Deck 10: Concepts of Self, Gender, and Sex Roles

Question 1

Gender refers to the

A) biological aspects of maleness and femaleness.
B) physiological make-up of females and males.
C) sex chromosomes.
D) psychological aspects of femaleness and maleness.
E) specific XX and XY chromosome patterns.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All of the following are related to the term "sex" EXCEPT

A) the biological aspects of maleness.
B) XX chromosome pattern.
C) the biological aspects of femaleness.
D) sex chromosomes.
E) the psychological aspects of maleness.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Whose theory has been the basis for explanations of the sense of self that emphasize the child's knowledge of and thinking about him/herself?

A) Freud
B) James
C) Lewis
D) Piaget
E) Money

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Around age 2, children

A) begin to be able to express anger and sadness.
B) become increasingly eager for adult approval.
C) have internalized standards and expectations.
D) become autonomous in their self-judgment.
E) regress to a more infantile state.

Question 5

Eduardo has recently learned a variety of social scripts. He is probably how old?

A) six months
B) one year
C) 18 months
D) two years
E) three years

Question 6

Donelle has learned to express anger in words rather than physically. She has learned

A) self schemes.
B) social scripting.
C) inhibitory control.
D) assertiveness.
E) egocentrism.

Question 7

Which theorist emphasized the symbiotic relationship between the mother and the young infant?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) James
E) Money

Question 8

Piaget and Freud both assumed that

A) life begins with no sense of separateness.
B) there is a symbiotic relationship between mother and infant.
C) object permanence determines self-concept.
D) everyone has a subjective self.
E) a sense of self is present at birth.

Question 9

During the first year of her life, Lara will develop a sense of herself as a(n)

A) object.
B) agent.
C) infant.
D) subject.
E) moral being.

Question 10

Research by Michael Lewis indicates that by ________ months of age, three-quarters of children tested touch their noses in the spot-of-rouge mirror test.

A) 9 to 12
B) 12 to 14
C) 16
D) 21
E) 24

Question 11

Bandura stated that the roots of ________ develop in the first year.

A) self-image
B) self-control
C) self-concept
D) self-efficacy
E) self-regulation

Question 12

Which of the following emotions requires the child to be aware of some standard of conduct?

A) love
B) pride
C) sorrow
D) fear
E) anger

Question 13

Alphonso describes himself as easy going and friendly; Maria describes herself as shy. According to James, they are both describing their

A) emotional self.
B) identity.
C) objective self.
D) subjective self.
E) ego.

Question 14

Gender, size, a name, and qualities such as shyness are all properties of

A) the me-self.
B) objectivity.
C) self-awareness.
D) subjectivity.
E) the ego.

Question 15

Four-year-old Hanna is likely to describe herself as all of the following EXCEPT

A) tall.
B) a girl.
C) a resident of her town.
D) a good runner.
E) a good person.

Question 16

According to Piaget, the understanding of ________ is a critical element in the development of the subjective self.

A) self-efficacy
B) telegraphic speech
C) the Oedipus conflict
D) object permanence
E) assimilation

Question 17

Preschooler Katya and her friends play games in which they each take a particular role. This indicates that the children are learning

A) social scripts.
B) self-descriptions.
C) egocentrism.
D) inhibitory control.
E) assimilation.

Question 18

When Adrianne talks about her existence as a person separate from others, she is referring to her

A) persona.
B) objective self.
C) subjective self.
D) ego.
E) animus.

Question 19

Dr. McGee is working with infants. She puts a spot of rouge on a baby's nose and records the baby's reaction when she looks in a mirror. Dr. McGee is assessing the infant's

A) self-awareness.
B) artistic ability.
C) visual acuity.
D) motor development.
E) social skills.

Question 20

When Angie describes herself as coordinated but very shy, she is defining her

A) fused self.
B) subjective self.
C) concrete self.
D) objective self.
E) ego self.

Question 21

Which of the following boys would be most likely to describe himself as curious, liberal, and ambitious?

A) Andy, who is age 17
B) Cory, who is age 12
C) Lester, who is age 9
D) Enrico, who is age 7
E) Karl, who is age 5

Question 22

When six-year-old Walter tells his grandparents that he is the smartest kid in his class, his statement is probably based on

A) what his parents have told him.
B) a careful assessment of the other children.
C) no concrete evidence.
D) what his teacher has told him.
E) his test scores.

Question 23

The growing ability to inhibit a response is the development of inhibitory or

A) response control.
B) internal control.
C) preventative control.
D) emotion control.
E) impulse control.

Question 24

Erikson refers to adolescence as a period when the mind is

A) preoccupied with a symbiotic relationship with the mother.
B) in a moratorium between childhood and adulthood.
C) a form of categorical self.
D) in a period of upheaval and distress.
E) in a period of rapid development.

Question 25

During adolescence, self-definition becomes more

A) physical.
B) global.
C) abstract.
D) specific.
E) concrete.

Question 26

Ten-year-old Jennie's self-definition is likely to

A) be in concrete terms.
B) include comparisons with others.
C) be very specific.
D) reflect instability.
E) focus only on physical traits.

Question 27

Raoul describes himself as follows: "I have brown eyes. I love sports! I have lots of friends. I play hockey. I'm almost the smartest boy in the class." How old is he?

A) age 3
B) age 6
C) age 9
D) age 12
E) age 15

Question 28

According to Erikson, the positive outcome of adolescence is

A) trust.
B) autonomy.
C) initiative.
D) industry.
E) identity.

Question 29

Sarah always thought she wanted to be like her mother and stay home and rear her kids. But when she got to college, she was fascinated by her anthropology courses and now thinks she might want to go to graduate school. She has to figure out what she should do next. On the basis of this information, her identity status in Marcia's system would be

A) identity achievement.
B) moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) identity diffusion.
E) role confusion.

Question 30

All of the following are true of the "social smile" EXCEPT

A) it begins as early as 3 years of age.
B) it does not necessarily reflect how the child feels.
C) it is part of emotion regulation.
D) it is the same as the natural smile.
E) it is a selfish response.

Question 31

In the Erikson/Marcia framework, a person who is in the midst of reexamining his or her values and choices, but who has not yet decided on some specific role or some particular ideology, is in the status of

A) achievement.
B) moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) diffusion.
E) confusion.

Question 32

All of the following are accurate findings of research on emotion regulation in children EXCEPT

A) self-control in early childhood is related to the ability to obey moral rules.
B) skill in controlling negative emotions decreases behavior problems during the school years.
C) children with poor control over negative emotions tend to be popular with their peers.
D) emotional regulation skills are important for children with high levels of anger proneness.
E) control must shift from parent to child.

Question 33

In high school, Alegra believes she has high academic ability and is in control of her academic performance. Alegra is likely to

A) perform better at an all-girls school.
B) play down this fact when describing herself because of her gender.
C) become bored and get into trouble more often.
D) select courses in which she believes she has the greatest ability.
E) select courses in her perceived areas of weakness to challenge herself.

Question 34

Nearly all the current work on the formation of adolescent identity has been based on the work of

A) Erikson.
B) Freud.
C) Marcia.
D) Piaget.
E) Bandura.

Question 35

Because children's self-judgments mature over the years, what are teachers able to do for the first time by junior high school?

A) emphasize effort and attitude
B) compare children to fixed standards and national norms
C) emphasize work habits and organizational skills
D) compare children to each other
E) give short answer tests

Question 36

As teenagers progress through adolescence, their self-concept becomes more

A) concrete.
B) tied to their physical characteristics.
C) specific.
D) differentiated.
E) negative.

Question 37

Rosenthal's studies show that teachers' beliefs

A) have no effect on a student's ability.
B) are the result of a child's self-definition.
C) have no impact on adolescents.
D) support Piaget's theory.
E) have a small but significant impact.

Question 38

Compared to 6-year-olds, the 10-year-old child's self-concept has become

A) less focused on external features.
B) less complex.
C) less comparative.
D) less focused on feelings.
E) less focused on ideas.

Question 39

All of the following are related to self-control problems in early childhood EXCEPT

A) adoption in infancy.
B) difficult behavior from infancy on.
C) premature birth.
D) delayed language development.
E) temperament.

Question 40

Maggie describes herself as follows. "I'm a human being, a girl, and a truthful person. I try to be helpful." How old is she likely to be?

A) three
B) six
C) nine
D) twelve
E) fifteen

Question 41

Recent evidence indicates that the quest for personal identity

A) is complete by age 20.
B) is complete by age 25.
C) is completed earlier by boys than by girls.
D) is completed earlier by Caucasians than by African Americans.
E) continues throughout the lifespan.

Question 42

According to Marcia's conception of identity status, a person with identity achievement

A) is in a crisis, and has not made a commitment.
B) has not experienced a crisis but has made a commitment.
C) has not experienced a crisis and has not made a commitment.
D) is in a crisis but has made a commitment.
E) has experienced a crisis and made a commitment.

Question 43

Maria's family is from Puerto Rico with a strong Latino heritage. She has adopted aspects of both Latino and White middle class cultures. Maria has a home grown identity that Phinney calls

A) foreclosure.
B) blended bicultural.
C) stereotypical.
D) diffused.
E) blended achievement.

Question 44

Jorge, the son of a physician, is a second-year medical student, a Catholic, and a moderate in politics, just like his father and his grandfather expected him to be. On the basis of this information, his identity status in Marcia's system would probably be

A) identity achievement.
B) moratorium.
C) foreclosure.
D) identity diffusion.
E) role confusion.

Question 45

Developmentalists think that it is possible that virtual environments such as Whyville.net might serve as _________________ for "tweens."

A) an identity crisis.
B) a dangerous distraction.
C) a cultural melting pot.
D) an preferable alternative to real environments.
E) identity playgrounds.

Question 46

Phinney's second stage of ethnic identity search is parallel to Marcia's concept of

A) foreclosure.
B) commitment.
C) moratorium.
D) crisis.
E) diffusion.

Question 47

Waterman's analysis of the research on identity formation shows that

A) the moratorium status is common, except in the early years of college.
B) less than ten percent of young people experience the foreclosure status.
C) identity achievement occurs most typically at college age.
D) the identity crisis occurs somewhat earlier than Erikson originally proposed.
E) the identity crisis is a lengthy process.

Question 48

Research on identity formation indicates all of the following EXCEPT

A) the process occurs earlier in life than Erikson and Marcia predicted.
B) cognitive development is strongly related to identity formation.
C) teens advanced in logical thinking are most likely to attain identity achievement.
D) the quest for personal identity continues throughout the lifespan.
E) males and females experience the identity crisis differently.

Question 49

Elana has spent several years questioning her original beliefs and goals. Now she has decided what career and lifestyle are right for her. Elana has reached

A) identity diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) moratorium.
D) role confusion.
E) identity achievement.

Question 50

Racial identity will be strongly related to higher self-esteem and better psychological adjustment for all of the following adolescents EXCEPT

A) Louie, who is Caucasian American.
B) Theresa, who is Mexican American.
C) Su Lin, who is Asian American.
D) Carlos, who is Mexican American.
E) Randell, who is African American.

Question 51

Adolescents in Western societies may confront an identity crisis because they

A) are rushed too quickly into adult status.
B) adopt the same roles as their parents.
C) have to go through initiation rites.
D) face a bewildering array of options.
E) are not encouraged to make a decision.

Question 52

DeShawn is African American. As he nears adolescence, he is most likely to

A) prefer his subgroup over the majority culture.
B) reject his own ethnic group.
C) develop an identity very early.
D) commit to the values of the majority culture.
E) develop identity diffusion.

Question 53

Mrs. Morganstern's children will have a bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah, which are a form of initiation ritual for adolescents who are

A) Christian.
B) Latino.
C) Jewish.
D) Asian.
E) African American.

Question 54

Which of the following teens is most likely to choose friends with the same racial identity status?

A) Louie, who is Caucasian American
B) Theresa, who is Mexican American
C) Su Lin, who is Asian American
D) Carlos, who is Mexican American
E) Randell, who is African American

Question 55

Parents from which country would be least likely to expect to experience conflicts with their adolescent?

A) U.S.A.
B) Germany
C) England
D) Japan
E) France

Question 56

Into which status would Marcia place a person who is not in a crisis, and has not made a commitment?

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) identity diffusion
E) role confusion

Question 57

According to Waterman's analysis of research on the age at which people might go through an identity crisis, the most common time to attain identity achievement is during the

A) late grade school years.
B) junior high school years.
C) high school years.
D) college years.
E) post-college years.

Question 58

When asked by researchers to explain the characteristics and clothing they chose for their avatars in virtual environments, "tweens" reported all of the following EXCEPT

A) to gain the approval or their parents or other authority figures.
B) for aesthetic or artistic reasons.
C) to disguise their real identities.
D) to make the avatar look like their real selves.
E) to conform to or rebel against current trends.

Question 59

Research on identity statuses indicates that adolescents who are most advanced in the development of logical thinking and other information processing skills are most likely to have attained

A) identity achievement.
B) foreclosure.
C) identity diffusion.
D) moratorium.
E) role confusion.

Question 60

Into which status would Marcia place a person who has decided on some specific role or some particular ideology, but not reassessed his/her old positions?

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) identity diffusion
E) role confusion

Question 61

The correlation between self-esteem scores obtained a few months apart is about

A) .85
B) .70
C) .60
D) .40
E) .35

Question 62

What is the term for a global judgment of self worth?

A) self-love
B) social referencing
C) self-concept
D) self-esteem
E) identity achievement

Question 63

Sex roles are

A) behaviors appropriate for one's sex.
B) not apparent in children until after puberty.
C) only applicable to adults.
D) strictly physical.
E) the same as gender concepts.

Question 64

All of the following impact a child's self-esteem EXCEPT

A) the child's direct experience with success and failure.
B) the standards of the peer group.
C) parents' attitudes and values.
D) emphasis placed on performance by parents.
E) the age of the child.

Question 65

North American and European parents tend to view adolescent conflict as efforts to demonstrate

A) aggressiveness.
B) dominance.
C) independence.
D) submissiveness.
E) obedience.

Question 66

The order of development of the components of the gender concept is

A) stability, identity, constancy.
B) stability, constancy, identity.
C) identity, stability, constancy.
D) identity, constancy, stability.
E) constancy, identity, stability.

Question 67

Gender stability is

A) the recognition that one stays the same gender even though he may change clothes or hairstyle.
B) a child's ability to label his own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women, boys or girls.
C) the understanding that people stay the same gender throughout life.
D) the same thing as gender constancy.
E) the knowledge of cultural expectations for males and females.

Question 68

Which of the following children would be at the greatest risk for low self-esteem?

A) Archie, who is intelligent but weak and uncoordinated, and loves to play chess
B) Kelly, who does not do too well in many of the things she tries but has a lot of social support
C) Latisha, who is a talented musician and intends to pursue a career in music over her parents' objections
D) Willie, who is not athletic and has parents who value sports participation highly
E) Aisha, who is pleased with her sports performance

Question 69

Seidman's research on self-esteem revealed a significant drop in average self esteem

A) in the preschool years.
B) in minority group adolescents but not Caucasian adolescents.
C) in African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans during childhood.
D) between the last year of elementary school and the first year in junior high.
E) in eighth grade girls but not boys.

Question 70

A child's or adult's behavior is said to be ________ when it matches culturally defined gender-role expectations for his or her own gender.

A) sex-role stereotyped
B) gender stereotyped
C) sex-typed
D) gender constant
E) gender stable

Question 71

Harter argues that each child's level of ________ is a product of two internal assessments or judgments: the degree of discrepancy between what s/he would like to do and what s/he is, and the overall sense of support the child feels from the important people around him/her.

A) self-esteem
B) homegrown stereotypes
C) reciprocal trust
D) friendship
E) social skills

Question 72

When a child understands that boyness or girlness is permanent, she has acquired

A) sex-role identity.
B) gender-role identity.
C) sex-typing.
D) the gender concept.
E) the sex concept.

Question 73

Children begin to show preferences for playmates of the same sex by what age?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months
E) 30 months

Question 74

To a series of questions on her gender, your child answers that she is a girl, that wearing a tie would make her a boy, and that she is certainly going to grow up to be a woman. You can conclude that she has achieved

A) gender stability, but not identity and constancy.
B) gender stability and identity, but not constancy.
C) gender stability, identity, and constancy.
D) gender identity, but not stability and constancy.
E) gender constancy but not identity and stability.

Question 75

As an Asian American teen, Sue Lee will

A) have an easy time achieving an independent identity.
B) be encouraged by her parents to be independent.
C) assume a foreclosed identity.
D) experience some familial obligations.
E) separate from her parents at an early age.

Question 76

Olga regularly plays with dolls and rarely chooses to play with tools or trucks. She is exhibiting which type of behavior?

A) sex constant
B) sex-typed
C) gender constant
D) gender secure
E) role neutral

Question 77

As children age, their evaluations of their own abilities

A) become increasingly differentiated.
B) become more positive.
C) become less realistic.
D) become based less on experience and more on hopes and dreams.
E) is the same for both boys and girls.

Question 78

At what age do babies began to treat male and female faces differently?

A) 3-6 months
B) 6-9 months
C) 9-12 months
D) 12-15 months
E) 15-18 months

Question 79

Parents from cultures that emphasize community view adolescent conflict as

A) independence.
B) immaturity.
C) assertiveness.
D) aggression.
E) delinquency

Question 80

Research on African American rites of passage programs indicates that by the end of a year participants

A) showed little improvement in school behavior.
B) exhibited more antisocial behavior.
C) had a greater knowledge of mainstream American culture.
D) rejected African culture.
E) exhibited higher self-esteem.