Deck 23: Nutrition,metabolism,and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

In the liver,the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as _ in the oxidative state.

A)oxaloacetic acid
B)pyruvic acid
C)glyceraldehyde
D)ammonia

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts,it usually indicates increased metabolism of .

A)lactic acid
B)amino acids
C)fatty acids
D)glycogen

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the .

A)period when the metabolic rate is lowest
B)absorptive state
C)starvation period
D)postabsorptive state

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The term metabolic rate reflects the .

A)energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
B)loss of energy to perspiration
C)loss of organic molecules in urine
D)energy needed to make all organic molecules

Question 5

In gluconeogenesis,during the postabsorptive state,amino acids and _ are converted to glucose.

A)glycogen
B)glycerol
C)glyceraldehyde
D)glucagon

Question 6

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?

A)vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
B)sweating
C)shivering
D)enhanced thyroxine release

Question 7

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

A)electron transport
B)glycolysis
C)formation of malic acid from fumaric acid
D)Krebs cycle

Question 8

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include .

A)ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea
B)adequate essential amino acids
C)excessive amounts of protein in the diet
D)adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation

Question 9

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?

A)glycogenesis
B)amino acid synthesis
C)conversion to a nucleic acid
D)lipogenesis
E)ATP production

Question 10

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state,only the continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

A)pancreas
B)spleen
C)brain
D)liver

Question 11

The amount of produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

A)thyroxine
B)norepinephrine
C)prolactin
D)ADH

Question 12

The most abundant dietary lipids are .

A)fatty acids
B)triglycerides
C)cholesterol
D)phospholipids

Question 13

The term metabolism is best defined as .

A)biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
B)the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
C)a measure of carbohydrate utilization,typically involving measurement of calories
D)the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats

Question 14

Oxidative deamination takes place in the .

A)kidneys
B)liver
C)blood
D)muscles

Question 15

Oxidation- reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes?

A)synthetases and lipases
B)kinases and phosphorylases
C)dehydrogenases and oxidases
D)phosphatases and kinases

Question 16

Dietary fats are important because they .

A)help prevent the common cold
B)keep blood pressure normal
C)help the body absorb fat- soluble vitamins
D)contribute significantly to the health of the skin

Question 17

Cholesterol,though it is not an energy molecule,has importance in the body because it .

A)helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
B)helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
C)is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
D)enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

Question 18

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

A)lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver
B)absorption of glucose from the GI tract
C)catabolism of cellular protein
D)glycogenolysis in the liver

Question 19

In the case of a person who consumes a normal,balanced diet,proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except .

A)formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes
B)production of some hormones
C)production of energy
D)production of enzymes,clotting factors,and antibodies

Question 20

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?

A)eggs,milk,yogurt,meat,and fish
B)lima beans,kidney beans,nuts,and cereals
C)egg yolk,fish roe,and grains
D)corn,cottonseed oil,soy oil,and wheat germ

Question 21

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A)glycogenesis,lipogenesis,electron transport chain
B)lipolysis,glycogenolysis,beta oxidation
C)glycolysis,Krebs cycle,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation
D)gluconeogenesis,Krebs cycle,lipolysis

Question 22

The primary function of cellular respiration is to .

A)break down food molecules and generate ATP
B)determine the amount of heat needed by the human body
C)provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
D)efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body

Question 23

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the .

A)conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
B)conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
C)formation of sugar
D)conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

A)derived from meat and fish only
B)must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
C)derived only from legumes and other plant material
D)meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet

Question 25

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is .

A)glucose
B)cellulose
C)fat
D)acetyl CoA

Question 26

Anabolism includes reactions in which .

A)structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
B)carbohydrate utilization increases
C)ketone bodies are formed
D)larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Question 27

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

A)Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate.
B)Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such,whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.
C)Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy.
D)The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.

Question 28

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity,produces motion,or does work?

A)phosphorylation
B)cellular respiration
C)glycolysis
D)beta oxidation

Question 29

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because .

A)all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
B)most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
C)very few foods contain vitamins
D)vitamins provide protection against the common cold

Question 30

Which of the following is correct?

A)Most of the ATP are produced by substrate- level phosphorylation.
B)Glycolysis relies on substrate- level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway.
C)Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
D)Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.

Question 31

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which .

A)glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
B)glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
C)glycogen is broken down to release glucose
D)glycogen is formed

Question 32

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level,the person may .

A)exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels
B)pant
C)shiver
D)perspire heavily

Question 33

Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation?

A)It involves the anabolism of fats.
B)It occurs in the mitochondrion.
C)Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.
D)Every second carbon is reduced.

Question 34

Which of the following is the most important function of the liver?

A)synthesis of bile salts
B)protein metabolism
C)processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D
D)carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Question 35

Which of the following is not a function of LDLs?

A)make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis
B)influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
C)regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
D)transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

Question 36

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange?

A)radiation
B)shivering
C)conduction/convection
D)evaporation

Question 37

Select the correct statement about proteins.

A)Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
B)Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.
C)Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake,as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
D)Catabolic steroids hormones)accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

Question 38

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

A)It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.
B)It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.
C)Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
D)A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.

Question 39

Many factors influence BMR.What is the most critical factor?

A)the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen
B)the ratio of surface area to volume weight)of the body
C)the way an individual metabolizes fat
D)an individual's body weight

Question 40

Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads?

A)ATP,pyruvic acid,lactic acid
B)glucose- 6- phosphate,pyruvic acid,acetyl CoA
C)glucose- 6- phosphate,lactic acid,acetyl CoA
D)acetone,beta- hydroxybutyric acid,ATP

Question 41

The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid molecules is called _.

Question 42

Hypervitaminosis may have serious consequences.Which vitamin group,water or fat soluble,is most likely to be involved in such cases and why?

Question 43

Heat- loss mechanisms do not include .

A)reducing activity
B)the evaporation of sweat
C)vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
D)behavior measures such as wearing light,loose clothing

Question 44

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

A)vitamins and minerals
B)foods and beverages high in caffeine
C)proteins
D)fats

Question 45

Define nitrogen balance.List three factors that might lead to negative nitrogen balance and three that might result in positive nitrogen balance.

Question 46

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat- promoting center?

A)vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
B)release of epinephrine
C)sympathetic sweat gland activation
D)increase in ADH production

Question 47

Which nutritional state constitutes the period during and shortly after eating when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream from the GI tract?

Question 48

When proteins undergo deamination,the waste substance found in the urine is mostly .

A)ammonia
B)acetyl CoA
C)ketone bodies
D)urea

Question 49

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as .

A)lipogenesis
B)fat utilization
C)lipolysis
D)gluconeogenesis

Question 50

In the Krebs cycle,citric acid is followed by acid.

Question 51

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is .

A)converted to ammonia
B)transferred to acetyl CoA
C)converted to urea
D)transferred to a keto acid

Question 52

Glucose can be obtained from .

A)lipogenesis
B)triglyceride anabolism
C)glycogenolysis
D)protein anabolism

Question 53

What is the significance of the fact that monosaccharides are phosphorylated immediately upon entry into cells?

Question 54

Catabolism would be best described as a process that .

A)causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
B)breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
C)elevates glucagon levels
D)builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state

Question 55

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A)epinephrine
B)insulin
C)growth hormone
D)thyroid hormone

Question 56

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A)No metabolism occurs.
B)Only glucose metabolism occurs.
C)Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
D)Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

Question 57

Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed .

A)evaporation
B)convection
C)conduction
D)radiation

Question 58

___________is controlled hyperthermia.

Question 59

Define amino acid pool and explain how the pool is maintained even though we excrete amino acids daily.

Question 60

What is the outcome of ketosis?

A)glucogenesis
B)glycogen buildup
C)water retention and edema
D)metabolic acidosis
E)metabolic alkalosis

Question 61

How is the postabsorptive state controlled and initiated?

Question 62

The enzymes that catalyze oxidation- reduction reactions by removing hydrogen are specifically called .

Question 63

Fat burning causes an accumulation of acetyl CoA,which the liver converts to .

Question 64

Explain what happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in sufficient quantities to support the electron transport system.

Question 65

What is obesity,and what health problems accompany or follow its onset?

Question 66

The Krebs cycle produces ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate- level phosphorylation.