Deck 5: Health-Compromising Behaviours

Question 1

Psychoactive substances

A) impact cognitive and affective processes and alter the way a person behaves when ingested.
B) include soda.
C) do not include alcohol.
D) include antibiotics.
E) do not include illicit drugs.

Answer 1

impact cognitive and affective processes and alter the way a person behaves when ingested.

Question 2

Which of the following individuals would be MOST at risk for developing alcoholism?

A) George, whose fraternal twin, Sam, is an alcoholic
B) Adam, whose father, Ben, is an alcoholic
C) Linda, whose adoptive mother, Gail, is an alcoholic
D) Shirley, whose identical twin, Fran, is an alcoholic
E) Sheila, whose mother, Sally, is a problem drinker

Answer 2

Adam, whose father, Ben, is an alcoholic

Question 3

Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for health compromising behaviours.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Since he stopped smoking last week, John complains about fighting the urge for a cigarette, especially when he is around other smokers. This is an example of

A) addiction.
B) withdrawal.
C) tolerance.
D) craving.
E) aversion.

Question 5

Many successful treatment programs have attempted to provide alcoholics with

A) assertiveness training.
B) relaxation, assertiveness, and social skills training.
C) aerobics
D) relaxation training.
E) social skills training.

Question 6

Compared to persons with more long-term drinking problems, people who become problem drinkers in late middle age are

A) less likely to be successfully treated.
B) more likely to have a higher tolerance for alcohol.
C) more likely to use problem drinking as a coping method for managing stress.
D) less likely to control their drinking on their own.
E) more likely to develop lung cancer.

Question 7

Who is more likely to use prescription drugs without medical supervision?

A) Tara, an A-grader
B) Lisa, who has several tattoos on her body
C) Elle, who drinks a lot of tea
D) Dora, who is a daily smoker
E) Jim, a basketball champion

Question 8

The philosophy of is a commitment to the concept of self-help.

A) Addicts Anonymous
B) Gamblers Anonymous
C) Artists are Us
D) Alcoholics Anonymous
E) Automobile Accidents Anonymous

Question 9

Broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioural therapy of alcohol abuse includes

A) increasing the reinforcement associated with alcohol.
B) teaching new behaviours consistent with alcohol abuse.
C) introducing reinforcement for activities that involve alcohol.
D) medication only.
E) treating the biological and environmental factors involved simultaneously.

Question 10

Individuals who experience are more likely to become problem drinkers than those without these risk factors.

A) high achievement
B) enhanced social support
C) high job autonomy
D) positive life events
E) chronic stressors

Question 11

According to a recent international study on substance abuse in industrialized countries by the United Nations, Canada is one of the world leaders in

A) marijuana use.
B) treatment programs for alcohol abuse.
C) binge drinking.
D) injection drug use.
E) cocaine use.

Question 12

Alcohol abuse and smoking share a window of vulnerability in

A) old age.
B) stressful times.
C) young adulthood.
D) middle age.
E) adolescence.

Question 13

Psychological and social rewards associated with drinking include reduced anxiety and depression.

Question 14

Harm reduction focuses on completely eliminating substance use.

Question 15

Anna consumed alcohol during her pregnancy, and Anna's baby was born with some facial deformities, developmental disabilities, and mental health issues. The baby has ________.

A) cerebral palsy
B) fetal alcohol syndrome
C) autism spectrum disorder
D) Down's syndrome
E) sickle-cell anemia

Question 16

Research supports the idea that most alcoholics eventually receive some form of inpatient or outpatient treatment.

Question 17

Many health compromising behaviours are more common in individuals from higher social classes.

Question 18

Naltrexone, a medication, is used to

A) modify the action of GABA, a neurotransmitter.
B) prevent relapse among individuals experiencing alcohol use disorder.
C) trick the brain into thinking that it is consuming alcohol when mixed with water.
D) prevent alcoholics from drinking by causing the body to negatively react to alcohol.
E) give alcohol a foul taste.

Question 19

There are four main classes of illicit drugs.

Question 20

According to the DSM-5, substance use disorders arise when an individual experiences ________ from using a substance repeatedly.

A) functional impairment
B) social impairment
C) physical disabilities
D) cognitive decline
E) hallucinations

Question 21

Following the publication of the Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964 in Canada,

A) smoking in all groups has continued to increase.
B) smoking has not been affected by the Surgeon General's report.
C) smoking among older people was relatively unaffected, but the percentage of teenage smokers has declined.
D) smoking in all groups has continued to increase, but the rate of increase has slowed.
E) men's smoking has declined, but women's has remained stable.

Question 22

Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with

A) increased risk from coronary artery disease.
B) elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC).
C) elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC).
D) increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
E) increased cancer risk.

Question 23

Smoking among adolescents is

A) likely to occur in relation to drinking behaviour.
B) likely to occur in the presence of peers.
C) an effort to maintain a positive mood.
D) unrelated to individual differences in personality.
E) independent of other health-compromising behaviours.

Question 24

The use of transdermal nicotine patches

A) was the first tool used for smoke cessation.
B) is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk than is smoking.
C) produces a sharper rise in nicotine level than does cigarette smoking.
D) produces significant smoking cessation.
E) does not produce significant gains in smoking cessation.

Question 25

Trying cigarettes makes a person significantly more likely to use other drugs in the future.

Question 26

Surveys of alcohol treatment programs suggest that programs are most successful when participants remain in treatment for

A) at least four months.
B) one to two weeks.
C) six to eight weeks.
D) two to three months.
E) 28 days.

Question 27

As many as drinking.
Of Canadian undergraduate university students engage in harmful

A) 32%
B) 10%
C) 2%
D) 16%
E) 22%

Question 28

Smokers have more accidents and injuries at work.

Question 29

Nicotine alters levels of active neuroregulators, which

A) lowers memory.
B) makes the person depressed.
C) reduces concentration.
D) increases anxiety and tension.
E) improves psychomotor performance.

Question 30

Evaluations of the effect of mass media anti-smoking messages suggest that they

A) provide information about health habits and discouraging youth and adult non-smokers from beginning to smoke.
B) provide information about health habits to the general population but have little effect on anyone's behaviour.
C) provide information about health habits and discouraging youth from beginning to smoke.
D) provide information about health habits and discourage adult non-smokers from beginning to smoke.
E) provide information to smokers about health habits but have little effect on attitudes about smoking.

Question 31

For Aboriginal peoples, leaving the community for a residential addictions facility can

A) increase the chance of healing alcoholism and problem drinking.
B) decrease the chance of relapse.
C) increase the chance of alcoholism and problem drinking.
D) increase risky sexual behaviours.
E) reduce community triggers for problem drinking.

Question 32

Fiissel and Lafreniere (2006) suggested that women who report that they smoke to control their appetite and weight

A) internalized the prescribed cultural standards of thinness.
B) have a family history of eating disorders.
C) are overweight or obese.
D) have eating disorders.
E) are more likely to come from single parent households.

Question 33

is/are the single greatest cause of preventable death.

A) Obesity
B) Risky sexual behaviours
C) Smoking
D) Alcoholism
E) Vehicular accidents

Question 34

The two "windows of opportunity" for beginning smoking are

A) high school and the ages 23-28.
B) late elementary school and beginning university.
C) there is only one window of opportunity.
D) high school and beginning university.
E) late elementary and high school.

Question 35

In Canada, approximately deaths per year are related to smoking.

A) 25,000
B) 50,000
C) 10,000
D) 45,000
E) 65,000

Question 36

With increased media attention on the problem of drunk driving, drinkers seem to be ________.

A) not getting taxis
B) not limiting drinks to a prescribed number
C) delaying or avoiding driving after consuming alcohol
D) not arranging for a designated driver
E) not taking public transportation

Question 37

"Experimental smokers"

A) is a term used to describe usually light smokers.
B) are more likely to eat while consuming cigarettes.
C) are declining in number.
D) are individuals who consume more than 20 cigarettes a day.
E) do not have the same risk factors as other smokers.

Question 38

Adolescents are more likely to smoke if

A) they have a higher SES.
B) they feel social pressure to smoke.
C) the family is stress-free.
D) they are of an above-average intelligence.
E) their parents do not smoke.

Question 39

Smoking and serum cholesterol interact to produce higher rates of morbidity and mortality by

A) inhibiting the blood's ability to coagulate.
B) increasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) production.
C) increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production.
D) decreasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production.
E) reducing blood oxygen capacity and increasing carbon monoxide levels.

Question 40

In which stage of Prochaska's transtheoretical model of behaviour change would it be most effective to provide smokers information about the adverse health consequences of smoking?

A) preparation
B) action
C) maintenance
D) contemplation
E) precontemplation

Question 41

Passive smoking (second-hand smoke) has been found to be associated with

A) normal blood carbon monoxide levels.
B) elevated skin plasticity.
C) childhood obesity.
D) increased rates of lung cancer.
E) increased pulmonary functioning.

Question 42

Which of the following harm reduction alternatives to smoking provides a promising and safer option to quitting?

A) Nicco-rest patches.
B) E-cigarettes.
C) Nicotine gum.
D) Visual reality.
E) There are no safe alternatives to smoking.

Question 43

Those who quit smoking on their own

A) have strong beliefs in the health benefits of stopping smoking.
B) are more likely to have a socially supportive network that smokes.
C) are more likely to be women.
D) have high levels of self-control that is related to low relapse rates.
E) appear to be more successful in maintaining abstinence than participants in smoking cessation programs.

Question 44

Anorexia nervosa

A) has a purely environmental etiology.
B) is characterized by reduced interest in food and restricted physical activity.
C) is characterized by the binge-and-purge syndrome.
D) is caused by amenorrhea.
E) is characterized by dieting and exercising that results in weight loss that is significantly below optimal levels.

Question 45

Anorexia nervosa is classified as an obsessive disorder.

Question 46

Programs that provide materials to smokers so that they can quit on their own

A) have been found to have high long-term relapse rates.
B) are too haphazard in nature to be successful.
C) have the same impact as cognitive-behavioural interventions but are not as cost effective.
D) have been found to have higher initial quit rates than cognitive-behavioural interventions.
E) have been found to be as successful as cognitive-behavioural interventions in terms of long-term maintenance.

Question 47

Initial therapy for anorexia is focused on weight gain and usually uses a ________ approach.

A) person-centered
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) family therapy
E) behavioural

Question 48

The best predictor of long-term abstinence among smokers is

A) self-efficacy.
B) environmental support.
C) social support.
D) remaining vigilant about not smoking.
E) strength of intention to quit.

Question 49

Anorexia nervosa is correlated with

A) stress.
B) amenorrhea.
C) alcoholism.
D) obsession.
E) perfectionism.

Question 50

Ex-smokers are more likely to be successful over the short term if they have

A) smoking supportive friends.
B) non-smoking supportive friends.
C) a supportive partner and non-smoking supportive friends.
D) a regular exercise routine.
E) a supportive partner.

Question 51

In bulimia, the individual

A) eats a lot.
B) passes through cycles of binge eating and purging the eaten food.
C) purges the last meal of the day.
D) eats very little.
E) avoids food altogether.

Question 52

A popular new method for reducing smoking is referred to as

A) nicco-resting.
B) vaping.
C) yap patching.
D) e-niccorettes.
E) halo smoking.

Question 53

Evaluation of social influence programs suggests that

A) adolescent smoking rates are reduced for up to four years.
B) adolescent smoking rates are unaffected.
C) programs are needed that will reach the child destined to become a regular smoker.
D) fewer adolescents begin smoking after exposure to such programs.
E) these programs may delay smoking but do not necessarily reduce overall smoking rates.

Question 54

Anorexia has been found to be correlated with

A) high self-esteem.
B) low blood pressure.
C) body image distortions.
D) an elated mood.
E) cheerful disposition.

Question 55

Individuals with bulimia are often thinner than those with anorexia nervosa.

Question 56

Physicians and other health care professionals are less helpful in controlling smoking as could be expected because

A) they do not always have a negative attitude towards smoking.
B) almost all believe they would not be able to motivate people.
C) there is no time to discuss this on a routine visit.
D) many smokers do not listen to them.
E) they rarely give advice to smokers.

Question 57

Social influence intervention programs often use the principle of behavioural inoculation. According to this principle, exposing individuals to a

A) one-sided message ensures that uncommitted individuals will more likely be persuaded by the message.
B) continued message for at least 6 weeks will ensure they will internalize the message.
C) weak version of a persuasive message ensures that they will develop counterarguments to resist a stronger version of the message.
D) boring, repetitive persuasive message ensures that they will become desensitized to the message.
E) strong persuasive message ensures that they will internalize the message.

Question 58

More than Canadians successfully quit smoking each year.

A) two hundred thousand
B) one hundred thousand
C) half a million
D) one million
E) fifty thousand

Question 59

The effectiveness of the life-skills-training approach

A) is very low.
B) is inconclusive.
C) is mixed.
D) is very high.
E) has not been validated.

Question 60

The social influence intervention program

A) allows participants to smoke.
B) encourages peers and participants to smoke.
C) highlights long-term health risks of smoking.
D) highlights short-term health risks of smoking.
E) allows parents to smoke with their children.

Question 61

Identify and describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors implicated in alcohol abuse.

Question 62

Describe the similarities and differences of anorexia and bulimia, including causes, symptoms, and treatment.

Question 63

Explain the problem of relapse in the treatment of alcohol abuse. Which intervention strategies address this problem most effectively? Substantiate your answer with research from the text.

Question 64

Answer the question posed in the text: "Why do people smoke?"

Question 65

Describe the factors associated with smoking in adolescence. Evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs targeting adolescents.

Question 66

Most therapies for anorexia utilize ________, whereas appears to be the most effective treatment for bulimia.

A) medication and cognitive-behavioural therapy; inpatient treatment
B) person-centered therapy; behavioural therapy
C) medication; behavioural therapy
D) medication and inpatient treatment; cognitive-behavioural therapy
E) behavioural therapy; medication and cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 67

Explain the consequences of illicit drug use.

Question 68

Many health-compromising behaviours share several important characteristics. Describe these characteristics and the implications for intervention programs.