Deck 3: Infancy: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

One-week-old Gabrielle turns toward her mother every time she touches the baby's cheek.Gabrielle is demonstrating the _____ reflex.

A)rooting
B)sucking
C)Babinski
D)grasping

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Frantic,continual newborn crying,also known as "colic," typically:

A)continues throughout infancy.
B)disappears after the first three months.
C)is caused by insensitive caregiving.
D)occurs in babies who are not breast fed.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The human brain:

A)takes more than two decades to fully mature.
B)grows to full maturity during the first 10 years of life.
C)completes its growth at two years of age.
D)does not grow outside of the womb.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Many women stop breast-feeding before their babies are six months of age because they:

A)do not like the way it feels.
B)prefer to buy formula.
C)need to go back to work.
D)do not believe that breast feeding has any value.

Question 5

Noam Chomsky believed that language is biologically programmed for humans.Chomsky's term for the hypothetical brain structure that allows humans to learn language is the _____ device.

A)programmed acquisition
B)biological communication
C)information processing
D)language acquisition

Question 6

A baby's brain is especially plastic because of excessive:

A)myelination.
B)frontal lobe quality.
C)synaptogenesis.
D)formation of new neurons.

Question 7

Preferential looking studies show that newborns demonstrate all of the following visual preferences EXCEPT that they prefer to look at:

A)fathers over mothers.
B)supposedly attractive people.
C)face patterns rather than scrambled patterns.
D)faces in which the "eyes" are gazing directly at them.

Question 8

The sensory capabilities of young infants are measured using the _____ paradigm.

A)face-perception
B)size-constancy
C)habituation
D)preferential-looking

Question 9

The amount of synaptogenesis that occurs at 7 months of age appears to have a relationship to receptive language skills.All of the following are accurate regarding this relationship EXCEPT that:

A)the higher grey matter concentration at 7 months of age causes higher receptive language skills at 12 months of age.
B)the lower grey matter concentration at 7 months of age causes deficits in receptive language abilities at 12 months of age.
C)a grey matter concentration of 0.34 produces a mean T-score of 50 for receptive language abilities for 12 months of age.
D)the higher grey matter concentration at 7 months of age causes deficits in receptive language ability at 12 months of age.

Question 10

The research strategy that is used to demonstrate infant depth perception is called:

A)preferential-looking.
B)the visual cliff.
C)habituation.
D)the looking glass.

Question 11

Baby Henry's mother has given him a cup of juice with a straw from which to drink.Henry becomes frustrated when the juice does not come through the straw,so he removes it in order to suck the juice directly from the cup.In Jean Piaget's framework,Henry is demonstrating:

A)A-not-B error.
B)means-end behavior.
C)object permanence.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 12

According to research,newborns spend the MOST time looking at:

A)patterns.
B)squares.
C)strange objects.
D)their mother's face.

Question 13

Baby Marcey recently surprised her mother by saying,"me milk" when asking for milk.Marcey's mother,knowing appropriate language milestones for an 18-month-old,recognizes that her daughter has just exhibited:

A)holophrasic speech.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)babbling.
D)grammatically correct speech.

Question 14

Children who are excessively short because of a chronic lack of adequate nutrition suffer from a condition called:

A)stuttering.
B)stunting.
C)formula-fed deficiency.
D)anemia.

Question 15

Mothers and fathers use infant-directed speech with their babies because:

A)parents are lazy.
B)babies perk up when hearing infant-directed speech.
C)parents are immature.
D)parents are trying too hard to bond with their children.

Question 16

According to the text,toddlers MOST likely avoid unfamiliar foods because:

A)they are in the "terrible twos."
B)it is a protective mechanism to keep them from being poisoned.
C)they hate change.
D)they have a depressed appetite at this age.

Question 17

Humans spend the most time in REM sleep when they are _____ year(s)of age.

A)60 to 90
B)0 to 1
C)1 to 30
D)30 to 60

Question 18

By adulthood,human bodies have grown to about _____ times their newborn size.

A)11
B)16
C)21
D)26

Question 19

Co-sleeping:

A)makes children less independent and mature.
B)may increase the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
C)disrupts parents' sleep.
D)makes children less self-reliant.

Question 20

Baby Clara's favorite stuffed animal is placed under a blanket,and she looks under the cover to find it.Clara is demonstrating:

A)deferred imitation.
B)object permanence.
C)A-not-B behavior.
D)symbolization.

Question 21

Cindy verbalized "co" and pointed to the cookie jar.Cindy is MOST likely _____ months old.

A)2 to 4
B)5 to 11
C)12 to 18
D)18 to 24

Question 22

Neural pruning begins in the frontal lobes during late childhood.

Question 23

The developmental science term that refers to the skills involved in managing and decoding people's emotions and getting along with other human beings is:

A)latent learning.
B)deferred imitation.
C)social cognition.
D)means-end behavior.

Question 24

Brain plasticity decreases as people age.

Question 25

The myelin sheath stops forming at about age 10.

Question 26

Five-month-old Theresa is engaging in what Jean Piaget called secondary circular reactions.Theresa is MOST likely:

A)batting at her mobile,rather than just watching it.
B)flushing her toys down the toilet.
C)repeatedly throwing her bottle off the highchair in various directions.
D)sucking her toes.

Question 27

The rooting reflex helps newborn babies find the breast for feeding.

Question 28

As of 2015,most U.S.mothers breast-feed for 6 months.

Question 29

Synaptogenesis and myelination program every developing ability and skill.

Question 30

The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's _____ capacities.

A)verbal
B)memory
C)emotional
D)social

Question 31

When a one-year-old child engages in "little scientist" behaviors,or enters the "getting into everything" stage,the child is engaging in what Jean Piaget called _____ reactions.

A)primary circular
B)secondary circular
C)tertiary circular
D)preoperational

Question 32

Humans stop making new neural connections after youth.

Question 33

In Jean Piaget's theory,habits which center around the child's body,such as thumb-sucking,are called:

A)primary circular reactions.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)tertiary circular reactions.
D)superego behavior.

Question 34

Societal views about breast-feeding vary from nation to nation.

Question 35

Myelination is the name for the process of making connections between neurons.

Question 36

Six-month-old baby Grace's father is delighted when he comes into her room one morning and she declares,"da da da." This alternation of consonant and vowel sounds is called:

A)cooing.
B)babbling.
C)telegraphy.
D)holophrases.

Question 37

Synaptic connections are programmed by the human genetic code,with experience playing a minimal role.

Question 38

During Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development,children from _____ years of age pin down the basics of _____.

A)0 to 2;physical reality through the use of their senses
B)0 to 2;emotional reality
C)2 to 4;physical reality through the use of their senses
D)2 to 4;emotional reality

Question 39

Newborn reflexes have no real survival value.

Question 40

All of the following are true about crawling EXCEPT that:

A)early crawlers become upset when a parent leaves the room.
B)when babies start crawling,parents begin to see them as more independent.
C)early crawlers become less sensitive to a caregiver's facial expressions.
D)parents become more discipline-focused once their babies begin to crawl.

Question 41

Swaddling is the best technique for calming newborns.

Question 42

Parents tend to become less critical and more loving and accepting after their babies begin crawling.

Question 43

Circular reactions help babies master the basics of the physical world.

Question 44

As they habituate,babies spend less time looking at an object.

Question 45

Tertiary circular reactions appear around age 1.

Question 46

Today,an alarming percent of young children in the developing world suffer from undernutrition.

Question 47

Until they reach about age two,children cannot distinguish between attractive and unattractive faces.

Question 48

Because they are so small and delicate,premature infants should not be touched often.

Question 49

Problems with infant sleep produce stressed-out parents.

Question 50

In normal infants,there is no relationship between the age of reaching motor milestones,such as walking,and later intelligence test scores.

Question 51

Today,global rates of stunting,undernutrition,and micronutrient deficiencies are fairly low.

Question 52

Babies are thrilled to master new motor milestones.

Question 53

Babies begin to fear heights at birth.

Question 54

Babies first tend to sleep totally through the night,without waking up,at about 6 months of age.

Question 55

All infants behave in a similar way as they begin to physically move around.

Question 56

Poor mothering is the main cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Question 57

Co-sleeping is bad for parents and children.

Question 58

Infant colic often goes away around four months after birth.

Question 59

"Getting into everything" is the way that babies learn about the world.

Question 60

Giving babies a lot of love (according to some animal findings)may buffer people from stress as adults.

Question 61

Which statement is NOT one a researcher should make when explaining facts about brain development?

A)Each brain region undergoes a phase of intense synaptogenesis,followed by pruning,or getting rid of the connections that are not needed.
B)The visual cortex is the first part of the brain to mature.
C)During infancy and childhood,the brain is most plastic,meaning that humans can compensate more easily for damage such as that resulting from a stroke.
D)Children of the same age have the same-sized brains.

Question 62

Infants don't understand anything about human emotions and motivations until age 2.

Question 63

Babies are highly motivated to learn to speak.

Question 64

The brain changes that program humans' unfolding skills are:

A)axonization and dendritization.
B)synaptogenesis and myelination.
C)development of the visual cortex and cerebellum.
D)audition and dispersion.

Question 65

Based on her understanding of brain plasticity,what should Bei say to frantic parents whose baby has suffered an injury to the language centers of the brain?

A)"If you provide intense verbal stimulation,language abilities can develop normally."
B)"Sorry,there is little you can do to overcome this loss."
C)"Just let time go by and language will emerge normally."
D)"Your baby may eventually develop language,but will never catch up to other kids."

Question 66

Dr.Hooten is lecturing about brain development.Which statement should she make?

A)"After a period of neural death,each region of the cortex begins to produce synapses."
B)"The myelin sheath is fully formed by age 8."
C)"Synaptogenesis occurs throughout life."
D)"The more synapses a person has,the more intelligent that person will be."

Question 67

An infant who delights in a game of peekaboo is mastering the concept of object permanence.

Question 68

Using baby talk with infants hinders language development.

Question 69

Based on the principle of neural plasticity,at what age is it "best" to suffer from a brain impairing accident or stroke in order to have the best chance of recovering fully?

A)during infancy
B)at around age 10
C)during adolescence
D)in a person's twenties

Question 70

_____,making connections between dendrites,and _____,a fatty layer around axons,are the neural changes that program development.

A)Myelination;synaptogenesis
B)Synaptogenesis;myelination
C)Dendritization;axonization
D)Cortexization;cerebralization

Question 71

Javier is blind from birth.Robert lost his sight in a boating accident at age 16.Who might have superior touch sensitivities during adult life?

A)Both men will be equal in their touch sensitivity.
B)Javier will be superior,because the neurons programmed for vision have been diverted to strengthen this sense.
C)Robert will be superior,because when he lost his sight,he had better overall coping skills.
D)Neither man will have superior touch sensitivity,as the brain cannot be reprogrammed.

Question 72

Link the correct term to each definition: (1)fatty covering around neurons that speeds brain impulses; (2)making connections between neurons.

A)(1)myelin sheath; (2)synaptogenesis
B)(1)synaptogenesis; (2)myelin sheath
C)(1)axons; (2)dendrites
D)(1)dendrites; (2)axons

Question 73

According to Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD),the ability to make language is built into the human genetic code.

Question 74

Means-end behavior occurs within the first 3 months of human life.

Question 75

The function of the myelin sheath is to:

A)help neural impulses flow quickly.
B)allow the skull bones to close.
C)provide a barrier between the brain and the body.
D)get rid of the neurons a person doesn't need.

Question 76

According to information-processing theorists,cognitive development in infancy occurs gradually,not in qualitatively different stages.

Question 77

The myelin sheath is fully formed during the:

A)early childhood years.
B)early teenage years.
C)late teenage years.
D)mid- twenties.

Question 78

If the axons in Ruthie's visual cortex have not yet fully myelinated,Ruthie is:

A)less than one year old.
B)a toddler.
C)a preschooler.
D)50 years old.

Question 79

An infant who uses holophrases is in the word-combining stage of language.

Question 80

The branching structure at the end of each neuron is the _____.

A)dendrite
B)axon
C)myelin sheath
D)synergy