Deck 4: Infancy: Socioemotional Development

Question 1

The federal program that provides high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called:

A)welfare.
B)Head Start.
C)Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).
D)the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP).

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to some attachment theorists,children with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style have which response when their caregiver re-enters the room?

A)trouble being soothed
B)indifference
C)joy
D)a disorganized reaction

Answer 2

A

Question 3

At about _____ of age,children can better tolerate being separated from their caregivers;this is because they have developed a working model of that person's presence that allows them to venture out into the world.

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)3 years
D)5 years

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which BEST describes the relationship between a secure infant attachment and later relationships?

A)It is the main predictor of a person's ability to have loving lifelong relationships.
B)It provides a good beginning,but does not guarantee lifelong loving relationships.
C)It has no relationship to later loving relationships.
D)It is negatively correlated to lifelong loving relationships.

Question 5

Harry Harlow's studies with motherless monkeys showed that:

A)contact comfort is more crucial to attachment formation than food.
B)attachment is based on the provision of food.
C)attachment figures are essential,but only during infancy.
D)it is easier to form attachments with biological parents than with caretakers.

Question 6

During the clear-cut phase of attachment:

A)there is typically a single caregiver whom the child most prefers.
B)babies do not usually prefer one particular caregiver more than another.
C)babies instinctively always prefer the mother.
D)babies prefer the day-care provider more than the father.

Question 7

Separation anxiety typically emerges at:

A)birth.
B)2 months of age.
C)7 months of age.
D)15 months of age.

Question 8

A child's ability to obey parental rules when his or her parents are not present is a signal of developing:

A)self-esteem.
B)conscience.
C)id.
D)fear.

Question 9

In the studies exploring the adopted babies who spent their earliest months of life in the horrific Romanian orphanages,secure attachments were:

A)far less likely to develop at 6 months of age.
B)far less likely to develop at 2 years of age.
C)far less likely to develop at 4 years of age.
D)likely to occur at any age.

Question 10

Two-month-old Henrietta is in her baby seat as her mother is walking through the grocery store.A man behind them exclaims,"Hi,cute baby!" and Henrietta smiles at him.John Bowlby would call this smile:

A)the first signs of clear-cut attachment.
B)an automatic reflex.
C)a conscious act.
D)the first signs of stranger anxiety.

Question 11

During the Strange Situation experiments,children who behaved in a bizarre manner when their parents returned were categorized as having a(n)_____ attachment.

A)secure
B)disorganized
C)anxious-ambivalent
D)avoidant

Question 12

Baby Jamelle has recently become visibly upset whenever her mother leaves the room.Jamelle MOST likely is approximately _____ months old and is experiencing _____ anxiety.

A)two;separation
B)three;stranger
C)seven;separation
D)nine;preattachment

Question 13

The difference between day-care and preschool is the greater emphasis on _____ in preschool.

A)parental supervision
B)teaching
C)strict babysitting
D)building intelligence test scores

Question 14

Harry Harlow's research with monkeys helped demonstrate that:

A)the behaviorist hypothesis that human babies become attached to caregivers by receiving food was incorrect.
B)the psychoanalytic model of attachment was incorrect.
C)the attachment response is genetically programmed and difficult to alter.
D)many animals do not form close emotional attachments with their young.

Question 15

Which is NOT a good suggestion for socializing a child?

A)fostering a secure,loving attachment
B)tailoring discipline to the child's specific temperament
C)using power assertion
D)arranging the environment to suit a child's temperament

Question 16

According to John Bowlby,the beginning of the social smile occurs during the earliest _____ phase.

A)attachment-in-the-making
B)preattachment
C)clear-cut attachment
D)mother attachment

Question 17

During the transitional stage after babyhood known as _____,children are both intensely attached to their caregivers,and also want to be _____.

A)childhood;gratified
B)childhood;happy
C)toddlerhood;independent
D)toddlerhood;accommodated

Question 18

The process of teaching children to obey social norms and the rules of society is called:

A)prematurity.
B)inferiority.
C)coercion.
D)socialization.

Question 19

The BEST childrearing strategy for temperamentally inhibited toddlers is to:

A)gently expose the child to new social situations.
B)force the child into stressful social situations.
C)insulate the child from all stress.
D)push the child to excel.

Question 20

During the second and third years of life-Erik Erikson's autonomy stage-children:

A)become industrious.
B)become more dependent.
C)develop a sense of identity.
D)first experience self-conscious emotions.

Question 21

In one study,babies were classified into three temperamental styles.Which style did NOT appear in this classification scheme?

A)easy
B)slow to warm up
C)difficult
D)depressed

Question 22

A caregiver and infant respond emotionally to each other in a sensitive and attuned way.This is called:

A)syndication.
B)a working model.
C)social referencing.
D)synchrony.

Question 23

Separation anxiety first appears when a baby is around 3 months old.

Question 24

A potential complication of the classification of "exuberant toddler" may be:

A)fear of all external stimuli.
B)difficulty in socialization.
C)an adventurous temperament.
D)that social encounters may be painful.

Question 25

When a baby has a difficult temperament,_____ promote a secure attachment.

A)particularly sensitive caregiving can
B)most kinds of caregiving can
C)it is practically impossible to
D)it is easy to

Question 26

All of the following promote,or are associated with,a high-quality day care experience EXCEPT:

A)secure attachments between caretakers and children.
B)patient,caring,and empathic caretakers.
C)small child-teacher ratios.
D)constant movement from one setting to the next,so as to prevent overreliance on one particular caregiver.

Question 27

The Strange Situation involves repeatedly:

A)making a child cry.
B)introducing new strangers into a room.
C)separating a baby from the primary caregiver and then reuniting the pair.
D)presenting undesirable objects to children to analyze their reaction.

Question 28

A baby's first social smile occurs during the pre-attachment phase.

Question 29

Research suggests that the percentage of infants who are securely attached is about the same around the world.

Question 30

The term "toddlerhood" refers to children from 1 to 2 1/2 years of age.

Question 31

With unusually sensitive caregiving,a temperamentally difficult baby can sometimes become securely attached.

Question 32

All of the following are suggestions for properly socializing a child EXCEPT:

A)fostering a secure,loving attachment.
B)tailoring discipline to the child's specific temperament.
C)using power assertion.
D)arranging the child's environment to suit his or her temperament.

Question 33

The disorganized attachment style is MOST apt to predict emotional problems later on.

Question 34

Which age group is most likely to live in poverty in the United States?

A)adults between 55 and 65 years of age
B)adults between 25 and 35 years of age
C)children between 5 and 17 years of age
D)children under the age of 6

Question 35

John Bowlby believed that having a loving primary attachment figure is essential for normal development.

Question 36

Having just one nurturing figure during infancy may insulate children from developing mental health problems in elementary school.

Question 37

Compared to a day-care center,family day care MOST likely has _____ number of children.

A)more caregiver stability and a larger
B)less caregiver stability and a larger
C)more caregiver stability and a smaller
D)less caregiver stability and a smaller

Question 38

A child enters the working model phase of attachment when that boy or girl can tolerate separations from a caregiver,at about age 3.

Question 39

A baby's primary figure is the person with whom that child spends the most time.

Question 40

Being born in an orphanage leaves permanent emotional scars even if a child is adopted during the first months of life.

Question 41

Harlow's findings with motherless monkeys showed that physical contact (or love)is:

A)a basic human need.
B)an overrated human need.
C)less important than food.
D)important in other species,but not in our own.

Question 42

Shyness is a temperamental trait that persists,to some extent,throughout life.

Question 43

Living in poverty during the first years of life has few long-term effects.

Question 44

Statistically speaking,the elderly are the poorest age group in the United States as of 2015.

Question 45

"Too much mother love during infancy produces whiny,dependent adults." This statement would MOST likely be made by a(n):

A)evolutionary psychologist.
B)old-style behaviorist.
C)Eriksonian theorist.
D)psychoanalyst.

Question 46

Sasha is a toddler.Sasha is _____.

A)8 months old
B)1 to 2 1/2 years old
C)2 1/2 to 3 years old
D)3 years old

Question 47

Which is NOT a finding that helped Bowlby formulate attachment theory?

A)Monkeys raised without moms couldn't socially relate as adults.
B)Orphanage babies were apathetic and mentally disturbed.
C)Baby geese would follow forever "an object" that they saw at a specific time after birth.
D)Babies love their moms more than other people in their lives.

Question 48

Socialization pressures become very strong when children approach six months of age.

Question 49

Head Start provides support for disadvantaged U.S.children from birth to age 6.

Question 50

Using power assertion is the MOST effective way to socialize a rambunctious toddler.

Question 51

It's vitally important to protect a shy baby from encountering social situations.

Question 52

The appearance of self-conscious emotions in humans is a landmark in understanding that people have a separate "self."

Question 53

A problem with many U.S.day-care facilities is that caregiver-child ratios are too high to provide optimum care for each child.

Question 54

A child's response to day care partly depends on that person's genetic makeup.

Question 55

Most twenty-first century U.S.moms feel comfortable about leaving their babies in someone else's care.

Question 56

Early Head Start offers services to low-income U.S.children under age 3.

Question 57

Spending long hours in U.S.day care during the first 5 years of life may have negative effects on a child.

Question 58

Dr.Out-of-Date is an old-style behaviorist.How would he explain 1-year-old Ned's efforts to be close to his mother at all times?

A)"This child shares a unique emotional bond with his mother."
B)"Ned's behavior is being reinforced because his mother feeds him."
C)"Ned's behavior is irrational."
D)"The behavior of children is genetically programmed."

Question 59

Large U.S.day-care centers are superior to family care.

Question 60

Being poor is always more toxic to U.S.urban preschoolers than their counterparts who live in rural areas.

Question 61

A baby's first social smile occurs at about 2 months of age and shows _____.

A)intestinal gas
B)attachment
C)ambivalence
D)a reflexive response

Question 62

One-year-old Gyan needs to be near his main caregiver,his dad,all of the time.He gets uncomfortable when other adults pick him up.This response,in general,is:

A)normal.
B)excessive.
C)a sign of male bonding.
D)a serious problem.

Question 63

In explaining the attachment response,Dr.Love might make all of the following comments EXCEPT:

A)"It's genetically built into the human species (and others)."
B)"It's programmed to appear during infancy."
C)"It helps promote survival."
D)"It disappears when people reach old age."

Question 64

People use social referencing to pace and modify their behavior:

A)only during infancy.
B)only during childhood.
C)only during adolescence.
D)at every age.

Question 65

If 1-year-old Erik doesn't seem to care when his mother leaves the room,and shows no reaction when she returns,Erik's attachment style is _____.

A)secure
B)disorganized
C)avoidant
D)anxious-ambivalent

Question 66

According to Bowlby,having a primary attachment figure is vital during:

A)infancy.
B)early childhood.
C)childhood and adolescence.
D)any time of life.

Question 67

Juanita,age 5,goes to kindergarten happily and without any distress.The MOST likely reason is that Juanita is:

A)insecurely attached.
B)securely attached.
C)in the working-model phase of attachment.
D)in the phase of attachment-in-the making.

Question 68

The BEST sign that a 1-year-old is securely attached is when the child:

A)separates easily from a primary caregiver.
B)is thrilled to see a primary caregiver after a separation.
C)becomes incredibly distressed when separated from a primary caregiver.
D)becomes calm when a primary caregiver returns after a separation.

Question 69

Elaine is visiting her 13-month-old nephew,and the child gets agitated when she picks him up.Elaine should feel:

A)insulted,because her nephew doesn't love her.
B)not surprised,since this is normal at this age.
C)concerned for her nephew's mental health.
D)angry that her nephew is not being raised properly.

Question 70

If Mayumi is 1 month old,she MOST likely:

A)happily smiles at every adult.
B)is indifferent to the human world.
C)only goes to her primary caregiver.
D)has two or three people she really likes.

Question 71

One-year-old Francisco is terribly clingy even when his mom is in the same room.If she leaves,he cries frantically and cannot be comforted by her when she returns.According to attachment theory,what is Francisco's attachment status?

A)secure
B)anxious-ambivalent
C)avoidant
D)disorganized

Question 72

Attachment-in-the-making coincides with the onset of:

A)the primary circular reactions.
B)separation anxiety.
C)the secondary circular reactions
D)the first social smile.

Question 73

Ting and her baby travel to visit Ting's mom in another state,and Grandma picks up the child on their arrival.At younger than 7 to 8 months of age,the baby MOST likely would show _____.

A)happiness
B)fear
C)indifference
D)varying responses

Question 74

Which event is LEAST likely to evoke proximity-seeking behavior?

A)learning you have a serious disease
B)listening to your boss insult you
C)leaving for a dangerous part of the world
D)arriving at a job

Question 75

Five-month-old Tracey is more easily soothed by her dad;she smiles and looks more at him than at others.Still,when Aunt Corrie comes for a visit,Tracey has no problem giving her a cuddle.Tracey is in the _____ phase.

A)preattachment
B)attachment-in-the-making
C)clear-cut attachment
D)working model

Question 76

When people are upset,they want their significant other close.According to attachment theory,this response indicates:

A)normal proximity-seeking behavior.
B)an emotional problem.
C)abnormal fear.
D)insecure attachment.

Question 77

Eight-month-old Nate suddenly begins to cry when he is left at the babysitter's house,whereas before he never got upset.Nate is MOST likely crying because:

A)he is being abused by the sitter.
B)he has entered the phase of clear-cut attachment.
C)he is having abnormal trouble separating.
D)his parents are having marital troubles.

Question 78

The attachment response:

A)totally disappears after infancy.
B)is evoked at any time of life when people feel threatened.
C)is a symptom of dependency approximately after age 4.
D)is reinforced by parents.

Question 79

The phase of clear-cut attachment:

A)begins at about 4 months of age and lasts through age 1.
B)starts at about 7 or 8 months of age and lasts through toddlerhood (till about age 3).
C)begins at about age 1 and lasts through age 4.
D)starts at about 18 months of age and lasts until kindergarten.

Question 80

At the park,20-month-old Etan crawls through tunnels,throws sand everywhere,and lets a dog lick his face.But as he moves from one activity to another,he looks over his shoulder to see whether his daddy is watching.What is the name for Etan's behavior?

A)excessive anxiety
B)social referencing
C)insecure attachment
D)stranger anxiety