Deck 3: Health Behaviours

Question 1

By the age of 11 or 12, most children have fairly stable health habits that resemble those of adults.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The concept of the window of vulnerability refers to the fact that certain times are better for teaching particular health practices than others.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Smoking rates among Aboriginal youth are about the rate for Canadians in general.

A) half
B) thrice
C) twice
D) a quarter
E) three-quarters

Answer 3

thrice

Question 4

Which of the following is the best definition of health promotion?

A) A collection of behavioural management techniques for good health behaviours.
B) The practice of good health behaviours.
C) A general philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement.
D) Medical interventions designed to enhance and maximize good health.
E) The avoidance of health-compromising behaviours.

Question 5

According to the text, cancer deaths could be reduced by more than 50 percent simply by getting people to

A) avoid smoking.
B) decrease their alcohol intake.
C) tell their doctor when their health changes.
D) eat more fruits and vegetables.
E) increase their physical activity.

Question 6

Health promotion is defined as helping people at risk for particular health problems by making healthy lifestyle changes.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a "teachable moment"?

A) An adult with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease.
B) A crucial point at which a person is ready to modify a health behaviour.
C) Pregnancy.
D) Regular visits to the doctor.
E) A child's first dental visit.

Question 8

Considering the relationship of chronological age to health behaviours, health habits

A) deteriorate in adolescence and early adulthood.
B) deteriorate among adults 73 and older.
C) improve among retired adults under 73.
D) are good in childhood.
E) are relatively stable throughout the lifespan.

Question 9

According to the demographic factors discussed in the text, which of the following individuals is most likely to practice good health behaviours?

A) Joe, a 45-year-old high school dropout who works two jobs in order to support his family
B) Barbara, a high school senior in a small farming community
C) Dan, a 30-year-old high school graduate who works as a file clerk in a small insurance agency who expects to be married next month
D) Bill, a divorced 50-year-old corporate attorney
E) Sam, a 30-year-old assistant professor who has just celebrated his fifth wedding anniversary

Question 10

You are designing a health-promotion program for a retirement community. According to the text, which of the following behaviours would be the most important to target in your intervention?

A) Getting regular vaccinations for influenza.
B) Maintaining a healthy diet.
C) Developing a regular exercise program.
D) Eliminating smoking.
E) Learning meditation and relaxation techniques.

Question 11

One aspect of health habits that makes them difficult to modify is that

A) unhealthy habits do not develop until adulthood, when they have no apparent effect on health.
B) they are interdependent-a change in one habit is often reflected in changes in others.
C) the exact point for intervention is seldom clear.
D) stable personalities make change difficult.
E) factors controlling health behaviour are generally consistent across the life span.

Question 12

According to the text, changing health behaviours

A) cannot be promoted to those who lead unhealthy lifestyles.
B) is beneficial only after illnesses have been treated.
C) do not delay the onset of chronic disease.
D) will create jobs in the health services.
E) may reduce the number of deaths due to diseases related to lifestyle.

Question 13

Perception of having one's health under control is referred to as _ _.

A) health locus of control
B) good locus of control
C) optimistic locus of control
D) external locus of control
E) internal locus of control

Question 14

Which of these is NOT a good health habit as pointed out by scientists Belloc and Breslow (1972)?

A) Eating breakfast each day.
B) Eating between meals.
C) Sleeping seven to eight hours a night.
D) Getting regular exercise.
E) Not smoking.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best description of prospect theory?

A) The emotional state of the message recipient is not important.
B) Different presentations of risk information will change people's perspectives and actions.
C) Messages that emphasize potential problems should work better for behaviours that have certain outcomes.
D) Matching the framing of the message with the health behaviour does not impact the effectiveness of the message.
E) Messages that stress benefits may be more persuasive for behaviours with certain high risk outcomes.

Question 16

Research suggests that most people's perceptions of their own health risks are

A) generally accurate.
B) unrealistically optimistic.
C) insensitive to feedback.
D) that their poor health behaviours are distinctive.
E) unrealistically pessimistic.

Question 17

Health message communicators are more persuasive if they are likable and similar to the audience.

Question 18

Health habits

A) are highly resistant to change, because they are continually reinforced by specific positive outcomes.
B) are unrelated to health behaviours.
C) are something people are consciously aware of but choose to deny.
D) require access to the health care delivery system.
E) are often performed without conscious awareness.

Question 19

Research has established that the more fear that a persuasive message elicits, the more effective it is for changing behaviour.

Question 20

Instilling good health habits and changing poor ones is the task of primary prevention.

Question 21

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds. He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator. As his weight-loss program proceeds, he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound. Fred's behaviour is an example of

A) positive self-punishment
B) negative self-reward
C) negative self-punishment
D) positive self-punishment and negative self-reward
E) positive self-reward

Question 22

is the belief that one is able to control one's practice of a particular behaviour.

A) Self-esteem
B) Self-control
C) Health locus-of-control
D) Self-confidence
E) Self-efficacy

Question 23

Cognitive-behaviour therapy approaches to health habit modification target behaviour itself, the conditions that elicit and maintain it and the factors that reinforce it.

Question 24

The health belief model states that the practice of a particular health behaviour is a function of

A) an individual's attitudes about a health behaviour, subjective normative beliefs, and self-efficacy.
B) the fact that messages that emphasize potential problems should work better for behaviours that have uncertain outcomes.
C) an individual's beliefs in a specific health threat and beliefs that a specific health behaviour can reduce that threat.
D) perceived self-efficacy and perceived invulnerability.
E) an individual's beliefs that he or she, rather than powerful others or chance, is in control of his or her own health.

Question 25

The use of ex-addicts as peer counsellors in drug treatment programs is an example of

A) operant conditioning.
B) mentoring.
C) classical conditioning.
D) modelling.
E) shaping.

Question 26

Brenda has been trying to lose weight and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth. To meet her goal, she has removed all cookies, candy, and ice cream from the kitchen
Cabinets and refrigerator. She now keeps a bowl of fresh fruit on the kitchen counter for snacking. Brenda is practicing

A) discriminative stimuli.
B) vicarious self-control.
C) stimulus control.
D) self-reinforcement.
E) self-punishment.

Question 27

Julian has decided that he needs to lose 15 pounds. He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol count is high. He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets and has decided that he will begin walking three times a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week. According to Prochaska et
Al)'s (1992) transtheoretical model of behavioural change, Julian is in the stage
Of health behaviour change.

A) preparation
B) action
C) contemplation
D) maintenance
E) precontemplation

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT the best example of an implementation intention to increase exercise behaviour?

A) I want to exercise more.
B) I will go buy some new running shoes so that I can start running.
C) I will complete three sets of 10 squats every day.
D) I will exercise 2 hours per week for the next 3 months.
E) I will jog for 30 minutes in my neighbourhood every Tuesday and Thursday evening.

Question 29

According to the theory of planned behaviour, behavioural intentions are a function of

A) general health attitudes, normative beliefs, and perceptions of control.
B) planning and self-esteem.
C) specific health attitudes and normative beliefs.
D) attitude to a specific action, subjective norms, and perceptions of control.
E) perceptions of vulnerability, magnitude of health threat, and self-efficacy.

Question 30

Studies evaluating the effectiveness of Prochaska et al.'s (1992) transtheoretical model of behavioural change indicate that

A) interventions that teach skills relevant to action and behaviour maintenance have little effect on individual motivation.
B) interventions matched to the stage that an individual is in are more successful than those more appropriate for other stages.
C) the media has even less of an effect on an individual's health behaviours than previously thought.
D) its applications have been shown to be extremely useful.
E) its applications have shown mixed success.

Question 31

Classical conditioning modifies the of behaviour; operant conditioning modifies the of behaviour.

A) consequences; antecedents
B) antecedents; consequences
C) stimuli; responses
D) consequences; consequences
E) antecedents; antecedents

Question 32

Julia is designing a public service message designed to encourage adults to engage in moderate exercise. To be most effective, her message should address

A) decreased bone density as they age.
B) decreased flexibility associated with lack of exercise.
C) the strongest arguments in the middle of her message.
D) weight gain experienced by sedentary adults as they age.
E) positive mood and enhanced well-being associated with aerobic exercise.

Question 33

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favourite drink while ingesting Antabuse. After several pairings, alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n) _.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) extinction response
D) conditioned stimulus
E) unconditioned stimulus

Question 34

A discriminative stimulus

A) becomes a reinforcer through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus.
B) serves as a cue that positive reinforcement will occur.
C) is often associated with shaping behaviour.
D) involves systematically rewarding the self to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behaviour.
E) is a central component of therapies based on classical conditioning.

Question 35

focuses on the target behaviour and on the beliefs that people hold about their health habits.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Attitudinal therapy
C) Cognitive-behaviour therapy
D) Classical conditioning.
E) Modelling

Question 36

The use of rewards for weight loss (e.g., money or new clothing) in the treatment of obesity is an example of

A) modelling.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) shaping.
E) conditioned response.

Question 37

trains individuals to recognize and modify negative internal monologues to promote health behaviour change.

A) Behavioural assignment
B) Contingency contracting
C) Assertiveness training
D) Self-efficacy
E) Covert self-control

Question 38

Social cognition models of health behaviour change suggest that the beliefs that people hold about particular health behaviour motivate their decision to change that behaviour.

Question 39

Self-punishment ______.

A) is not usually recommended due to the lasting emotional problems associated with it.
B) is as effective in changing behaviour as self-reward.
C) is most effective in changing behaviour when it is also coupled with self-reward.
D) is effective in behaviour change even when individuals stop performing the target behaviour.
E) becomes increasingly effective as the punishment becomes increasingly aversive.

Question 40

is (are) important to consider when people are trying to make behaviour changes.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Positive self-evaluations
C) Self-control
D) Negative self-evaluations
E) Self-concept

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the main messages conveyed by the ParticipACTION media campaign?

A) avoid illness
B) be physically active
C) eat well
D) feel good about yourself
E) have fun while being physically active

Question 42

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend, Nancy, in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program. According to their agreement, Nancy pays Rhonda $1 every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes after work. If she fails to do so, Rhonda must pay Nancy $1. This is an example of

A) vicarious reinforcement.
B) a contingency contract.
C) a token economy.
D) negative reinforcement.
E) shaping.

Question 43

The goal of social skills training is to

A) reduce the anxiety associated with social situations.
B) learn relaxation procedures to cope more effectively with their anxiety.
C) get the client to think through and express some of his or her own reasons for and against change.
D) increase motivation.
E) learn to relax all the muscles in the body to discharge tension or stress.

Question 44

Wanda's weight loss counsellor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her ability to control her overeating. Specifically, when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet, she thinks "I have no willpower; I'll always be fat" and continues to binge. Wanda's counsellor now is encouraging her to think "Well, I slipped on my diet at lunch. Relax, one slip isn't that bad. I'll get back on my diet right away!" The therapist is utilizing a technique called

A) theory of reasoned behaviour.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) self-punishment.
D) cognitive restructuring.
E) self-monitoring.

Question 45

How can modelling be used to teach the client cognitive restructuring?

A) Model classical conditioning.
B) Model adaptive self-talk.
C) Model effective breathing techniques.
D) Model maladaptive behaviours first.
E) Model motivational learning.

Question 46

An abstinence violation effect is associated with

A) increased vigilance.
B) suppressed hypervigilance.
C) an increased feeling of perceived control and decreased likelihood of relapse.
D) a loss of perceived control and increased likelihood of relapse.
E) psychological reactance and an increased feeling of perceived control.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT an example of social engineering to change health-related behaviours?

A) Requiring immunizations for children before school entry.
B) Lowering the speed limit.
C) Legislating smoke-free indoor work environments.
D) Interventions designed to get parents to reduce accidents in the home.
E) Legislation to eliminate the amount of trans fats allowed in foods.

Question 48

The effectiveness of community interventions is _.

A) very low, with a low success rate
B) very high, with a mixed success rate
C) very high, with a high success rate
D) controversial
E) unknown

Question 49

Health risk assessments (HRA) identify employees' specific risks based on current age, family history, and lifestyle factors.

Question 50

Which of these behaviours may NOT necessarily lead to permanent relapse?

A) Smoking only two cigarettes a day.
B) Having only a small drink daily.
C) Having a pint of ice cream on Saturdays only.
D) Five cigarettes smoked at a cocktail party.
E) A single cigarette smoked at a cocktail party.

Question 51

The family physician may be a particularly effective agent in promoting health-related attitudes and behaviour because

A) a physician is a highly credible communicator and agent of health-habit change.
B) few social engineering solutions to health problems have been successful.
C) individuals are more likely to follow a suggested treatment if they pay for professional advice.
D) a one-to-one approach is the least expensive and most efficient vehicle for changing health habits.
E) a physician can reduce the risk status of many people at one time.

Question 52

Motivational interviewing

A) sets the stage for enlisting the patient's joint participation early in the effort to modify health behaviours.
B) is designed to reduce anxiety that occurs in social situations.
C) helps rid the environment of discriminative stimuli that evoke the problem of health behaviour.
D) is a client-centered counselling style designed to get people to work through ambivalence they may be experiencing about changing their health behaviours.
E) is used to train a client in cognitive restructuring

Question 53

Evaluations of the efficacy of mass media health appeals suggest that

A) media appeals are often important sources of information for alerting the public to unknown health risks.
B) messages are often too concrete and specific, and thus it is difficult to glean useful information from mass media appeals.
C) mass media campaigns are successful at bringing about long-term change.
D) including specific recommendations about health-related behaviours diminishes individual perceptions of self-efficacy.
E) mass media messages are unrelated to shifts in cultural climate.

Question 54

An important focus of relapse prevention programs is to motivation, and ________ commitment of participants.

A) increase; maintain
B) increase; decrease
C) maintain; maintain
D) decrease; decrease
E) increase; increase

Question 55

Internal monologues

A) are resistant to change through standard techniques of reinforcement.
B) can function as antecedents and as consequences of target behaviour.
C) are always negative and maladaptive.
D) can function as antecedents but not as consequences of target behaviour.
E) are always positive and adaptive.

Question 56

Relapse

A) appears to be unrelated to situational factors; it is almost exclusively an individual problem.
B) has been found to have similar rates and patterns for alcohol and drug addiction, but relapse rates for smokers increase with the passage of time.
C) is unrelated to levels of perceived stress and social support.
D) usually occurs after a three month period of abstinence.
E) is more likely to be observed in instances of declining motivation and lack of goals.

Question 57

Work sites have typically dealt with employees' health habits by

A) providing diabetes awareness to those at risk.
B) providing on-the-job health-promotion programs.
C) using a health risk assessment when employees meet with work-related illnesses.
D) providing only for employees working risky jobs.
E) providing designated areas for smokers.

Question 58

involves modifying the environment to affect one's ability to practise a particular health behaviour.

A) Occupational therapy
B) Reconstruction
C) Social engineering
D) Passive retraining
E) Adaptive environmental change

Question 59

Social engineering approaches to health behaviour changes involve active methods.

Question 60

Relapse prevention techniques often adopt cue exposure techniques, which

A) decrease feelings of self-efficacy.
B) increase feelings of guilt in the person.
C) extinguish the craving typically evoked by a cue, such as an alcoholic beverage.
D) restrict the opportunity to practise coping responses.
E) increase positive expectations associated with the addictive behaviour.

Question 61

Compare and contrast what health promotion means to individuals, medical practitioners, psychologists, and community and national policy makers.

Question 62

Explain why the instability of health habits makes them difficult to change.

Question 63

How have patterns of disease in Canada changed since the turn of the 20th century? Considering
these trends, explain the importance of efforts to modify health behaviours and lifestyle rebalancing.

Question 64

Describe the problem of relapse. Explain how relapse prevention might be incorporated into a broad-spectrum cognitive-behaviour therapy treatment plan for (choose one) alcoholism, smoking, or obesity. Be sure to include in your answer specific cognitive-behaviour techniques and their role in the therapeutic plan.

Question 65

Charles is a college student who smokes cigarettes. Use the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour to explain why Charles continues to smoke even though he is aware of the
Surgeon General's warning about the relationship between cigarettes and cancer and heart disease.

Question 66

List three types of venues used for health behaviour change and describe how each deals with health behaviour change. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each venue?

Question 67

Self-help groups _.

A) are held at night, so people can attend after work
B) are online only
C) are in person only
D) are held only on weekends
E) can be either in person or online