Deck 12: Thinking About Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development

Question 1

Stephanie is describing her friend Eleanor: "She's really quite moody, but I've learned to tell when she'll be shy and when she'll be outgoing. She's better at settling arguments than nearly anyone else I know, and she always tries very hard to be nice to people." On the basis of this description, how old would you guess that Stephanie is?

A) age 5
B) age 8
C) age 10
D) age 12
E) age 16

Answer 1

E

Question 2

When young children do use internal or evaluative terms to describe people, they are likely to use a term such as

A) moody.
B) dull.
C) modest.
D) shy.
E) nice.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Research by Harris and Associates found that young people do not become fully aware that other people may hide their emotions until

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) age 7 or 8.
D) age 10 or 11.
E) adolescence.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

By about what age can children tell the difference between the positive and negative facial expressions of others?

A) 6 to 8 months
B) 10 to 12 months
C) 18 months
D) age 2
E) age 3

Question 5

According to Barenboim, when Candice reaches age 8 or 9, she will peak in her use of

A) behavioral comparisons.
B) egocentric empathy.
C) organizing relationships.
D) psychological constructs.
E) social concepts.

Question 6

Thinking about and understanding the emotions of and interactions among people is called

A) emotional cognition.
B) moral development.
C) social cognition.
D) social referencing.
E) social learning.

Question 7

Children can first empathize with several different emotions at once by

A) age 5.
B) middle childhood.
C) early adolescence.
D) middle adolescence.
E) late adolescence.

Question 8

Teachers of young children can help to prevent racial awareness from developing into racial prejudice by all of the following EXCEPT

A) discussing race openly.
B) helping children acquire non-prejudiced attitudes.
C) making young children aware of historical realities.
D) assigning children of different races to a project.
E) avoiding discussion of sensitive topics such as slavery.

Question 9

Two-year-old Tony sees his mother cut herself while fixing dinner and brings his mother his own favorite teddy bear to comfort her. This is an example of what kind of empathy?

A) global empathy
B) empathy for another's feelings
C) egocentric empathy
D) empathy for another's general plight
E) global sympathy

Question 10

There is a strong resemblance between the series of changes that take place in children's descriptions of others and the development of children's

A) grammar.
B) self-efficacy.
C) IQ.
D) self-descriptions.
E) self-concept.

Question 11

With increasing age, the child's empathetic response is guided more by

A) immediate observed emotions of others.
B) facial expressions.
C) body language.
D) egocentric feelings.
E) inferences about others' feelings.

Question 12

A child who sees someone who is sad or hurt and feels sad herself is experiencing

A) egocentrism.
B) a social script.
C) moral judgment.
D) empathy.
E) social referencing.

Question 13

When Freddie describes his friend Roger as being better at arithmetic than he is, Freddie is expressing what Barenboim calls

A) a behavioral comparison.
B) an organizing relationship.
C) egocentric empathy.
D) a psychological construct.
E) a concrete operation.

Question 14

If a 6-year-old were asked to describe a peer with one word, which one would he be MOST likely to use?

A) "tall"
B) "kind"
C) "sulky"
D) "talkative"
E) "friendly"

Question 15

Children's social cognition develops from

A) inner to outer characteristics.
B) qualified to definite rules.
C) a general view to an observer's view.
D) definite to fixed rules.
E) observation to inference.

Question 16

Responding to another person's general situation or plight is characteristic of

A) egocentric empathy.
B) empathy for another's feelings.
C) empathy for another's life condition.
D) global empathy.
E) sympathetic empathy.

Question 17

As Brandy approaches adolescence, her descriptions of other people will

A) include a description of an internal personality construct.
B) be based more on what she sees and feels.
C) be based more on definite, fixed rules.
D) be tied to her own experience and views.
E) be more egocentric.

Question 18

By about ________ years of age, the child begins to develop a theory of mind that includes the understanding that another person will feel sad if she fails or happy if she succeeds.

A) 5 or 6
B) 4 or 5
C) 3 or 4
D) 2 or 3
E) 1 or 2

Question 19

Clarence has learned to be polite to adults and not to talk out in class. Clarence has acquired

A) moral values.
B) egocentrism.
C) social scripts.
D) idealism.
E) social referencing.

Question 20

Which of the following children will understand that her sister is happy about graduating from high school but sad to be leaving her friends behind?

A) 11-year-old Jill
B) 9-year-old Karen
C) 7-year-old Beth
D) 5-year-old Liz
E) 3-year-old Maria

Question 21

Empathy is fostered by all of the following EXCEPT

A) greater maternal warmth.
B) parental explanations of consequences for actions.
C) parental discussion of emotions.
D) paternal discipline.
E) capacity to regulate emotion.

Question 22

An adolescent is asked to explain what a friend is. Which of the following statements is he or she MOST likely to make?

A) "someone you can play games with"
B) "someone you can trust"
C) "someone who is a confidant"
D) "someone who does nice things for you"
E) "someone who lives nearby"

Question 23

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning Freud's view of moral development?

A) The conscience is a list of things that good people do.
B) The ego ideal contains the superego and conscience.
C) The ego ideal is a list of things that good people don't do.
D) Guilt occurs when the conscience is disobeyed.
E) Shame occurs when rules are violated.

Question 24

All of the following are patterns of developmental change in children's understanding of themselves and others EXCEPT

A) from observation to inference.
B) from outer to inner characteristics.
C) from definite to qualified.
D) from egocentric to a general view.
E) from active to static.

Question 25

Turiel describes conventional rules as

A) universal.
B) arbitrary.
C) obligatory.
D) moral.
E) permanent.

Question 26

Research suggests that in late adolescence, young people understand that

A) close friendships can fill all a person's needs.
B) friendships are static.
C) friendships involve doing everything together.
D) friendships can dissolve as members change.
E) a good friendship will last for life.

Question 27

What emotion is 8-year-old Henri most likely to feel when his parents find out that he has done something wrong?

A) guilt
B) anger
C) shame
D) sorrow
E) embarrassment

Question 28

The list in the superego of things that "good boys" and "good girls" do is known as the

A) conscience.
B) ego ideal.
C) superego protocal.
D) conventional directory.
E) moral compass.

Question 29

According to Hoffman, which of the following stages of empathy is visible in infants?

A) egocentric empathy
B) empathy for another's feelings
C) empathy for another's life condition
D) global empathy
E) sympathetic empathy

Question 30

In high school, students are not allowed to leave the premises for lunch. This is a(n)

A) moral rule.
B) universal rule.
C) conventional rule.
D) amoral rule.
E) permanent rule.

Question 31

A child says that he expects a friend to be loyal. The child is most likely in which grade in school?

A) first
B) third
C) fifth
D) sixth
E) seventh

Question 32

Who stated that the child learns moral rules by identifying with the same-sex parent?

A) Freud
B) Kohlberg
C) Piaget
D) Selman
E) Erikson

Question 33

The feelings of guilt, shame, and pride develop by what age?

A) 6 months
B) age 1
C) age 2
D) age 6
E) age 8

Question 34

Which of the following is a moral rule?

A) Ask permission before leaving class.
B) Do not run in the halls.
C) Wait quietly in line at the cafeteria.
D) Don't talk in class.
E) Do not take what is not yours.

Question 35

Sam is age 4. He is most likely to say that Louis is his best friend because Louis

A) is a generous person.
B) is very smart.
C) shares his toys.
D) plays with lots of children.
E) has a good personality.

Question 36

Erikson believed that children learn moral rules from

A) the same sex parent.
B) teachers.
C) the opposite sex parent.
D) the community in which they live.
E) both parents.

Question 37

According to Freud, a person's internal moral judge is the

A) ego.
B) superego.
C) id.
D) conscious.
E) unconscious.

Question 38

Michael says that people experience shame when they fail to live up to their own standards of behavior. Michael is at least how old?

A) age 4
B) age 5
C) age 8
D) age 10
E) age 13

Question 39

Children display less understanding of situations that produce guilt and pride in most people if their parents use

A) reasoning rather than punishment.
B) time-out techniques.
C) examples to teach moral behavior.
D) rewards for good behavior.
E) abusive behavior.

Question 40

What three emotions did Erikson believe were equally important in moral development?

A) shame, guilt, embarrassment
B) guilt, shame, pride
C) guilt, humility, love
D) shame, love, embarrassment
E) anger, guilt, shame

Question 41

Anita's six-year-old sister asks if she can join in a board game that Anita is playing with three other girls. Anita tells her that the game box states that it is for children between ages 7 and 11 so she cannot join them. What stage of moral reasoning is Anita using?

A) moral relativism
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) formal operational
E) moral realism

Question 42

Who proposed a two-stage theory of moral development containing the stages of moral realism and moral relativism?

A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Skinner
D) Bandura
E) Erikson

Question 43

In stage ________ of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the individual relies on the physical consequences of some action to decide if it is right or wrong.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 44

When Sally asks her mother to help her with her homework, she also tells her mother she will help dust the house in return. Sally is in which stage of moral development?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 45

Charissa picked up a ceramic bowl she had been told not to touch. When her mother told her that she would be punished, Charissa said, "But I did not break it." What stage of moral development is Charissa in?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 46

A shift to judgments based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs is characteristic of which level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postformal
E) postoperational

Question 47

Mickey tries to do things that please his parents and teacher, and he has begun to make judgments based on intentions. He is in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 48

All of the following are accurate descriptions of children between 8 and 12 years of age EXCEPT

A) they know that rules can be changed.
B) they are better at following the rules.
C) they know that punishment only occurs if you are caught.
D) they can distinguish between intentional and unintentional acts.
E) they are no longer egocentric.

Question 49

Judgments of right and wrong based on sources of authority who are close by and physically superior is characteristic of which level of moral development?

A) conventional
B) unconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional
E) concrete operational

Question 50

In which of Kohlberg's stages is there an emphasis on instrumental purpose and exchange?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 51

The moral realism stage of moral development

A) is typical of adolescents.
B) includes the understanding that rules change.
C) is the belief that rules come from authorities.
D) includes agreements concerning rules.
E) includes the understanding that not all rule violations are punished.

Question 52

Who proposed that consequences teach children to obey moral rules?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Skinner
E) Kohlberg

Question 53

All of the following are effective punishments for wrong doing EXCEPT

A) administering public physical punishment.
B) telling the child s/he has done wrong.
C) requiring the child to correct the action.
D) requiring the child to atone in some way for the wrong doing.
E) requiring the child to admit the wrongdoing.

Question 54

Kohlberg pioneered the method of assessing moral reasoning by

A) testing subjects' honesty in tempting situations.
B) correlating consequences with guilt.
C) using classic formal operations tasks, such as the pendulum.
D) presenting subjects with a series of moral dilemmas in story form.
E) naturalistic observation.

Question 55

According to Piaget, moral reasoning that discriminates between intentional and unintentional actions emerges along with

A) sensorimotor thinking.
B) preoperational thinking.
C) concrete operational thinking.
D) formal operational thinking.
E) postformal thinking.

Question 56

Max drives the speed limit to avoid getting a ticket. Tim helps his father wash the car because he wants his father to teach him how to drive. Both Max and Tim are at which level of moral development?

A) conventional
B) unconventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional
E) subconventional

Question 57

Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development includes a "good boy/nice girl" orientation?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 58

Derek is in the stage of moral relativism, and therefore he

A) is under age 8.
B) believes that all rule violations result in punishment.
C) believes that rules cannot be changed.
D) knows that people must agree to follow rules.
E) believes that all rules come from authorities.

Question 59

Piaget believed that children move to moral relativism after what age?

A) age 2
B) age 3
C) age 5
D) age 7
E) age 8

Question 60

Which of the following theorists believed that children learn more from observing others than from rewards or punishments?

A) Skinner
B) Freud
C) Erikson
D) Bandura
E) Piaget

Question 61

The most effective parents for teaching moral reasoning are those who

A) are exemplary models of moral philosophy.
B) use strict and immediate discipline.
C) present moral arguments beyond the child's level.
D) can respond to the child's less mature reasoning.
E) use a social-cognitive approach.

Question 62

In his theory of moral development, Kohlberg claimed that

A) the sequence of moral reasoning is universal.
B) most individuals reach the highest stages of moral development.
C) each stage is achieved within a particular age range.
D) individuals should move up or down along the sequence.
E) moral development is genetically programmed.

Question 63

Mel's decisions always seem to be based on rules and laws. Mel is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 64

A concern for how others will judge one's actions is typical of which level of moral development?

A) universal ethical principles
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional
E) postoperational

Question 65

Elaine works for a social service agency that usually requires a lot of paperwork from clients before they can get help. However, in certain severe cases, Elaine ignores the rules and eliminates some of the paperwork. Kohlberg would place Elaine in which stage of moral development?

A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six
E) seven

Question 66

Kohlberg's research, confirmed by others, indicates that preconventional reasoning is dominant in

A) infancy.
B) elementary school.
C) adolescence.
D) early adulthood.
E) late adulthood.

Question 67

A review of research in moral development by Snarey has indicated that

A) stage five is the highest reached in most urban societies.
B) many people reverse their progression through the stages.
C) all cultures reach stage six reasoning.
D) folk societies have higher levels of moral reasoning.
E) there is no effect of type of culture on moral development.

Question 68

Conventional moral reasoning emerges during

A) infancy.
B) the preschool years.
C) early childhood.
D) late childhood.
E) middle adolescence.

Question 69

People show evidence of the beginning of self-chosen principles in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 70

Studies of the relationship between level of moral reasoning and moral behavior have

A) failed to support Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated.
B) shown that people at the principled level disobey more societal rules than people at the conventional level.
C) shown positive correlations between reasoning and behavior in children but not in adults.
D) supported Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated.
E) shown a positive correlation between moral reasoning and antisocial behavior.

Question 71

Universal ethical principles orientation occurs in which of Kohlberg's stages?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 72

Cross-cultural research on the moral development of children, adolescents, and adults indicates that

A) people frequently skip stages.
B) changes in reasoning occur as Kohlberg hypothesized.
C) 25 to 30 percent have periods of regression.
D) most people reach the postconventional level.
E) stage three reasoning is common in childhood.

Question 73

Cross-cultural research has shown that approximately what percent of people regress through Kohlberg's stages?

A) 3 to 4
B) 5 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 15 to 17
E) 20 to 22

Question 74

In stage ________ of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals focus less on what is pleasing to particular people and more on adhering to a complex set of regulations which are not questioned.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 75

According to Kohlberg, the most important cognitive-developmental variable for postconventional reasoning is

A) sensorimotor thinking.
B) stage three thinking
C) hedonistic thinking.
D) knowledge of intentions.
E) decline of egocentrism.

Question 76

Kohlberg found that ________ percent of students reasoning at the conventional level cheated when given the opportunity.

A) 15
B) 55
C) 70
D) 80
E) 95

Question 77

Kohlberg's sixth stage of universal ethical principles orientation

A) involves following specific religious doctrines.
B) was his most important stage.
C) involves the assumption of personal responsibility.
D) remains the foundation for his entire theory.
E) involves judicious application of rewards.

Question 78

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the most important variable for postconventional moral reasoning?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
E) postconventional

Question 79

According to Kohlberg, moral development

A) is genetically programmed.
B) is based solely on formal operational thinking.
C) requires support from the social environment.
D) depends on cognitive development alone.
E) occurs in spite of environmental input.

Question 80

Which of the following is characteristic of principled morality?

A) external authority
B) unquestioned internalized authority
C) self-chosen principles
D) guilt and shame
E) reward and punishment