Deck 1: The Collision of Cultures

Question 1

What major developments in Europe enabled the Age of Exploration?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Ferdinand and Isabella forced Muslims and Jews to either become Christians or leave Spain.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The introduction of Native American foods, such as corn and potatoes, to Europe spurred a
dramatic increase in Europe's population.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Cahokians were known for constructing stone dwellings into cliff sides.

Question 5

The presence of horses transformed the ecology of the Great Plains, such as through the
evolution of some Native American groups into nomadic buffalo hunters.

Question 6

The New World was named for the Portuguese-sponsored explorer Amerigo Vespucci.

Question 7

The Church of England was established by gradually integrating Calvinism with English Catholicism.

Question 8

Most North American tribal leaders ruled with absolute authority.

Question 9

By 7000
B.C.E., indigenous peoples in the Americas had begun transitioning into farming societies.

Question 10

Many of the New World's early explorers were looking for a shorter route around Africa to India.

Question 11

John Cabot's landfall in North America gave England the basis for a later claim to all of
North America.

Question 12

Calvinism stressed tolerance and liberal theology rather than a strict moral code.

Question 13

Why were there so many diverse societies in the Americas before Europeans arrived?

Question 14

Cortés enlisted the aid of surrounding populations to help in his overthrow of the Aztecs.

Question 15

The pueblo cultures were located primarily in what is today the American Southwest.

Question 16

How did the Spanish conquer and colonize the Americas?

Question 17

How did the Columbian Exchange between the "Old" and "New" Worlds affect both societies?

Question 18

The brutal and exploitative systems that the Spanish implemented in the New World were
largely the work of Bartolomé de Las Casas.

Question 19

In what ways did the Spanish form of colonization shape North American history?

Question 20

Mexica tribes originated in northwest Mexico and were later called the Aztecs by Europeans.

Question 21

On his first voyage, Columbus

A) explored a number of Caribbean islands.
B) landed on the mainland of North America.
C) realized he had discovered a new world.
D) expressed his kind intentions toward the Indians.
E) ensured that he would be wealthy for life.

Question 22

The Aztecs, like most agricultural people of the time, were

A) among the most advanced example of the Adena-Hopewell culture.
B) intensely spiritual and worshipped numerous gods.
C) absorbed as part of the Mayan Empire around 1425.
D) without a detailed legal system to help regulate society.
E) a peaceful, nomadic people who avoided warfare.

Question 23

Which of the following was a result of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella?

A) the opening of the Atlantic slave trade
B) increased Catholic expansionism
C) the rise of the feudal system in Europe
D) the security of Granada as a Muslim stronghold
E) the separation of Spain and Portugal into two nations

Question 24

Which were the four most powerful western European nations that emerged during the Age of Exploration?

A) Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain
B) Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden
C) England, France, Germany, and Spain
D) England, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain
E) England, France, Portugal, and Spain

Question 25

What were some of the defining features of the Inca Empire?

A) It extended along the Andes Mountains in western South America and featured stone buildings and irrigated farms.
B) It spanned much of central Mexico after a migration from northwest Mexico and was dominated by huts made with adobe.
C) It was found in the Pacific Northwest and featured large, earthen-floored, cedar-planked houses, where multiple families lived under one roof.
D) It was predominantly located in the Great Plains and experienced cold winters and hot summers west of the Mississippi River.
E) It was located in the Southwest near what is today Arizona and was comprised of people who spoke one unified language.

Question 26

Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the prehistoric human migrations from Asia to the Americas

A) possibly began 50,000-25,000 years ago, and some migrants might have used boats to cross the ocean.
B) most likely began 5,000 years ago, and the only possible avenue of travel was the Bering land bridge.
C) required that migrants cross Africa because it had superior conditions in terms of hunting and weather.
D) ultimately resulted in little diversity due to how few migrants managed to make it all the way there.
E) brought migrants to environments that were for the most part highly uniform in terms of terrain and climate.

Question 27

Until recently, scholars had assumed that Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia into North America

A) in response to the onset of an ice age.
B) in pursuit of large game animals.
C) beginning about 1,000 years ago.
D) in an effort to escape tribal warfare in Asia.
E) in search of a disease-free environment.

Question 28

The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the

A) Portuguese.
B) Spaniards.
C) English.
D) Italians.
E) Irish.

Question 29

Columbus succeeded in

A) finding a water route to Asia.
B) proving the world was round.
C) inspiring subsequent European explorations.
D) bringing the benefits of European civilization to the Indians.
E) finding rich sources of rubies and diamonds.

Question 30

English settlements were numerous and thriving at the time of Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603.

Question 31

The city of Tenochtitlán was founded in 1325 by the

A) Mayas.
B) Chibchas.
C) Incas.
D) Mexica.
E) Anasazis.

Question 32

Which of the following is characteristic of the Mississippian Indian culture?

A) elaborate burial mounds and towns built around plazas and temples
B) cliff dwellings and widespread use of irrigation
C) matrilineal societies and the spread of the Muskogean language
D) reliance on the fur trade rather than agriculture
E) extensive trading activities with Norsemen from Scandinavia

Question 33

John Cabot's crossing of the Atlantic in 1497 resulted in his

A) sighting of the Pacific.
B) sailing around the tip of South America.
C) discovery of a shortcut to China.
D) exploration of Florida.
E) making landfall in present-day Canada.

Question 34

In which of the following ways were the Anasazis different from the Aztecs and Incas?

A) They lacked a rigid class structure.
B) They were one of the Eastern Woodlands peoples.
C) They lived in the Pacific Northwest.
D) They migrated to the Great Plains upon the arrival of horses in North America.
E) They were successful in coping with prolonged drought through modern times.

Question 35

Why were crops such as maize so significant to the evolution of indigenous peoples in the Americas?

A) These crops were so similar in different corners of the Americas that they guaranteed that the societies developed by indigenous peoples would for the most part lack diversity with one another.
B) These crops grew so well on their own without any help from humans that indigenous peoples could focus mostly on cultural rather than agricultural activities.
C) These crops were reliable enough as food sources that indigenous peoples could lead more settled lives and, thus, become more established, larger societies.
D) These crops were varied so much in output from year to year that they led most indigenous societies to increasingly depend on hunting and gathering as the sole food source.
E) These crops had less nutritional value than indigenous peoples' prior food sources and, thus, led to a great decrease in the size of the indigenous population.

Question 36

European exploration of the Americas was greatly assisted by the

A) continued accessibility of Asian spice trade routes to Europeans.
B) growing prominence of Muslim strongholds in Spain.
C) transformation in Europe away from feudal societies.
D) decentralization of European countries.
E) decline of European monarchies.

Question 37

Why was hunting particularly significant for many Native American societies?

A) It led most indigenous societies only to permit animal sacrifice to the gods rather than human sacrifice.
B) It resulted in most indigenous societies developing their own written language to record the trade of animals and meat.
C) It promoted frequent large-scale bloodshed in which indigenous warriors destroyed whole villages.
D) It allowed most indigenous societies to abandon farming as a major source of food.
E) It helped nurture a warrior ethic among indigenous societies that prized courage in combat.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of Portuguese seagoing efforts by 1500?

A) The Portuguese had few expert sailors and were one of the few European nations that had not yet made it to Asia.
B) Portuguese seagoing technology enabled them to build early settlements in what is today Canada and along the northern coastline.
C) The Portuguese's use of new sailing technologies, coupled with the unification of Spain, contributed to the rise of global trade.
D) Portuguese seagoing efforts were so time-consuming that Portuguese monarchs largely ignored Muslims and Jewish immigration into their nation.
E) The Portuguese mainly used ships for the purpose of naval warfare against the Spanish, with whom they had irreconcilable differences.

Question 39

What was the relationship between the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance? This should be Question 13 since the answer is in pages 20-21

A) The onset of the Age of Exploration and its emphasis on trial and error inspired the earliest ideas of the Renaissance.
B) The focus of the Renaissance on religious rather than secular ideas caused the Age of Exploration to center solely on missionary work.
C) The Renaissance and Age of Exploration occurred simultaneously, as both marked the end of the period known as early modernism.
D) The Renaissance emphasis on humanism, discovery, and scientific innovation helped spark the Age of Exploration.
E) Because the Renaissance began in Asia and spread to western Europe, the Age of Exploration ultimately focused on Asia as well.

Question 40

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the Algonquians?

A) They lived in cave villages dug into mountains and built large pyramids.
B) Like the Iroquoian people, they spoke the language Iroquoian and spread into upstate New York.
C) They were nomadic and did not encounter Europeans for many years after their arrival in America.
D) They built an advanced regional center known as Cahokia and lived in mounds.
E) They lived in multifamily "longhouses" and were one of three major Eastern Woodlands groups.

Question 41

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of diseases such as smallpox during the Age of Exploration?

A) It was predominantly European explorers who contracted the diseases of the Native Americans and, as a result, the Europeans put a halt to expeditions for several years until they built up immunity.
B) Native American chieftains and religious leaders often proved immune to these diseases and, thus, maintained a stronger hold over their empires due to their people viewing them as immortal gods.
C) The diseases led Europeans to put major restrictions on their missionary work in the Americas because they worried God would use epidemics to punish them for forcing their views on others.
D) Indigenous peoples, including their rulers, suffered immense fatalities due to the diseases and, especially with this loss in leadership, proved less able to defend themselves against the Europeans.
E) Because Europeans and indigenous peoples suffered equally from the diseases transferred through the Columbian Exchange, Cortés's conquest of the city of Tenochtitlán was largely a toss-up.

Question 42

After the arrival of Europeans, the greatest number of Indians died as a result of

A) depression.
B) starvation.
C) battle.
D) disease.
E) enslavement.

Question 43

What was one major impact of the rise of the mestizo population in Mexico and New Mexico?

A) Colonial officials became exceedingly abusive of mestizos and forced them to perform hard labor as servants.
B) The culture of the Native Americans here generally grew far more separate from that of the Spanish colonists.
C) It became normalized for European women to take on political roles in the colonies because there were generally fewer men.
D) Native Americans generally tried to hide their identity as mestizos from the Spanish because it would hurt their legal status.
E) The Spanish grew more inclusive toward the Native Americans than would the English in their own colonies.

Question 44

As monarch, which of the following did Queen Elizabeth do?

A) She returned England to Catholicism.
B) She eliminated archbishops and bishops from the Church of England.
C) She advocated for true religious freedom for her subjects.
D) She demonstrated incredible strength and effectiveness.
E) She oversaw a decline in English military and political strength.

Question 45

The original Spanish settlement of New Mexico

A) experienced little missionary activity because Spanish settlers were preoccupied with farming.
B) was enriched by the discovery of an abundance of gold and silver.
C) rarely came into contact with Native Americans because the Spanish killed them all upon their arrival.
D) was led by Juan de Oñate who forced Native Americans to pay taxes to Spanish authorities.
E) relied on hunting rather than crops such as corn because they lacked irrigation networks.

Question 46

In 1565, the first permanent European town was established in the current-day United States at

A) Santa Fe.
B) St. Augustine.
C) Jamestown.
D) Plymouth.
E) San Antonio.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the encomienda system is accurate?

A) It kept the Portuguese out of Mexico.
B) It allowed privileged Spanish landowners to control Indian villages.
C) It benefited the Native American populations of Spanish America.
D) It allowed Mayan and Incan leaders to become very wealthy through the labor of their people.
E) It was replicated by the English in their later "New" World colonies.

Question 48

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Protestant Reformation in England?

A) It occurred more for political reasons than because of disagreement about religious doctrine.
B) Queen Elizabeth undid it by forcefully reimposing Catholicism.
C) John Calvin led it as part of his revolt against Catholicism.
D) It occurred prior to the Reformation in Germany.
E) It led to the overthrow of Henry VIII because he went against the Church.

Question 49

Why did the Spanish settle St. Augustine?

A) As the French and English had proven far more successful during the early colonial period and had nearly driven the Spanish off the continent, the Spanish needed a temporary resting place before returning to Europe.
B) Because the Spanish government had forbidden intermarriage between the Spanish settlers and Native Americans, the Spanish needed to build a large settlement to house the great influx of European women who had since arrived.
C) Due to their anti-Protestant sentiment as Catholics and their expansionist tendencies, the Spanish wished to stop the efforts of French Huguenots or Protestants to form a colony in northern Florida.
D) Due to their eagerness to protect Native Americans along the Gulf Coast from French mistreatment and to train Native Americans in the Spanish military, the Spanish sought to build a fort equipped with sophisticated military technology.
E) Due to fear they would lose trade with Native Americans to the English, the Spanish were eager to lay claim to the area and forcefully end English attempts to settle the nearby St. Petersburg area.

Question 50

Why was the Protestant Reformation significant beyond its religious consequences?

A) It was a major social movement that managed to spread purely through word of mouth.
B) It disrupted traditional notions of wealth, class, and monarchical supremacy.
C) It made the idea of limited government far less likely to take hold in Europe.
D) It resulted in greater political unity among European nations.
E) It created a distinctly unified view on theological issues among Protestants in particular.

Question 51

How, in part, did Hernán Cortés conquer the Aztec Empire?

A) through his ties with the Incan Empire and the Incas' superior military might in the Mexico region
B) through a surprise siege immediately upon his arrival to the city of Tenochtitlán and the city's lack of food
C) through capitalizing on conflict between Native American peoples and Spanish advantages in military technology
D) through a naval campaign that remained along the Mexican coast and a military alliance with French explorers
E) through the continued aid of Montezuma II and a violent conquest that later Spanish conquistadores refused to repeat

Question 52

The primary objective of the hundreds of priests in New Spain was to

A) bless marriages.
B) establish towns.
C) educate Spanish colonists.
D) serve as government officials.
E) convert the Native Americans.

Question 53

Which of the following foods did Europeans introduce to the "New" World?

A) beans
B) corn
C) potatoes
D) squash
E) wheat

Question 54

The Columbian Exchange refers to the

A) first transaction involving the exchange of enslaved Africans and New World resources.
B) deal struck between Columbus and the Spanish monarchs to fund his expedition.
C) global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases, as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas.
D) division of the Americas between Spain and Portugal as a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
E) establishment of the nation of Colombia in South America as the first permanent European colony.

Question 55

By the eighteenth century, mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico. Who were they?

A) Catholic missionaries and priests who lived among the Aztecs
B) Native Americans targeted by the Spanish for being particularly polytheistic
C) the wives of conquistadores who made the voyage from Spain
D) Spanish and Portuguese ranchers and their families
E) the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents

Question 56

Ponce de León was the first European to explore

A) Mexico.
B) Florida.
C) Arizona.
D) Virginia.
E) Canada.

Question 57

Food crops exported from the Americas

A) were far more valuable to Europeans than gold or silver.
B) enabled a population explosion in Europe.
C) primarily included the meat of cattle and pigs.
D) remained outside the Columbian Exchange, as it just included people.
E) included commodities previously unknown in Europe, like rice and wheat.

Question 58

A central element of John Calvin's theology was his belief in

A) salvation through good works.
B) predestination.
C) infant baptism.
D) papal infallibility.
E) the basic truth of all religions.

Question 59

Bartolomé de Las Casas spoke out against

A) the religious beliefs underpinning Catholicism.
B) the Spanish conquest of Granada.
C) the system of native slavery adopted by Spain.
D) violence shown to Spaniards by Native Americans.
E) the agricultural impacts of the Columbian Exchange.

Question 60

What compelled Martin Luther to nail his ninety-five "theses" to the door of a Wittenburg cathedral, thus launching the Protestant Reformation?

A) He was angry that the Church refused to allow him to sell indulgences to other churchgoers.
B) He wished to combat the Renaissance idea that all Christians could essentially act as
Their own priests.
C) He condemned the greed of the Catholic Church and believed salvation could not be
Purchased.
D) He insisted on holding all religious services in Latin and placing far less emphasis on
The Bible.
E) He actively sought to bring decades of organized political strife to Europe.

Question 61

Discuss the impact of horses on the Great Plains. Be sure to include short-term as well as long-term consequences.

Question 62

The English attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island resulted in

A) a severe blow to Spanish power.
B) a permanent English presence in North America.
C) a severe blow to English power.
D) the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh.
E) the disappearance of the colonists.

Question 63

Describe the advances in military technology that gave distinct advantages to Europeans in the conquest of American natives.

Question 64

Why did the Spanish Empire begin a precipitous decline?

A) The citizens of the Spanish Empire largely failed to pay taxes, and it never developed a real class structure.
B) The Spanish Empire was so lenient toward the Native Americans that various tribes eventually were able to join forces and conquer it.
C) Under Queen Elizabeth, England came to control the most colonial outposts and, thus, dominated the Spanish Empire in terms of trade.
D) The Spanish Empire became overly dependent on extraction of wealth rather than expand and stabilize Spanish influence in the New World.
E) Spain encouraged a vast number of settlers to populate New Spain-far more than the colony could handle economically.

Question 65

Explain the various factors of the European Renaissance that prompted and promoted the
exploration and settlement of the New World.

Question 66

Explain the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the settlement of the Western Hemisphere.

Question 67

The introduction of horses to Plains tribes

A) unilaterally bettered the lives of their women.
B) lessened their dependence on bison.
C) replaced dogs as beasts of burden.
D) minimally altered the ecology of the Great Plains.
E) made them less nomadic.

Question 68

The title of this chapter is "The Collision of Cultures." What are the many ways this title can
be applied to the events discussed in this chapter? Consider the early relationship between the
Old World and New World, religious clashes, strife between European groups, conflicts
between Native American groups, and so on.

Question 69

Which European nation fought a war for its independence as part of challenging Spain in the New World?

A) England
B) France
C) Portugal
D) the Netherlands
E) the Holy Roman Empire

Question 70

What factors help explain the vast differences between the various cultures located across
North and South America?

Question 71

For which country did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt to establish colonies in the New World?

A) England
B) France
C) Holland
D) Spain
E) Portugal

Question 72

Describe how the Columbian Exchange affected the Old and New Worlds. Why did Europe
come out ahead?

Question 73

Major reasons for the defeat of the Spanish Armada included

A) storms in the North Sea and the speed and agility of English warships.
B) Elizabeth's weakness as a ruler and refusal to order her sailors to engage in piracy.
C) the incompetence of the Spanish captains and resulting mutiny by Spanish sailors.
D) the greater size of the English vessels and the expansiveness of English colonies in the Americas.
E) inaccurate Spanish compasses and the fact that the astrolabe had not yet been invented.

Question 74

In 1600, which European nation seemed to have the best opportunity at eventually controlling
what is now the United States? Why?

Question 75

In which of the following ways was the Pueblo Revolt significant?

A) It represented improved relations between Native American and Spanish peoples as they formed an alliance against the British and promised one another a share in conquered lands.
B) It made it clear that Europeans would quickly wipe out Native American tribes and cultures from much of the Southwest, much as they had in a small mission town during the revolt.
C) It ensured that the Spanish would maintain sole control over the horse trade rather than compete with Native Americans, for they had successfully stolen or killed their largest herds.
D) It was the greatest defeat Native Americans ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World and delayed Spanish efforts to reestablish control over New Mexico.
E) It was a peaceful revolt led by Indian spiritual leader Popé, who promoted nonviolence toward all peoples and whose ideas had an unprecedented effect on European culture.

Question 76

Horses became so valuable in North America that they

A) intensified intertribal competition and warfare.
B) were exceedingly difficult to purchase.
C) became the sole responsibility of men.
D) were rarely used for hunting due to the dangers involved.
E) were commonly worshipped as gods.

Question 77

The Spanish Armada

A) attempted to invade England.
B) was a treasure fleet attacked by the English.
C) was destroyed by a storm before it left Spain.
D) caused Spain to give up New World colonization as a result of its defeat.
E) broke English naval power for a century.

Question 78

The French captain Jacques Cartier most importantly explored the

A) Caribbean.
B) Mississippi River.
C) Great Lakes.
D) St. Lawrence River.
E) Gulf of Mexico.

Question 79

Columbus has become a controversial figure. For what reasons does he deserve praise, and
for what reasons does he deserve criticism?

Question 80

Describe the development of Spanish rule over its territory in America.