these things happen.

Question 44

Where is a chemical synapse NOT found?

A) between two neurons.
B) between a neuron and a muscle fiber.
C) between a neuron and a gland.
D) between a neuron and a capillary.
E) chemical synapses are found between all of these.

Question 45

You have just received an A+ on your math exam and you are feeling great about it! The neurotransmitter causing this effect is

A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) an endorphin.
D) serotonin.
E) possibly more than one of these.

Question 46

Prozac,an antidepressant,is most closely associated with the neurotransmitter,

A) acetlycholine.
B) serontonin.
C) epinephrine.
D) dopamine.
E) an endorphin.

Question 47

An action potential in a neuron begins when

A) a threshold potential is reached.
B) the resting potential is established.
C) gated sodium channels close.
D) when gated potassium channels close.
E) more than one of these occur.

Question 48

The initial influx of sodium ions when an action potential begins causes which of the following to follow?

A) a chain reaction in which more and more sodium channels open
B) a chain reaction in which potassium channels open
C) sodium channels rapidly close
D) potassium channels rapidly close
E) the cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT true about action potentials?

A) they cannot move backwards
B) they are an example of negative feedback
C) they are generated and completed in a matter of milliseconds
D) they are only generated if the threshold potential is reached
E) they are all the same size

Question 50

When sodium ions diffuse into the axon's cytoplasm,the cytoplasm becomes

A) more positively charged.
B) more negatively charged.
C) neutrally charged.
D) impermeable to more sodium ions.
E) more than one of these

Question 51

The shortage of the neurotransmitter that causes Parkinson's disease occurs in the region of the brain that controls

A) memory.
B) motor function.
C) comprehension.
D) sensory perception.
E) hearing.

Question 52

Alzheimer's disease involves damage to brain neurons that release

A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) norephinephrine.
D) serotonin.
E) an endorphin.

Question 53

When potassium ion channels open,which of the following occurs?

A) potassium ions flow into the axon cytoplasm
B) the axon cytoplasm becomes more positively charged
C) sodium ions diffuse into the axon cytoplasm
D) all of these occur
E) none of these occur

Question 54

Nerve gas has its effect by causing the accumulation of ___ in the synaptic cleft.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrin
E) an endorphin

Question 55

Parkinson's disease is caused by a shortage of the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.
B) serotonin.
C) dopamine.
D) norepinephrine.
E) an endorphin.

Question 56

An action potential begins when

A) sodium channels open.
B) potassium channels open.
C) both sodium and potassium channels open.
D) sodium channels close.
E) both sodium and potassium channels close.

Question 57

Once the threshold potential of a nerve impulse is acheived

A) an action potential may occur or it may not.
B) an action potential will occur.
C) sodium ions close.
D) the resting potential immediately follows.
E) none of these will happen.

Question 58

It is late at night and you are walking along a dark sidewalk.In the bushes next to the sidewalk you hear something moving.Your heart starts beating fast,your pupils dilate,and you become very anxious.The neurotransmitter creating this effect is

A) acetylcholine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) serotonin.
E) an endorphin.

Question 59

This neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle contraction,slows cardiac muscle contraction rate,and affects mood and memory.This neurotransmitter is

A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) serotonin.
E) an endorphin.

Question 60

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A) axon terminals
B) dendrites
C) neuron cell bodies
D) axon cytoplasm
E) all of these store neurotransmitters

Question 61

Characteristics of a nerve net include

A) a centralized brain.
B) one way flow of information between cells.
C) well developed neurons.
D) paired ganglia.
E) none of these.

Question 62

It is the morning of a big test.You are very nervous about it.Your heart is racing and your blood pressure is increased.You are feeling the effects of the ___ division of the ___ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic--autonomic
B) parasympathetic--somatic
C) sympathethic--autonomic
D) sympathetic--somatic
E) autonomic--somatic

Question 63

The central nervous system includes

A) the brain.
B) the spinal cord.
C) nearly all interneurons.
D) all of these.
E) the brain and the spinal cord only.

Question 64

The autonomic nervous system

A) is part of the peripheral nervous system.
B) is part of the central nervous system.
C) relays commands to smooth muscles.
D) is under involuntary control.
E) is described by more than one of these.

Question 65

When you feel threatened,the neurotransmitter,___,is released from ___ neurons and your response is to fight or flee.

A) acetylcholine--sympathetic
B) acetylcholine--parasympathetic
C) norepinephrine--sympathetic
D) serotonin--sympathetic
E) serotonin--parasympathetic

Question 66

Which of the following animals does not have a true brain but rather has a pair of ganglia?

A) jellyfish
B) planaria
C) earthworms
D) grasshoppers
E) more than one of these animals has ganglia

Question 67

The peripheral nervous system

A) carries signals to and from the central nervous system.
B) includes the brain.
C) includes the spinal cord.
D) includes sensory neurons only.
E) includes all of these.

Question 68

Axons bundled in connective tissue are called

A) neural nets.
B) ganglia.
C) nerves.
D) neuroglia.
E) none of these.

Question 69

This animal has paired nerve cords that connect to a simple brain.This animal is

A) a lobster.
B) a jellyfish.
C) an earthworm.
D) a grasshopper.
E) more than one of these.

Question 70

You've just finished a big meal and are relaxing in front of a fire reading your favorite book.The ___ division of your ___ nervous system is at work.

A) parasympathetic--autonomic
B) parasympathetic--somatic
C) sympathetic--autonomic
D) sympathetic--somatic
E) autonomic--somatic

Question 71

The nervous system of vertebrates has how many divisions?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) variable, depending on the animal

Question 72

Nearly all ___ are located in the central nervous system.

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) motor neurons
D) peripheral neurons
E) sensory and motor neurons

Question 73

This animal does not have a brain but rather has a nerve net of interconnected neurons.This animal is

A) a planarian.
B) an earthworm.
C) a grasshopper.
D) a sea anemone.
E) more than one of these.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT under the control of the autonomic nervous system?

A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) glands
D) skeletal muscle
E) all of these are under the control of the autonomic nervous system

Question 75

The central nervous system is covered by protective membranes called

A) myelin.
B) gray matter.
C) white matter.
D) meninges.
E) neuroglia.

Question 76

The only part of the nervous system under voluntary control is the ___ nervous system.

A) somatic
B) autonomic
C) central
D) sympathetic
E) parasympathetic

Question 77

Myelin is a fatty substance that

A) slows action potentials.
B) is wrapped around neuroglial cells.
C) increases the speed of action potentials.
D) is found only surrounding neurons of the central nervous system.
E) is true of a and d only.

Question 78

Sympathetic effects include

A) decreased heart rate.
B) decreased salivation.
C) narrowing of pupils.
D) constriction of the airways.
E) none of these.

Question 79

Cerebrospinal fluid

A) bathes the brain and spinal cord.
B) is colorless.
C) is formed from water and solutes that have left capillaries in the brain.
D) includes all of these characteristics.
E) includes the characteristics of a and b only.

Question 80

THC,the active ingredient in marijuana,alters brain levels of

A) dopamine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) GABA.
D) serotonin.
E) all of these.