Deck 26: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

How many embryos did Nadya Suleman's doctor put into her uterus?

A) 8
B) 9
C) 10
D) 11
E) 12

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Gastrulation produces

A) hollow balls of cells.
B) embryos with germ layers.
C) solid balls of cells.
D) maternal messages.
E) yolk.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which embryonic tissue is INCORRECTLY associated with its derivative?

A) skin from mesoderm
B) nervous system from ectoderm
C) liver from endoderm
D) circulatory system from mesoderm
E) muscles from mesoderm

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Shortly after fertilization,successive cell divisions convert the zygote into a multicellular embryo during a process known as

A) meiosis.
B) parthenogenesis.
C) gastrulation.
D) cleavage.
E) blastulation.

Question 5

In the process of differentiation,

A) some daughter cells usually receive varying assortments of genes.
B) cells with identical assortments of genes come to have different individual genes expressed.
C) cells become specialized as a result of meiosis.
D) daughter cells acquire different characteristics as a result of mutations that have occurred.
E) all of these occur.

Question 6

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> organ formation >>> growth of tissues
B) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> gastrula >>> organ formation
C) fertilization >>> gastrula >>> cleavage >>> organ formation
D) fertilization >>> organ formation >>> gastrula >>> cleavage
E) fertilization >>> organ formation >>> cleavage >>> gastrula

Question 7

Although the genetic contributions of egg and sperm nuclei are equal,the egg contributes more than the sperm to cell differentiation because of its

A) larger size.
B) cytoplasmic determinants.
C) proteins.
D) cytoplasmic determinants and proteins only.
E) cytoplasmic materials, enzymes, mRNA transcripts, and larger size.

Question 8

In the United States,how many embryos,created by IVF,remain frozen?

A) 10,000
B) 50,000
C) 100,000
D) 500,000
E) 1,000,000

Question 9

During which of the following stages do cell lineages of identical genetic makeup become structurally and functionally different from one another according to the genetically controlled developmental program of the species?

A) cleavage
B) differentiation
C) blastula formation
D) metamorphosis
E) ovulation

Question 10

If an experimenter interferes with the mesoderm in an egg,which of the following systems would NOT be affected by the experimenter?

A) circulatory system
B) muscular system
C) reproductive system
D) integumentary system
E) excretory system

Question 11

A sexually producing animal that can produce both eggs and sperm and can switch from one sex to another are called ___ hermaphrodites.

A) simultaneous
B) sequential
C) parthogenic
D) gastrulated
E) preferential

Question 12

Which of the following is a component of sperm?

A) DNA
B) enzymes
C) mRNA
D) yolk
E) all of these are components of sperm

Question 13

The yolk,which is in many animal eggs,is composed of

A) a mixture of individual amino acids and nucleic acids.
B) a mixture of proteins and lipids.
C) a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates.
D) a mixture of nucleic acids and proteins.
E) a mixture of lipids and nucleic acids.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true about asexual reproduction?

A) offspring of asexual reproduction are genetically the same as their parent
B) no mammals are known to reproduce asexually
C) many invertebrates reproduce asexually
D) asexual reproduction is advantageous in changing environments
E) all of these are true about asexual reproduction

Question 15

Parthenogenesis refers to

A) new genetically based traits that arise spontaneously.
B) traits that arise through epigenesis.
C) live birth by normally egg-laying species.
D) the formation of a new individual from an unfertilized egg.
E) the origin of a new individual from a male.

Question 16

External fertilization is common in most

A) insects.
B) amniotes.
C) lizards.
D) bony fish.
E) bony fish and insects.

Question 17

The first child conceived using IVF was born in

A) 1958.
B) 1968.
C) 1978.
D) 1988.
E) 1998.

Question 18

The germ layers are formed in which of the following stages?

A) cleavage
B) meiosis
C) gastrulation
D) zygote formation
E) blastula formation

Question 19

Which of the following is referred to as a ball of cells?

A) cleavage
B) egg
C) gastrula
D) zygote
E) blastula

Question 20

How many children have been born worldwide from IVF?

A) 3 thousand
B) 3 hundred thousand
C) 3 million
D) 30 million
E) 300 million

Question 21

What is apotosis?

A) a process in development where cells die back
B) the condition of being without a particular sex
C) a structure in birds and some lizards that functions as a penis
D) a cellular process whereby a cell reproduces without mitosis or meiosis
E) the term given to describe the formation of germ layers

Question 22

A(n)___ is an embryonic form with three primary tissue layers.

A) zygote
B) gastrula
C) blastula
D) mesoderm
E) embryo

Question 23

Which of the following statements about the testes is FALSE?

A) The testes produce testosterone.
B) The testes produce sperm.
C) Semen is stored in the testes.
D) An epididymis is coiled on each testis.
E) The testes are located in the scrotum.

Question 24

The ____ is one of a pair of ciliated channels through which oocytes are conducted.

A) ovary
B) uterus
C) vagina
D) oviduct
E) follicle

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the prostate is FALSE?

A) Prostate enlargement can be a symptom of prostate cancer.
B) Prostate cancer is the leading cause of death in males.
C) In young men, the prostate gland is the size of a walnut.
D) The urethra runs through the prostate gland.
E) The prostate gland is directly below the urinary bladder.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT directly required for successful reproduction?

A) ovary
B) oviduct
C) clitoris
D) vagina
E) uterus

Question 27

The female reproductive system includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) clitoris
B) vagina
C) oviduct
D) ovary
E) mammary gland

Question 28

Maternal messages in the form of mRNA is distributed during

A) zygote formation.
B) gastrulation.
C) cleavage.
D) neurulation.
E) blastulation.

Question 29

The first cell of a new individual is the

A) blastula.
B) gastrula.
C) embryo.
D) zygote.
E) gamete.

Question 30

The reproductive organ in the human female that is responsible for egg production is the

A) uterus.
B) ovary.
C) vagina.
D) clitoris.
E) oviduct.

Question 31

Which of the following cells are diploid?

A) sperm
B) primary spermatocytes
C) secondary spermatocytes
D) male germ cells
E) both primary spermatocytes and male germ cells

Question 32

Sperm use ____ for their energy source.

A) fructose
B) glucose
C) ions
D) semen
E) prostate gland secretions

Question 33

During ejaculation sperm pass from the epididymis into the

A) vas deferens.
B) bulbourethral gland.
C) prostate.
D) scrotum.
E) urethra.

Question 34

Inside of the penis there are ____ cylinders of spongy tissue.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) none of these

Question 35

In the human male,sperm are produced in the

A) bulbourethral glands.
B) prostate.
C) seminiferous tubules.
D) vas deferens.
E) epididymis.

Question 36

Which cells are produced during meiosis I?

A) spermatogonia
B) primary spermatocytes
C) secondary spermatocytes
D) spermatids
E) sperm

Question 37

The end result of cleavage is a

A) blastula.
B) gastrula.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.
E) mesoderm.

Question 38

The fluid portion of semen is produced by

A) the prostate gland.
B) the seminal vesicle.
C) the bulbourethral gland.
D) the urinary bladder.
E) all of these except the urinary bladder.

Question 39

The passageway that channels ova from the ovary into the uterus is known as

A) a vagina.
B) a uterus.
C) an oviduct.
D) the corpus luteum.
E) all of these.

Question 40

Mesoderm gives rise to all of the following except

A) the muscular system.
B) the circulatory system.
C) the reproductive system.
D) the nervous system.
E) the excretory system.

Question 41

The first day of the menstrual cycle is marked by

A) the beginning of ovulation.
B) the onset of PMS.
C) the beginning of menstruation.
D) an increase in the thickness of the uterine lining.
E) the beginning of the luteal phase.

Question 42

In the development of an oocyte,meiosis is halted twice.What are those two phases of meiosis?

A) prophaseI and metaphase I
B) prophaseII and metaphaseII
C) metaphase I and prophase II
D) prophase I and metaphase II
E) prophase I and anaphase II

Question 43

Ovulation is triggered by

A) high levels of LH.
B) low levels of LH.
C) low levels of estrogen.
D) high levels of estrogen.
E) high levels of progesterone.

Question 44

Menstrual flow results in the discharge of

A) the follicle.
B) the corpus luteum.
C) the lining of the uterus.
D) surface cells from the vagina.
E) blood from the blood vessels on the outer surface of the uterus.

Question 45

Testes in humans are outside of the body because

A) sperm require a lower temperature to mature.
B) sperm require a greater diffusion of oxygen that they wouldn't get inside the body.
C) sperm formation is stimulated by motion.
D) sperm formation is hindered by the extreme darkness found within the body.
E) of all of these factors.

Question 46

The lowest part of the uterus is the

A) vagina.
B) vulva.
C) oviduct.
D) cervix.
E) urethra.

Question 47

The penis and the ___ develop from the same embryonic tissue.

A) vagina
B) vulva
C) oviduct
D) uterus
E) clitoris

Question 48

The oviduct connects the ovary to the

A) uterus.
B) vagina.
C) clitoris.
D) vulva.
E) uterus and vagina.

Question 49

Human female germ cells form

A) before birth.
B) shortly after birth.
C) at puberty.
D) during late teenage-hood.
E) at fertilization.

Question 50

Sperm mature in the

A) epididymus.
B) seminal vesicles.
C) vas deferens.
D) prostate gland.
E) bulbourethral gland.

Question 51

The cessation of regular menstrual cycles due to age is called

A) menopause.
B) the luteal phase.
C) the follicular phase.
D) PMS.
E) menstruation.

Question 52

Which of the following is an exocrine gland that secretes mucus into semen?

A) prostate
B) seminal vesicle
C) bulbourethral
D) epididymus
E) vas deferens

Question 53

Where in a sperm are mitochondria found?

A) the head
B) the midpiece
C) the tail
D) both the tail and the midpiece
E) in all parts of the sperm

Question 54

In sperm formation,when does mitosis take place?

A) after the formation of the haploid immature sperm
B) between formation of the primary and secondary spermatocyte
C) between formation of the secondary spermatocyte and the immature sperm
D) between the male germ cell and the primary spermatocyte formation
E) after the mature sperm is formed

Question 55

The myometrium is

A) the lining of the uterus.
B) the lining of the vagina.
C) the tissue that covers an ovary.
D) smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus.
E) the lining of the oviducts.

Question 56

A penis becomes erect because of

A) muscle contractions.
B) blood flow into spongy tissue.
C) hydrostatic pressure.
D) osmosis.
E) a combination of more than one of these.

Question 57

Sperm production in humans start

A) before birth.
B) shortly after birth.
C) at puberty.
D) during a man's early twenties.
E) in late teenage-hood.

Question 58

Which is the correct order of the activity of the hormones involved in gamete formation?

A) GnRH>>LH>>FSH>>testosterone
B) FSH>>LH>>GnRH>>testosterone
C) GnRH>>FSH>>LH>>testosterone
D) LH>>FSH>>GnRH>>testosterone
E) LH>>FSH>>GnRH>>testosterone

Question 59

In a sperm's journey out of the body what is the correct order of structures it encounters either directly or by way of the structure's secretions?
1)bulbourethral gland
2)vas deferens
3)seminal vesicle
4)epididymus
5)urethra

A) 4-2-1-3-5
B) 4-1-2-3-5
C) 4-2-3-1-5
D) 2-4-3-1-5
E) 2-4-1-3-5

Question 60

A primary oocyte enters meiosis but stops at

A) prophase I.
B) metaphase I.
C) prophase II.
D) metaphase II.
E) anaphase I.

Question 61

Binding of receptors in the sperm head's plasma membrane to the ___ cause the release of protein-digesting enzymes.

A) secondary oocyte plasma membrane
B) follicle cells
C) corpus luteum
D) secondary oocyte protein layer
E) egg nucleus

Question 62

How long does it take a sperm to reach the oviduct?

A) 3 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 3 hours
D) 3 days
E) 30 days

Question 63

The average number of sperm that enter the vagina during an ejaculation is between

A) 150,000 and 350,000.
B) 1.5 and 3.5 million.
C) 15 and 35 million.
D) 150 and 350 million.
E) 1.5 and 3.5 billion.

Question 64

Typically,one one sperm fertilizes the oocyte because

A) an acid solution is released that kills all other sperm.
B) special organelles within the oocyte eject more than one sperm.
C) changes occur to the protein coat that prevent further penetration.
D) follicle cellular space is only wide enough for one sperm.
E) usually only one sperm arrives at the oocyte.

Question 65

What is the function of the prostate secretions?

A) to maturate the sperm
B) to provide sperm with energy
C) to protect sperm from vaginal acidity
D) to stimulate the release of LH
E) more than one of these is the function of prostate secretions

Question 66

Which of the following is the most effective contraceptive approach of those listed?

A) withdrawal
B) diaphragm
C) condoms
D) douching
E) rhythm method

Question 67

In female humans,what is the function of LH?

A) it stimulates the releases of GnRH from the adrenal cortex
B) it stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles
C) it stimulates cells in the follicle to secrete estrogens
D) it encourages the completion of meiosis I and cytoplasmic division
E) LH functions to do more than one of these

Question 68

If the vas deferens tubes are cut and tied (vasectomy),the semen will not contain

A) fructose.
B) buffers.
C) mucus.
D) sperm.
E) any of these.

Question 69

Fertilization in humans occurs in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) oviduct.
E) follicle.

Question 70

Which among the following is the least effective means of contraception?

A) abstinence
B) rhythm method
C) condom
D) douching
E) spermicides

Question 71

A fully functional corpus luteum secretes

A) LH and FSH.
B) estrogens and progesterone.
C) GnRH and estrogens.
D) estrogens and FSH.
E) progesterone and LH.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT true of uterine cancer?

A) bleeding between menstrual cycles can be a sign of uterine cancer
B) it is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract
C) it causes the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract
D) it is typically detected by a Pap test
E) more than one of these is NOT true

Question 73

What is the function of a polar body?

A) it directs sperm to the urethra
B) it provides nourishment to the developing oocyte
C) it serves as a nurse cell to spermatids
D) it may become a functional oocyte
E) it has no function

Question 74

Erectile dysfunction drugs cause

A) penis muscle to contract.
B) blood vessels of the penis to widen.
C) the spongy tissue of the penis to stiffen.
D) an increase in hydrostatic pressure.
E) increased semen flow.

Question 75

How many gametes result from meiosis in a female human?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT true of GnRH?

A) it is produced in the hypothalamus
B) it causes cells in the anterior pituitary to release FSH
C) it causes cells in the posterior pituitary to release LH
D) it functions the same in both males and females
E) more than one of these is NOT true of GnRH

Question 77

What is the fate of most of a woman's mature eggs?

A) they are fertilized
B) they are stored for future use
C) they die
D) they are reset back to primary oocytes
E) they stay immature

Question 78

Meiosis in female humans is completed

A) before birth.
B) shortly after birth.
C) during the ovarian cycle.
D) at fertilization.
E) when a woman is fully mature.

Question 79

In gamete formation in humans,what does the increased release of estrogens cause?

A) the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
B) the maturation of ovarian follicles
C) the completion of meiosis I
D) the thickening of the uterine lining
E) more than one of these is caused by the release of estrogens

Question 80

The type of contraception that functions by preventing implantation (even after successful fertilization)is

A) tubal ligation.
B) spermicidal jelly.
C) birth control pills.
D) morning after pills.
E) diaphragm.