Deck 13: The Ecology of Development: the Child Within the Family System

Question 1

In Bronfenbrenner's system, the microsystem refers to

A) the socioeconomic level of the family.
B) all those system elements that influence the child because they affect the family.
C) elements such as the neighborhood in which the family lives.
D) all those settings in which the child has direct personal experience.
E) the physiological and genetic make-up of the child.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following would be a part of Nathanial's microsystem?

A) the company that employs his father
B) his family's ethnic group
C) the school he attends
D) his family's socioeconomic level
E) his parents' friends

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In Bronfenbrenner's system, the exosystem refers to

A) the person's family and school.
B) elements such as the neighborhood in which the family lives and the ethnic identity of the family.
C) all the settings in which the child has direct personal experience.
D) all system elements indirectly influencing the child through their effect on the microsystems.
E) the larger culture in which the family lives.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to research studies, which parent would be likely to sing more expressively?

A) Juan, who is singing to his infant daughter
B) Maria, who is singing to her infant son
C) Patrick, who is singing to his infant son
D) Mikaela, who is singing to her infant daughter
E) Both c and d

Question 5

Compared to how they parent later born children, parents generally

A) have higher expectations for maturity in their first-born child.
B) let their first-born child get away with more things.
C) give less time and attention to their first-born child.
D) are less responsive to their first-born child.
E) don't believe in discipling their first-born child.

Question 6

Compared to later born children, first born children are generally

A) expected to grow up more slowly.
B) more achievement oriented.
C) less likely to go to college.
D) more likely to rebel.
E) less likely to achieve emminence.

Question 7

Research has indicated all of the following parenting variables contribute to teaching self-regulation EXCEPT

A) the parents' own ability to self-regulate.
B) the degree of self-regulation the parents expects from the child.
C) the parents' level of education.
D) the level of parental monitoring.
E) providing the child with positive models of self-regulation.

Question 8

Which child is most likely to have higher average IQ scores and more achievement orientation?

A) Bob, a twin.
B) Carlos, the youngest child in his family.
C) Janine, a female middle child.
D) Jackson, a male middle child.
E) Annalise, the oldest child in her family.

Question 9

Dunn's research on siblings in England and the United States has shown that

A) parental style is the same for all children in a family.
B) children do not notice differential parental treatment based on age.
C) the more differently parents treat siblings, the more rivalry and hostility between siblings.
D) sibling rivalry and hostility occur in all families where there are same-sex siblings.
E) the child's temperament has no influence on parenting style.

Question 10

Parental emotional warmth does all of the following EXCEPT

A) foster dependence and timidity.
B) increase the potency of things the parents tell their children.
C) increase the efficiency of the parent's discipline.
D) create children who are more skillful with peers.
E) foster a secure attachment to parents.

Question 11

According to systems theory, when any part of the system changes or a new element is added, the system

A) rapidly changes and evolves.
B) will assimilate if it can, but will accommodate if it must.
C) accommodates rapidly while children are young.
D) is extremely unstable and volatile.
E) responds randomly and chaotically.

Question 12

Which of the following would be part of Angelica's exosystem?

A) her part-time job
B) her after school clubs
C) her music lessons
D) her school
E) her mother's workplace

Question 13

Parents who are high in which Big Five personality trait tend to view their children's behavior more negatively?

A) extraversion
B) conscientiousness
C) openness
D) neuroticism
E) agreeableness

Question 14

Who developed the bioecological approach to development?

A) Bandura
B) Bowlby
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Piaget
E) Freud

Question 15

Mr. and Mrs. Miller tend to temperamentally stereotype their infants. This is likely to result in

A) an expectation that their daughter will be more active.
B) pushing their quiet son to be more active.
C) a perception of their son as more emotionally sensitive.
D) tolerating a higher activity level in their daughter.
E) labeling their son as fearful more often than angry.

Question 16

One of the most important influences on the parent-child relationship is

A) the child's IQ.
B) the child's age.
C) the child's gender.
D) the family's socioeconomic level.
E) the father's education level.

Question 17

Researchers have found children's responses to the elements of parenting that contribute to self-regulatory behavior interact with their own "capacity for responding to parenting" genes. In other words, some children are more negatively influenced by poor parenting than other children. These effects of these genes

A) are greater among girls than boys.
B) are greater among boys than girls.
C) are not affected by the sex of the child.
D) vary significantly based on the age of the parents.
E) vary significantly based on the social class of the parents.

Question 18

According to Bronfenbrenner, the ________ includes the larger cultural or subcultural setting in which all the other systems are embedded.

A) exosystem
B) macrosystem
C) mesosystem
D) microsystem
E) endosystem

Question 19

Systems theorists emphasize that, in any system,

A) accommodation predominates over assimilation.
B) the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C) psychological components are more complicated than biological or economic components.
D) full functioning prevents changes in one part from affecting other parts of the system.
E) change is the normal reaction to the need to adapt.

Question 20

Which of the following would be part of Marcus's macrosystem?

A) his African American heritage
B) the high school he attends
C) his job at the local YMCA
D) his parent's profession
E) his parents' friends

Question 21

Parents of children with ADHD

A) make the same attributions for boys and girls.
B) attribute boys' behavioral difficulties to external factors.
C) view girls' behavioral difficulties as intentional.
D) use harsher discipline for girls.
E) are stricter with boys.

Question 22

The consistency of rules and the level of parental expectations are part of parental

A) responsiveness.
B) methods of control.
C) communication patterns.
D) emotional tone.
E) warmth.

Question 23

Research on children in the United States indicates that the effects of spanking include all the following EXCEPT

A) The child may model the parent's behavior by using physical force to get what he or she wants.
B) Children who are spanked show higher academic achievment in high school.
C) The parent is undermining his or her own positive value for the child.
D) Spanking carries a strong underlying negative emotional message.
E) Children who are spanked are more emotionally unstable.

Question 24

All of the following are sex differences in mothers' expectations with respect to school-aged children's self-regulatory behavior EXCEPT

A) they hold boys to a higher standard of accountability.
B) they make different demands on boys and girls.
C) they give more autonomy to boys.
D) they provide boys and girls with the same guidance.
E) they expect boys to fail more often.

Question 25

Which of the following sets of characteristics is typical of children reared in families in which parents consistently make realistically high demands on them?

A) high self-esteem, more altruism, and low levels of aggression
B) high self-esteem, less altruism, and a high level of anxiety
C) high self-esteem, strong leadership qualities, and a high level of aggression
D) high self-esteem, strong leadership qualities, and academic problems
E) high self-esteem, high conformity, and high anxiety

Question 26

Couples with satisfying marital relationships are more warm and supportive to toward their children; those with discordant relationships also have more negative relationships with their children. These results are

A) true for mothers but not for fathers.
B) true for fathers but not for mothers.
C) equally true for fathers and mothers.
D) true for both parents, but mother's relationships with their children are more affected.
E) true for both parents, but father's relationships with their children are more affected.

Question 27

Mark and Jane have a six-month-old son. Most of the time they pick him up right away when he cries, and if you watched them with the baby, you'd see that if he smiles, they immediately smile back. Now that he's babbling a bit, they also "talk back" to him when he makes noises. Psychologists who study family interactions would describe Mark and Jane's behavior as ________.

A) anxious.
B) sympathetic.
C) responsive.
D) thoughtful.
E) overstimulating.

Question 28

Parents high in warmth do all of the following EXCEPT

A) express affection.
B) put the child's needs first.
C) respond sensitively to the child's activities.
D) show enthusiasm for the child's activities.
E) give the child everything he or she wants.

Question 29

Depressed parents are more likely to perceive their children as more

A) dependent and helpless.
B) mature and capable.
C) immature and passive.
D) difficult and problematic.
E) immature and difficult.

Question 30

According to Baumrind, the dimension of parenting associated with the amount of responsiveness and warmth the parent shows the child is known as

A) maturity demands.
B) nurturance.
C) control.
D) communication.
E) authority.

Question 31

Kurdek and Fine found that greater parental control of junior high school students led to

A) higher levels of rebellion.
B) greater psychological competence.
C) excessively timid children.
D) resentment and anger.
E) lower grades in school.

Question 32

Because spanking usually temporarily stops the child's bad behavior

A) the child does not read any anger, rejection, or irritation from the parent administering the spanking.
B) the parent is negatively reinforced for spanking.
C) the child will not engage in the bad behavior again.
D) it is most effective when paired with high, intense, negative emotions.
E) the child will not attempt to model the parent's behavior.

Question 33

Research on effective punishment has shown which combination of factors to be most effective in changing a child's behavior over the long-term with the least negative side effects?

A) early intervention, low emotional level, mild punishment
B) early intervention, high emotional level, mild punishment
C) late intervention, high emotional level, strong punishment
D) late intervention, low emotional level, mild punishment
E) early intervention, high emotional level, strong punishment

Question 34

Mark and Carlotta make sure their children understand the rules of behavior and rarely make any exceptions to these rules. We would expect that their children will be

A) defiant.
B) noncompliant.
C) self-confident.
D) delinquent.
E) "little robots."

Question 35

Depressed parents perceive their children as more difficult and problematic and are more critical of them,

A) but their parenting styles remain consistent with what they were before the depression began.
B) even when objective observers cannot identify any difference in the behavior of such children and the children of nondepressed mothers.
C) but it is difficult to determine if the children have contributed to their parents' depression or if the parents' depression has led to the behavior problems.
D) although neither their depression nor their perception of their children has an effect on the family system as a whole.
E) and their perceptions remain even after treatment has eliminated the depression.

Question 36

A child is far more likely to become aggressive or delinquent later in childhood, to be a substance abuser in adolescence and adulthood, to attempt suicide, to have emotional problems, and to have a lower IQ if he or she is

A) harshly and regularly spanked.
B) permissively reared.
C) authoritatively controlled.
D) negatively reinforced.
E) rarely spanked.

Question 37

One of the long term effects of spanking is that children who are spanked may

A) learn to be less aggressive.
B) value their parents' approval more than most children.
C) interpret the spanking as rejection.
D) become very timid and passive.
E) realize that physical force is counterproductive.

Question 38

Children who grow up in a family that employs open communication display all of the following EXCEPT

A) more satisfaction with their families.
B) higher levels of academic achievement.
C) resentment towards children with families who employ lenient parenting styles.
D) emotional maturity.
E) the ability to adapt in the face of stress or change.

Question 39

Research has shown that parental warmth

A) is not as important as once believed.
B) does not impact children under age 3.
C) leads to higher self-esteem in children.
D) creates children who are less responsive to another's distress.
E) can create children who are very egocentric.

Question 40

Baumrind proposed the following three styles of child rearing:

A) secure, insecure, neglectful
B) praising, punishing, diplomatic
C) conventional, pre-conventional, post-conventional.
D) permissive, authoritarian, authoritative
E) disorganized, permissive, authoritative

Question 41

Parents who are high in control, maturity demands, communication, and nurturance fit Baumrind's classification of

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) indulgent.

Question 42

Kim is still very dependent on her parents and refuses to take responsibility for her actions or her below-average grades in school. Kim's parents are most likely

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) rejecting.

Question 43

Whose proposal of styles of child rearing has been most influential?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Skinner
D) Bandura
E) Baumrind

Question 44

Mr. Chagall demands obedience and maturity from his children. He feels little need to communicate with them beyond telling them what to do and does not feel very close to them. Baumrind would label Mr. Chagall as

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) punishing.

Question 45

Jillian has high self-esteem, is altruistic and achievement oriented, and complies with most parental requests. Her parents are most likely

A) authoritarian.
B) neglecting.
C) permissive.
D) rejecting.
E) authoritative.

Question 46

Which dimension of parenting did Baumrind refer to as control?

A) warmth and nurturance
B) punishment level
C) level of expectations
D) communication
E) clarity and consistency of rules

Question 47

Which parenting type produces the most consistently positive outcomes?

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) rejecting
D) neglecting
E) authoritative

Question 48

Mrs. Mastrovianni is a very nurturant mother and communicates well with her children. They know that she expects them to behave in a mature manner and obey her rules. Mrs. Mastrovianni would fit Baumrind's classification of

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) social cognitive.

Question 49

Isaac's parents are unable to enforce the limits or rules they set. Isaac will likely

A) be less skilled with peers.
B) have higher self-esteem.
C) do very well in school.
D) have good interpersonal skills.
E) be timid and shy.

Question 50

Mrs. Yang's children are emotionally and socially mature for their age. Her communication pattern with her children probably includes

A) clearly telling them what they should do.
B) nodding her head when they say something.
C) saying things in very simplistic terms.
D) allowing them to listen to but not participate in discussions.
E) encouraging their suggestions for decisions.

Question 51

Children who do less well in school, are aggressive and immature, and less independent most likely have parents who are

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) rejecting.
E) permissive.

Question 52

Authoritative parents' approach to discipline is to

A) use no punishment, only reinforcement.
B) use more physical punishment with older children.
C) use milder punishments such as time out.
D) be inconsistent and severe.
E) be unresponsive to communication.

Question 53

Maccoby and Martin added which parenting type to Baumrind's three types?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglecting
D) permissive
E) rejecting

Question 54

Which dimension of parenting did Baumrind describe in terms of maturity demands?

A) warmth
B) level of expectations
C) clarity and consistency of rules
D) communication
E) nurturance

Question 55

All of the following are dimensions of parenting proposed by Baumrind EXCEPT

A) warmth or nurturance.
B) level of expectations.
C) clarity and consistency of rules.
D) communication between parent and child.
E) type and level of punishment.

Question 56

According to Baumrind, the dimension of parenting that refers to the levels of expectations for the child is called

A) communication.
B) nurturance.
C) control.
D) maturity demands.
E) authority.

Question 57

Authoritarian parents are described as all of the following EXCEPT

A) encouraging verbal give-and-take.
B) emphasizing obedience.
C) expecting rules to be followed without explanation.
D) emphasizing respect for authority.
E) highly demanding.

Question 58

High nurturance with low maturity demands, control, and communication are characteristic of the parenting style which Baumrind labeled

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) submissive.

Question 59

Bret has poor grades and frequent problems in school and after school. His parents are most likely

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) consistent.
D) permissive.
E) neglecting.

Question 60

Parents who are highly demanding while being quite unresponsive are

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) rejecting.

Question 61

Mr. and Mrs. Laughern are very nurturing parents, but they make few maturity demands on their children, exercise a low level of control, and do not communicate very much with them. Baumrind would label the Laugherns as

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) rejecting.

Question 62

By 2007, what percent of children in the United States lived in two-parent homes?

A) 4
B) 15
C) 70
D) 80
E) 95

Question 63

Based on Steinberg and Dornbusch's research on high school students, what parental factors are most closely associated with the best grades in their children?

A) working-class status and white ethnic identity
B) involvement with the school and permissive
C) permissive style and middle-class status
D) authoritative style and involvement with the school
E) authoritative but with little time to attend school functions.

Question 64

Approximately what percentage of Asian American families are headed by a single mother?

A) 85
B) 60
C) 50
D) 30
E) 10

Question 65

In 1970, what percent of children in the United States lived in two-parent families?

A) 4
B) 15
C) 52
D) 76
E) 95

Question 66

Steinberg and Dornbusch's research found that the authoritative parenting style was most common in parents who were

A) Asian American.
B) African American.
C) Hispanic American.
D) Native American.
E) Caucasian American.

Question 67

With regards to two-parent families, how does the United States compare to other industrialized nations?

A) Children in the US are much more likely to live in two-parent families.
B) Children in the US are somewhat more likely to live in two-parent families.
C) There is no difference between children in the US and other countries on this variable.
D) Children in the US are somewhat less likely to live in two-parent families.
E) Children in the US are much less likely to live in two-parent families.

Question 68

Oscar scored low on measures of social competence and self-reliance. His parents were most likely

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) neglecting.
E) inconsistent.

Question 69

Cross-ethnic group research has shown that the relationship between authoritative parenting and self-reliance and less delinquency occurs in

A) White families only.
B) Hispanic American, Asian American, and White families only.
C) all ethnic groups studied in the research.
D) Asian American and White families only.
E) African American families only.

Question 70

People from which ethnic groups believe most strongly that a good job is unlikely to follow a bad education?

A) African Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) Caucasian Americans
E) Native Americans

Question 71

At adolescence, youngsters from neglecting families are

A) more achievement oriented.
B) less impulsive.
C) more antisocial.
D) less likely to become delinquent.
E) less sexually active.

Question 72

A "psychologically unavailable" mother is often found when children are rated

A) mentally retarded.
B) insecurely attached.
C) learning disabled.
D) overindulged.
E) independent.

Question 73

Steinberg & Dornbusch found that students who described their parents as most authoritative at the beginning of the study had all of the following EXCEPT

A) better grades.
B) higher self-reliance.
C) fewer indications of psychological distress.
D) higher levels of school misconduct.
E) higher social competence.

Question 74

According to Steinberg and Dornbusch's research, teenagers who had the least optimal scores on measures of problem behavior and school achievement had parents who were

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) inconsistent.
D) permissive.
E) neglecting.

Question 75

According to Steinberg and Dornbusch's study of parenting style and deliquency, children of

A) authoritarian parents had lower rates of delinquency than children of authoritative parents.
B) permissive parents had lower rates of delinquecy than children of authoritarian parents.
C) permissive parents had higher rates of deliquency than children of neglecting parents.
D) authoritative parents had the lowest rates of deliquency.
E) authoritarian parents had the lowest rates of deliquency.

Question 76

Chao's research on Chinese-American parents found that the key concept in parenting for Asian-American parents is

A) training.
B) harmonious relations.
C) concern and caring.
D) need to dominate.
E) obedience.

Question 77

Research by Steinberg and Dornbusch indicated that the lowest score on measures of social competence and self-reliance were made by teenagers whose parents were

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
E) inconsistent.

Question 78

Which of the following child-rearing patterns has been associated with the most consistently negative outcomes for children?

A) permissive
B) neglecting
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian
E) persuasive

Question 79

Because parenting style and good grades are not linked in the same way in all ethnic groups, Steinberg and Dornbusch looked at other aspects of the family. What key element did they suggest to explain these group differences?

A) beliefs about the importance of education for later success
B) intelligence and age of parents
C) size of family
D) religious affiliation of family
E) political values of parents

Question 80

Parents who are high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication are

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) neglecting.
E) rejecting.