Deck 13: Western Expansion

Question 1

General Zachary Taylor, who commanded the U.S. invasion force into Mexico, opposed the annexation of Texas and was critical of the war with Mexico.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How did opposition to the Mexican-American War complicate national politics?

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

David Crockett had lost his bid for reelection to Congress and declared he would go to Texas
to make his fortune.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The dispute over Oregon caused the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.

Question 5

Members of the Donner party engaged in cannibalism when stranded on their way to California.

Question 6

William Henry Harrison was a significant president because he was the first president of
the newly created Whig party and served one of the shortest terms in American history.

Question 7

On a platform that called for the annexation of Texas, Henry Clay ran as the Democratic
presidential candidate against James Polk.

Question 8

The events at Goliad increased Texan support of Santa Anna as a leader.

Question 9

Why did Americans move west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s and 1840s? How did they accomplish this, and where did they move to?

Question 10

In 1849, Congress created the Department of the Interior to supervise the distribution of land,
the creation of new territories and states, and the "protection" of the Indians and their
reservations.

Question 11

Support for the Mexican-American War was strongest among New England abolitionists.

Question 12

Mexico's winning independence from Spain slowed American expansion westward.

Question 13

What was the primary reason for pioneers' movement West?

A) to settle an uninhabited expanse of land, introducing its first cultural traditions
B) to lead an isolated lifestyle devoid of capitalistic influences
C) to seek to improve their lot economically, such as by farming, mining, and hunting
D) to prevent the expansion of slavery because cotton was impossible to grow in new territories
E) to adopt and preserve Hispanic traditions that offered an alluring contrast to the eastern states

Question 14

The western Plains Indian tribes initially experienced little concern regarding white expansion
and conquest, as settlers were only passing through the Great Plains.

Question 15

Prior to the Mexican-American War, Frémont and a band of American settlers had captured
Sonoma in northern California from Mexico and proclaimed the Republic of California.

Question 16

Mexico was concerned with Anglo-American immigration because the immigrants brought slaves,
and Mexico was a free nation.

Question 17

John
C. Calhoun was against taking more than the northernmost territories of Mexico because
that would mean incorporating "colored races" into the Union.

Question 18

What were the similarities and differences in how California and Texas were settled and how they became part of the United States?

Question 19

How did Texas become part of the United States? Why was the process so complicated, and how did it impact national politics?

Question 20

There were hundreds of different Indian tribes west of the Mississippi River in 1840, each
with its own language, religion, cultural practices, and forms of governance.

Question 21

What was the result of the Convention of 1818?

A) Britain gave up its claim on the Oregon Country because the soil there was too rocky.
B) Russia ceded California to the Americans because Tyler offered a great sum of money.
C) Britain and the United States agreed to establish a joint occupation of the Oregon Country.
D) Spain and the United States agreed to divide Texas evenly to stave off further conflict.
E) Spain and Mexico joined to condemn Napoléon's designs on New World expansion.

Question 22

Which of the following statements accurately describes experiences of women pioneers who made the journey west?

A) The divorce rate was far lower in the West because women tended to find satisfaction in the more intellectual work required by starting new towns.
B) Women generally remained strictly within the domestic sphere throughout the duration of their journeys, sticking to cooking, cleaning, and caring for children.
C) Women were rarely anything but elated at the prospect of leaving their old lives behind and starting a new adventure in the West.
D) Though initially men and women tended to maintain traditional roles, the demands of the western trails dissolved such neat distinctions.
E) Women and children rarely joined men in the journey west until after large cities had been built because it was considered far too dangerous for them.

Question 23

The solitary American fur trappers that blazed trails westward were known as

A) army scouts.
B) Fremonters.
C) mountain climbers.
D) horse traders.
E) mountain men.

Question 24

What effect did Mexico's winning its independence from Spain have on American settlement in the Southwest?

A) The establishment of the new Mexican state made settlement in its territories more difficult.
B) Patterns of American settlement of the former Spanish, now Mexican, territories remained unchanged.
C) American settlers were immediately and forcibly removed from all Mexican territories.
D) American settlement and expansion into the former Spanish territories increased after Mexico gained independence.
E) Americans began to flee the former Spanish territories once Mexico gained independence.

Question 25

What was "Oregon fever," and how did it come about?

A) It referred to the sense of idealism Americans had toward the West due to its portrayal in popular culture, although very few Americans actually made the journey as the government outlawed it.
B) It referred to a terrible outbreak of cholera that spread all the way east due to the cramped living conditions of groups of pioneers traveling to Oregon and other western territories.
C) It referred to the warmongering directed toward the Oregon area and the recruitment of American soldiers, as the French were the last obstacle standing in the way of American western settlement.
D) It referred to the panic the general American public felt at the prospect of further western expansion, due to widespread economic decline caused by the relocation of workers and industry.
E) It referred to the large migration of many settlers to Oregon, drawn there by the fertile land and eventually the federal government's promise of free land in exchange for four years of work.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of the Plains Indian societies in the 1840s?

A) Most exhibited remarkable similarities to New England society, especially in terms of religion and governance.
B) They had not known warfare until white men arrived there and refused to engage in any open conflict.
C) They were largely homogeneous and devoid of any substantive differences among them, forming one nation.
D) Some were nomadic hunters who relied on the abundance of buffalo, which was threatened by the arrival of white hunters.
E) They had already become deeply rooted in Christianity during the colonial era and, thus, quickly assimilated to white settlements.

Question 27

Why was John Charles Frémont so influential in encouraging the mass migration of Americans?

A) He commanded an army of volunteers in the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.
B) He was the leading promoter of American settlement in Texas.
C) He had led the first and largest wagon train along the Oregon Trail.
D) He established the first sizable American settlement in California.
E) His reports of his western explorations gained wide circulation and became very popular.

Question 28

What sort of racial tensions, if any, emerged as white Americans first settled in Mexico and the Spanish West during the first half of the nineteenth century?

A) Even more than the acquisition of land, white expansionists were eager to incorporate the people of Mexico as citizens to grow the population of their settlements.
B) Minimal racial tensions developed because white Americans had formed agreements with Native Americans to venture across their lands.
C) White Americans brought enslaved African Americans with them to Mexico and the West, and they treated Hispanics essentially the same as whites.
D) English colonizers had settled parts of the region long ago, which made the English language more widespread and helped whites assimilate.
E) Many white Americans were as prejudiced toward Hispanics as they were toward Native Americans and African Americans.

Question 29

Which of the following did the Donner party come to represent?

A) the immense desperation some pioneers faced on the trail, placing survival before all else
B) the dangers of becoming caught in the crossfire of the Mexican war for independence
C) the unwavering value pioneers placed on social convention and morality
D) the intense preparation efforts most pioneers engaged in before they set foot west
E) the annihilation of many pioneers by the Native Americans

Question 30

Most of those who traveled westward in wagon trains

A) made it from Missouri to California in a month.
B) actually walked and used the wagon to transport supplies.
C) did so without entering any Native American lands.
D) turned back due to the hardships of the trek.
E) were headed for California's gold fields.

Question 31

What had a major influence on Texas commander in chief Sam Houston?

A) He was half Mexican.
B) He was the first Texas-born leader of the territory.
C) He had been a pacifist before moving to Texas.
D) He was the only college-educated rebel.
E) He served under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812.

Question 32

Why did the Spanish establish missions in California?

A) They were intended to serve as places of religious conversion and economic productivity.
B) They were vehicles that could preserve Native American language and culture.
C) They were institutions where the Spanish studied Native American religions.
D) They were outposts to help attract Native American emigration to Spain.
E) They were churches that only the Spanish were allowed to use.

Question 33

Why did the Mexican government attempt to curtail the American settlement of Texas?

A) The Mexican government feared it would spark a war with Napoléon, who continued to have a stake in the South and held control of most of Louisiana.
B) The Mexican government worried about the intentions of the Americans living there, namely the possibility of their conspiring with the United States to take Texas.
C) The Americans had adopted the Mexican identity as their own to such a degree that the Mexican government feared Mexico would not reap the benefits of Americanization.
D) Food resources in the region were already scarce, which the Mexican government feared would result in intense competition with the Americans for basic resources.
E) The Mexican government wished to honor the British claim to the territory that had been in place since the end of the French and Indian War.

Question 34

How did the Spanish missions in California differ from those in Texas and New Mexico?

A) There were not nearly as many missions in California.
B) The missions in California tended to quickly become secular communities.
C) The missions in California took on more of a role in society and lasted much longer.
D) Native Americans frequently attacked and burned them in a series of raids.
E) The missions in California were unconcerned with converting Native Americans.

Question 35

The idea of "manifest destiny" claimed that

A) joint British-American occupation of North America would "civilize" the continent.
B) immediate war against the British would revitalize the American state.
C) God sanctioned American expansion westward across the continent.
D) slavery was the result of divine intervention.
E) men were destined to travel the high seas.

Question 36

Why did the Anglo Texans rebel against the Mexican government of Santa Anna?

A) out of worry that the Mexicans planned to attack U.S. territories east of Texas
B) due to their alliance with the Comanche Native Americans
C) out of fear that he was becoming dictatorial and might use that power to free their slaves
D) at the request of Spain, which was trying to regain control of Mexico
E) due to their opposition to taxation without representation

Question 37

Most of the American settlers in Texas went there because of

A) the prominence of the fur trade.
B) gold and other mineral deposits.
C) fertile, inexpensive lands.
D) trading opportunities with the Indians and the Mexicans.
E) legal problems in the United States.

Question 38

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Sam Houston and Native Americans after he journeyed west?

A) His primary objective during the Texas War for Independence was to drive all Native American tribes out of Texas to make way for additional white American settlers.
B) He committed suicide after having been captured by Native American forces during the Mexican-American War rather than dying by their hand.
C) He married a Cherokee woman, was formally "adopted" by the Cherokee nation, and helped rival Native American tribes negotiate among themselves and the federal government.
D) As a prominent figure in Texas, he prohibited the adoption of all Native American customs by white settlers so as to help the new state develop its own new identity.
E) He negotiated treaties with Native American tribes that successfully prevented the relocation of Native Americans from Oregon to reservations far from the Oregon Trail.

Question 39

What was the significance of the Battle of the Alamo?

A) Santa Anna lost and was forced to offer Texas independence from Mexico due to the terms of the treaty offered by the Americans.
B) The battle highlighted the commitment of Santa Anna to the ideals of liberty and the Texans' turn toward despotism under Austin.
C) The violence lost the Texans the support of prominent Americans such as Davy Crockett and, thus, caused the American government to withdraw its support of the Texans.
D) The battle had proven relatively bloodless and, thus, marked a turn toward diplomacy between the Mexicans, Americans, and Native Americans.
E) Santa Anna won a costly victory, but the intense fighting had turned the rebellion into a war for Texan independence.

Question 40

Prior to Mexico becoming an independent nation in 1821, Texas was

A) an independent republic.
B) one of the American states.
C) a French territory.
D) a commonwealth of the British Empire.
E) a part of Mexico and owned by Spain.

Question 41

During the 1844 campaign, Henry Clay changed his position on the annexation of Texas to one of

A) support as long as it proceeded honorably and without war.
B) adamant opposition to it.
C) indifference to the status of the region.
D) insistence that the territory be returned to Mexico.
E) support at all costs.

Question 42

Because of its lack of infrastructure, Sam Houston said that the Lone Star Republic had two choices: either to be annexed by the United States or to

A) dissolve and return the land entirely to the Native American tribes who had previously controlled it.
B) build official housing for the incoming white Americans who far outnumbered African Americans.
C) stop the arrival of more Americans because no more land or resources were available in the region.
D) develop closer trade relations with Britain, which had begun buying cotton from Texas planters.
E) decline the offer to join the United States, as Texas had already become a world power.

Question 43

What was the significance of the Creole incident?

A) Because American abolitionists attempted to free French slaves without the approval of the French government, it strained relations between the United States and France and ultimately resulted in a short war that depleted American resources.
B) With the help of the British, it proved the most successful slave revolt in American history and created an international crisis in which the Americans ultimately acquiesced to the British to avoid war and harm to the American economy.
C) With the strength and number of enslaved African Americans at an all-time low, it inspired the American government to turn to other means of labor on farms, including that of indentured servants and Native Americans in the West.
D) Due to the even-handedness of Henry Clay, it proved one of the most successful acts of diplomacy in American history, and its quick settlement ushered in an era of close alliances between the United States and western Europe.
E) Because the expansion of the West had offered new opportunities to expand slavery, it involved Congress reopening the African slave trade and promised a revival in economic activity between the United States and Europe unlike anything seen since the eighteenth century.

Question 44

Polk's nickname of "Young Hickory" MOST reflected his

A) association with Jackson and support for Jacksonian policies.
B) identity as a northerner.
C) lack of a work ethic.
D) actual elderliness as a presidential candidate.
E) hesitation toward territorial expansion.

Question 45

James Polk's plan to acquire California and New Mexico primarily entailed

A) his willingness to purchase them at whatever price Mexico demanded.
B) a war big enough to acquire the land, but small enough to avoid creating a political rival.
C) the exchange of territory still held by the United States in Canada for the Southwest.
D) constant migration until the land was American simply by virtue of population and settlement.
E) the initial threat of war but intention to stick to purchase or diplomacy during his second term.

Question 46

Polk's order that Zachary Taylor move his troops to the disputed territory north of the Rio Grande

A) protected American settlers along the border in such a way that they regained their trust in the United States government and left the West behind.
B) provoked a Mexican attack as part of a scheme to justify the beginning of a war with Mexico and, ultimately, to gain New Mexico and California.
C) persuaded Mexico to sell California to the United States to avoid a costly war that would be sure to hurt Mexican resources and infrastructure.
D) caused an uproar among German and Irish immigrants that resulted in increased anti-war sentiment and a lack of immigrant groups joining in the American army.
E) won him political support in the North and, thus, helped to secure his victory in the next presidential election.

Question 47

Which of the following transpired during the presidential election of 1844?

A) Both Clay and Polk enthusiastically supported Texas annexation.
B) Liberty party votes in New York cost Clay the White House.
C) Polk won a popular vote landslide.
D) Jackson supported his old rival, Henry Clay.
E) Polk's greater experience in national office gave him a huge advantage over Clay.

Question 48

Who was the first president of the Republic of Texas?

A) Stephen Austin
B) Andrew Jackson
C) James Polk
D) Santa Anna
E) Sam Houston

Question 49

Why was Whig leader Daniel Webster opposed to the Mexican-American War?

A) He was a staunch pacifist throughout his career.
B) He preferred to go to war with Britain over Oregon.
C) He was known for his adamant support of pro-Mexican policies.
D) He believed Texas could be acquired without a war.
E) He believed that the origins of the war were "unconstitutional."

Question 50

What was an effect of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842?

A) It called for the annexation of Texas by the United States.
B) It placed the Oregon territory under sole U.S. control.
C) It provided for U.S.-British cooperation to police the outlawed slave trade.
D) It promised Native Americans that the pioneers would not encroach on their land.
E) It returned the slaves freed from the mutiny on the Creole to France.

Question 51

Which leader was described as a president without a party because his actions alienated him from both Democrats and Whigs?

A) William Henry Harrison
B) Sam Houston
C) James K. Polk
D) John Tyler
E) Henry Clay

Question 52

Polk settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the British by

A) agreeing to a border along the 49th parallel.
B) paying the British $10 million to give up their claim.
C) sending the navy to back up the U.S. claim.
D) agreeing to a permanent joint occupation of the Pacific Northwest.
E) promising not to go to war with Mexico.

Question 53

Among the vocal opponents of the Mexican-American War was

A) Thomas O. Larkin.
B) John Slidell.
C) Abraham Lincoln.
D) John Tyler.
E) John L. O'Sullivan.

Question 54

Martin Van Buren's stance against annexing Texas

A) soon became the focus of his presidency at his own urging.
B) won him the influential support of former president Andrew Jackson.
C) secured his nomination as the Whig candidate for president.
D) cost him his party's nomination in the election of 1844.
E) was motivated by his primary desire to expand slavery.

Question 55

Which of the following statements sums up William Henry Harrison's presidency?

A) He was criticized for merely following the orders of Henry Clay in much of his policy.
B) He actively tried to slow American migration to the West in order to build industry in the East.
C) He was lauded for having been able to fulfill most of the Whig economic platform.
D) He brought a completely different background to office than Andrew Jackson.
E) He had won primarily based on his status as a military hero but died after only a month in office.

Question 56

As president, which of the following did Polk support?

A) handing parts of the Oregon territory over to Britain to ensure peaceful relations
B) major increases in tariffs on imports to raise consumer prices
C) Mexican rule in California in return for control over Texas
D) fewer foreign goods competing in the American marketplace
E) the federal government's management of government funds through a National Treasury

Question 57

Congress ultimately voted to annex the Republic of Texas via a(n)

A) treaty of annexation signed by Mexico.
B) resolution by the House of Representatives.
C) joint resolution of Congress requested by President Tyler.
D) voice vote in the Senate.
E) executive order.

Question 58

Why was the annexation of Texas popular in the South?

A) It would be entering the Union as a slave state.
B) It would cause a Mexican attack on the United States and war.
C) It would prove Calhoun's incompetence as secretary of state.
D) It would provide an untouched market for the sale of southern cotton.
E) It would lead to closer ties with Britain and France.

Question 59

President Tyler infuriated Henry Clay by vetoing his bill in support of

A) Texas annexation.
B) higher tariffs.
C) Indian removal.
D) pensions for veterans.
E) a new national bank.

Question 60

John Tyler broke with the Democrats and joined with the Whigs because he

A) morally opposed slavery and refused to allow it to enter the West.
B) disagreed with Andrew Jackson's position on nullification.
C) opposed the succession of South Carolina from the nation.
D) believed all property owners should have the vote.
E) supported Clay's program of economic nationalism.

Question 61

What was an effect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

A) The United States gained territories including California and New Mexico.
B) Santa Anna was restored to power in Mexico.
C) U.S. troops immediately withdrew from Mexico.
D) Mexico was given areas of Texas to compensate for its many casualties.
E) Mexico kept far more than half of its land.

Question 62

Why were many Americans opposed to the Mexican-American War? How significant was their opposition?

Question 63

What was the result of Winfield Scott's assault on Veracruz, which was considered the strongest fortress in North America?

A) Scott and most American soldiers were killed in the opening moments of the attack.
B) Santa Fe became an official part of the United States.
C) The large amphibian operation was carried out without a loss and opened the way to Mexico City.
D) The battle was a major Mexican victory and almost resulted in an American surrender.
E) The Spanish joined the war on the side of the Americans to protect their interests in Veracruz.

Question 64

Explain the phrase "manifest destiny." What factors were most important in drawing Americans to the West, both mentally and physically?

Question 65

Match each description with the item below.
John
A. Sutter

A)was the young congressman who argued that Polk had maneuvered the Mexicans into attacking
B)was the general-in-chief of the American army during the Mexican-American War and was called the "greatest living soldier" by the Duke of Wellington
C)was elected vice president in 1840 but took over the presidency without having been elected to the office
D)was one of the defenders at the Alamo who led the "regular army" soldiers, partly as a means to leave behind a checkered past in Alabama
E)was the American who captured San Diego and Los Angeles after quarreling with General Stephen Kearny over who was in command of the army
F)was the secretary of state who negotiated the treaty resolving the boundary between the northeastern United States and British Canada
G)was known as "the Pathfinder" and became the most enthusiastic champion of American settlement in Mexican California and the Far West
H)called himself the "Napoleon of the West" and suspended the Mexican national congress in the face of Texan rebelliousness
I)founded a colony of European emigrants in California and sought to create a wilderness empire by putting Native Americans to work
J)was a Franciscan friar who led the creation of a Catholic mission in San Diego, California

Question 66

Discuss the American movement to annex Texas between 1820 and 1845. Why did it take so long for annexation to succeed?

Question 67

How did the Mexican-American War ultimately deepen sectional divisions in the United States?

A) All the territories acquired were immediately opened to slavery.
B) Slavery was prohibited in all the territories acquired.
C) Slaves who fought in the war began rebelling for their freedom in the South.
D) The new territories acquired fueled a violent debate over the extension of slavery into them.
E) Southern states refused to recognize the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Question 68

The decisive victory in the Mexican-American War came with Winfield Scott's capture of

A) Monterrey.
B) the Alamo.
C) Cerro Gordo.
D) Puebla.
E) Mexico City.

Question 69

Which of the following was partly an effect of the Mexican-American War?

A) the taking of all of Mexico by the United States
B) the United States' becoming a transcontinental nation
C) the start of a prolonged depression
D) Polk's rising unpopularity among American expansionists
E) a dramatic weakening of the federal government

Question 70

Assess the presidency of James K. Polk. What were his successes and failures, and what impact did his administration have on the future of the United States?

Question 71

What was one way the Mexican-American War proved unique in American history?

A) It was America's first major military defeat on foreign soil and led Americans to adopt a wholly new approach to war in terms of both weapons and military strategy.
B) It was a war in which nearly all Americans consistently supported the conflict and continued to believe it to have been justified even after its conclusion.
C) It was at odds with the idea of manifest destiny that had long influenced other American wars and was driven mainly by religious factors.
D) It was America's first major military intervention outside the United States and the first time that U.S. military forces had conquered and occupied another country.
E) In terms of the percentage of combatants killed, it had the lowest death rate of any war in American history and, thus, made more Americans likely to join the military in the next war.

Question 72

In which territory-Texas, California, or Oregon-was America's claim best? In which was it worst? Explain the reasoning behind your conclusions.

Question 73

Trace the development of the Oregon Country prior to the Mexican-American War.

Question 74

What was St. Patrick's Battalion?

A) It was a group of American Protestants who sought to convert Catholic Mexican soldiers and prisoners of war by force in the name of peace.
B) It was a group of northern senators that had steadfast support for the Union and refused to entertain the idea of allowing slavery to enter the West following the Mexican-American War.
C) It was an American army unit that saw little combat and came to be highly involved in American journalism, including through undercover missions during the Texan Revolution.
D) It was a Mexican army unit made up entirely of Irish and German immigrants that deserted from the American army for reasons such as higher wages and mistreatment for their religion.
E) It was a group of pioneers who courageously formed search parties to recover wayward travelers, served as guides, and charted maps of undiscovered territory at great personal risk.

Question 75

Discuss the causes and consequences of the Mexican-American War.

Question 76

In what way did John Tyler become a "president without a party"? Use examples to make an argument regarding how much of this was his own doing.

Question 77

Match each description with the item below.
John Charles Frémont

A)was the young congressman who argued that Polk had maneuvered the Mexicans into attacking
B)was the general-in-chief of the American army during the Mexican-American War and was called the "greatest living soldier" by the Duke of Wellington
C)was elected vice president in 1840 but took over the presidency without having been elected to the office
D)was one of the defenders at the Alamo who led the "regular army" soldiers, partly as a means to leave behind a checkered past in Alabama
E)was the American who captured San Diego and Los Angeles after quarreling with General Stephen Kearny over who was in command of the army
F)was the secretary of state who negotiated the treaty resolving the boundary between the northeastern United States and British Canada
G)was known as "the Pathfinder" and became the most enthusiastic champion of American settlement in Mexican California and the Far West
H)called himself the "Napoleon of the West" and suspended the Mexican national congress in the face of Texan rebelliousness
I)founded a colony of European emigrants in California and sought to create a wilderness empire by putting Native Americans to work
J)was a Franciscan friar who led the creation of a Catholic mission in San Diego, California

Question 78

What were the various roles of the California missions? Describe life at these missions and the impact they had throughout the territory.

Question 79

Match each description with the item below.
Antonio López de Santa Anna

A)was the young congressman who argued that Polk had maneuvered the Mexicans into attacking
B)was the general-in-chief of the American army during the Mexican-American War and was called the "greatest living soldier" by the Duke of Wellington
C)was elected vice president in 1840 but took over the presidency without having been elected to the office
D)was one of the defenders at the Alamo who led the "regular army" soldiers, partly as a means to leave behind a checkered past in Alabama
E)was the American who captured San Diego and Los Angeles after quarreling with General Stephen Kearny over who was in command of the army
F)was the secretary of state who negotiated the treaty resolving the boundary between the northeastern United States and British Canada
G)was known as "the Pathfinder" and became the most enthusiastic champion of American settlement in Mexican California and the Far West
H)called himself the "Napoleon of the West" and suspended the Mexican national congress in the face of Texan rebelliousness
I)founded a colony of European emigrants in California and sought to create a wilderness empire by putting Native Americans to work
J)was a Franciscan friar who led the creation of a Catholic mission in San Diego, California

Question 80

Discuss the ways in which the settlement of the West affected Native American cultures.