Deck 7: Affiliation and Friendship

Question 1

Relationships with_________________are voluntary, whereas relationships with_________________are usually not voluntary.

A) family; affiliates
B) friends; family
C) co-workers; friends
D) strangers; co-workers

Answer 1

friends; family

Question 2

Achmed and Giorgio enjoy each other's company, trust one another to act in each other's best interest, and act themselves around one another. They are

A) brothers.
B) acquaintances.
C) peers.
D) friends.

Answer 2

friends.

Question 3

Social exchange can be defined as

A) getting social support from a group.
B) associating with those who increase your status.
C) trading benefits in a relationship.
D) liking those who make us feel good.

Answer 3

trading benefits in a relationship.

Question 4

According to a study by Davis and Todd (1985), someone who participates as an equal, helps in times of need, and respects the person shows characteristics of an ideal

A) father.
B) co-worker.
C) friend.
D) mother.

Question 5

The reinforcement-affect model of affiliative behavior is based on the premise that

A) we feel good when we affiliate with people.
B) we affiliate with those people with whom we associate positive feelings.
C) we like our family members better than non-family members.
D) we tend to like agreeable people better than non-agreeable people.

Question 6

Using an experience sampling technique to study lying, DePaulo and colleagues reported that

A) almost all the lies that college students told were designed to make others feel better.
B) college students reported, on average, twenty lies a day.
C) college students almost never lied.
D) college students typically told lies to friends to make them feel better, but told self-serving lies to strangers.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an advantage associated with the experience sampling method?

A) The researcher directly observes all interactions.
B) The researcher gets information on real behavior.
C) The researcher avoids memory biases associated with having people recall interactions long after they occur.
D) The recording process is unlikely to affect the interaction.

Question 8

The reinforcement-affect model of affiliation, which attempts to explain all behavior with one simple rule, is known as a_________________model.

A) domain-general
B) classical
C) domain-specific
D) circumplex

Question 9

Rashad is hanging out with a bright young man named Sean when Rashad learns that he also has made the Dean's List for outstanding grades. According to the_________________model, Rashad will probably start to like Sean more after this occurrence.

A) operant conditioning
B) similarity-liking
C) social exchange
D) reinforcement-affect

Question 10

Technically, true friendships are

A) platonic.
B) voluntary.
C) not involving legal rights.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

Someone who is on terms of affection and regard for one another who is neither a relative or a lover is a(n)

A) colleague
B) peer
C) friend
D) acquaintance

Question 12

When one person's benefits and costs in a relationship are similar to the benefits and costs experienced by a friend, the relationship may be characterized as one with

A) high equity.
B) high dominance.
C) low stress.
D) low incompatibility.

Question 13

The model about friendships, derived from economic assumptions, that emphasizes the motivation of individuals to maximize the ratio of benefits to costs is known as

A) social cost theory.
B) social comparison theory.
C) social exchange theory.
D) social support theory.

Question 14

Individuals who complete the Rochester Interaction Record

A) fill out a questionnaire after every significant social interaction during a two-week period.
B) interact with men and women of various ages during a two-hour session in the laboratory.
C) record daily for two weeks their thoughts and feelings about their romantic partner.
D) rate daily for two weeks their desire to interact with both friends and family members.

Question 15

Social exchange theory emphasizes that people are motivated to_________________in relationships.

A) use their strengths and avoid using their weaknesses
B) maximize the ratio of benefits to costs
C) ensure equality
D) avoid conflict

Question 16

A research method in which participants are asked to record what is happening in their lives at specific intervals is known as

A) experimental observation.
B) experience sampling.
C) naturalistic sampling.
D) experiential observation.

Question 17

__________________________________models attempt to explain a wide variety of behavior with a single, simple, principle, whereas_________________models assume that the principles governing behavior vary across domains of behavior.

A) Social exchange; reinforcement-affect
B) Domain-general; domain-specific
C) Universal; particular
D) Sociological; social psychological.

Question 18

Alana feels that the fact that her best friend borrows her notes from class, is always running late, and sometimes doesn't laugh at her jokes is made up for by the fact that she is always willing to listen, always lets Alana borrow her CD's, and gives her rides everywhere. Alana feels there is_________________in the relationship.

A) social exchange
B) equity
C) a reinforcement-affect effect
D) communality

Question 19

Avoiding, and coming to dislike, people with whom we associate negative feelings is a central premise of the_________________model of affiliative behavior.

A) social learning
B) social cognitive
C) reinforcement-affect
D) affiliation-conditioning

Question 20

Which of the following is the main problem associated with studying friendship by following people around and watching with whom they interact?

A) The observations take place in an artificial setting.
B) The results can't be generalized.
C) Knowing they are being observed might change people's behavior.
D) Most people don't interact with many people during an average day.

Question 21

Research suggests that

A) women are more supportive of men than of other women.
B) men are more supportive of other men than women are of other women.
C) women are more supportive of other women than men are of other men.
D) men are as supportive of other men as women are of other women.

Question 22

In the study of the effect of social support by friends versus pet dogs, Allen et al. (1991) found that women working on stressful tasks, relative to women doing the same tasks alone,

A) were less stressed when they had a friend present.
B) were less stressed when either a friend or their pet dog was present.
C) were less stressed when their pet dog was present.
D) were more stressed when their pet dog was present.

Question 23

Linda is facing a stressful and possibly embarrassing situation. Which of the following situations is most likely to help reduce her physiological distress?

A) have a friend with her during the stressful situation
B) be alone during the stressful situation
C) have a stranger with her during the stressful situation
D) have her pet dog with her during the stressful situation

Question 24

Shelley Taylor and colleagues have hypothesized that, during a stressful or dangerous situation,

A) men and women both exhibit the "fight or flight" response.
B) women exhibit the "fight or flight" response, but men exhibit the "tend and befriend" response.
C) extroverted men and women exhibit the "tend and befriend" response, but introverted men and women exhibit the "fight or flight" response.
D) men exhibit the "fight or flight" response, but women exhibit the "tend and befriend" response.

Question 25

According to research, people who have strong social ties, relative to people who have weaker social ties, are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) they are less upset by stressful life events.
B) they are more resistant to disease.
C) they live longer after being diagnosed with life-threatening diseases.
D) they experience more intense emotions.

Question 26

Your text discusses friendship and affiliation in terms of all the following specific social goals EXCEPT

A) getting social support.
B) managing self-image.
C) getting information.
D) gaining status.

Question 27

A research participant is told she will have to act like various zoo animals in a study investigating perceptions of animal behavior. She is given the choice to practice with others or to practice alone. Which choice is she likely to make and why?

A) She will prefer to wait with others because the situation implies impersonal danger.
B) She will prefer to wait alone because the situation implies impersonal danger.
C) She will prefer to wait alone because the situation implies embarrassment.
D) She will prefer to wait with others because the situation implies embarrassment.

Question 28

Shaffer et al. (1987) studied medical doctors who had described themselves as "loners" in medical school and found that these loners

A) had less successful careers than non-loners.
B) actually had more friends later in life than non-loners.
C) had higher rates of cancer than non-loners.
D) were less upset by stressful events than non-loners.

Question 29

In which of the following situations is Jose least likely to desire emotional support?

A) an embarrassing situation
B) a situation involving impersonal dangers
C) a situation where Jose is socially isolated
D) a situation where the fear of painful shock is imminent

Question 30

Kent is quite introverted and tends to be a bit neurotic. According to the findings of Bolger and Eckenrode (1991) on the relationship between personality and social support, how is Kent likely to react if he has many social contacts?

A) He will be less stressed than if he had fewer social contacts.
B) He will be more stressed than if he had fewer social contacts.
C) He will do more poorly on exams than if he had fewer social contacts.
D) Social contacts won't matter, as personality completely determines stress.

Question 31

In as study by Wisman & Koole (2003), students who pondered their own death tended to prefer to_________________, whereas students who pondered their feelings about watching TV tended to prefer to_________________.

A) affiliate; isolate
B) isolate; affiliate
C) cry; show no emotion
D) laugh; show no emotion.

Question 32

The emotional, informational, or material assistance that one person provides another is known as

A) social interaction.
B) social support.
C) social exchange.
D) social hierarchy.

Question 33

Which of the following people is most likely to want social support?

A) Gail, who is in a situation where others will evaluate her.
B) Fred, who is in an embarrassing situation.
C) Michael, who is in a physically painful situation.
D) Anne, who is in a boring situation.

Question 34

The study of behavioral and psychological factors that influence one's physical and mental well-being is known as

A) physiological psychology.
B) health psychology.
C) social psychology.
D) cognitive psychology.

Question 35

Julia is mad at her friend Sara and wants to hurt her. According to research, how is Julia most likely to try to hurt Sara?

A) She will physically attack Sara.
B) She will exclude Sara from their social group.
C) She will verbally attack Sara in front of her family.
D) She will not allow Sara to play on her sports team.

Question 36

Women under stress are likely to secrete

A) oxytocin.
B) androgens.
C) serotonin.
D) estrogen.

Question 37

Research suggests that

A) men and women seek support at about the same frequency.
B) men tend to seek support more than women.
C) college men have more same-sex friendships than college women do.
D) women tend to seek more support than men.

Question 38

In the classic Sarnoff and Zimbardo (1961) experiment, individuals were told they were about to suck on a pacifier or other similar object. They had the option of waiting alone or with others for the study to begin. The authors found that they

A) preferred waiting alone to avoid potential embarrassment.
B) preferred waiting with others to get social support.
C) asked if they could withdraw from the study.
D) asked if they could wear a mask.

Question 39

The evolutionary explanation given by Taylor and colleagues for the different responses to stress by men and women is that

A) a "fight or flight" response by females would likely endanger helpless offspring.
B) a "fight or flight" response by females would likely be useless because males tend to be stronger and faster than females.
C) a "tend and befriend" response by males would likely reduce their ability to have large numbers of offspring.
D) a "fight" response is generally more successful than a "flight" response.

Question 40

Joe is an elderly gentleman who lives alone. His friend Jake is the same age and is also single, but Jake has a pet dog he has to take care of. Who is likely to be healthier and to live longer?

A) Joe, because it's a lot of trouble to take care of a dog.
B) Jake, because dogs provide stress-reducing social support.
C) Neither will live long, because they are both unmarried.
D) Both will probably live long.

Question 41

Teresa just moved to a new town and feels lonely. She feels uncomfortable around people and starts to avoid them entirely. She decides that she has no friends because everyone dislikes her. She gets depressed and talks only about negative topics. People begin to actively avoid her, and she feels even lonelier. Teresa is experiencing

A) the self-perpetuating cycle of loneliness and depression.
B) the self-concept defeating cycle.
C) the sadness-loneliness cycle.
D) the cycle of despair.

Question 42

In times when the situation is uncertain or when information is difficult to obtain, what happens to our desire for social comparison?

A) We are more likely to want to compare with others.
B) We are less likely to want to compare with others.
C) We prefer to be completely alone.
D) We want to compare, but only with dissimilar others.

Question 43

Which of the following is FALSE regarding people who are lonely?

A) They cope with isolation in unhealthy ways.
B) They act in ways that make themselves less attractive.
C) They set very low expectations for themselves.
D) They are self-absorbed.

Question 44

Festinger's social comparison theory suggests that we have a drive to assess our opinions and abilities, and that we do this by

A) comparing ourselves to others.
B) comparing ourselves to objective standards of performance.
C) comparing our current behavior to our past behavior.
D) comparing our behavior with what our parents think we should do.

Question 45

Which of the following is FALSE regarding lonely people?

A) they set unrealistically high expectations for themselves
B) when around others, they may act in ways that make them less attractive
C) they set unrealistically low expectations for others
D) they may seek out relationships with people who view them unfavorably

Question 46

In comparison to non-depressed people, depressed people

A) are more effective at coping with stress.
B) are more likely to focus on positive events in their lives.
C) are much more pleasant to be around.
D) are more likely to seek out relationships with people who view them unfavorably.

Question 47

According to longitudinal research on attachment, infants who are securely attached to their mothers tend to

A) be more dependent on their parents.
B) be less socially skilled later in life.
C) have an unhealthy focus on their relationship with their mothers.
D) have more skill in dealing with their peers later in life.

Question 48

Suppose that your roommate is lonely and depressed. Which of the following is NOT good advice?

A) "When around others, give them positive feedback about themselves."
B) "Avoid people until you start feeling better."
C) "Try an activity that involves movement, such as yoga or running."
D) "Try to avoid complaining about your life when around others."

Question 49

The sharing of intimate information about oneself to another is known as

A) self-exposure.
B) self-concept confirmation.
C) social comparison.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 50

According to the study by Kulik and Mahler (1990), with which of the following people would individuals awaiting coronary bypass surgery prefer to share a room?

A) someone awaiting a liver transplant
B) someone who is also awaiting a bypass operation
C) someone who is similar to them in personality
D) someone who is recovering from a bypass operation

Question 51

Imagine that you meet someone in a bar. You find yourself telling this person intimate details about yourself for about a half hour. How are you likely to feel about this person at the end of the conversation?

A) You will feel close to the person because you self-disclosed.
B) You will not like the person because you met in an impersonal situation.
C) You will feel merely neutral toward the person, because it's unlikely you will ever see the person again.
D) You will be embarrassed and will begin disliking them.

Question 52

When lonely students do find themselves in social situations, they do all of the following EXCEPT

A) talk more about themselves than about others.
B) change the topic more frequently.
C) ask fewer questions about their conversational partners.
D) rarely self-disclose.

Question 53

One intriguing study found that students talking with a confederate tended to like the confederate more if the confederate mimicked the movements of the student. The researchers concluded that

A) the students in the experiment were low in self-awareness.
B) people almost always prefer flattering information over accurate information in social interactions.
C) the impact of similarity on liking works at a nonverbal and even nonconscious level.
D) the mimicking of our behavior by others tends to increase our self-esteem.

Question 54

Barry is in training for the Olympics, and wants to compare his workout routine to those of others to see if he is training hard enough. According to social comparison theory, to which of the following is he most likely to compare?

A) his brother, who doesn't work out at all
B) his best friend, who is in training for a different Olympic event
C) a friend who is in training for the same Olympic event
D) his own previous performance

Question 55

Festinger's social comparison theory suggests that we have a drive to assess our opinions and abilities, and we prefer to compare ourselves with

A) our parents.
B) similar others.
C) dissimilar others.
D) people who are worse off than we are.

Question 56

Kevin tells his friend Tara that her dress looks "interesting." Tara immediately assumes that Kevin thinks she looks terrible and decides to go home and change. Tara is probably

A) very extroverted.
B) socially anxious.
C) depressed and lonely.
D) highly manipulative.

Question 57

What type of person is most likely to selectively transmit positive information to others?

A) a woman
B) a man
C) someone with a high need for social approval
D) someone who is highly lonely

Question 58

Having good emotional support from parents during college

A) prevents students from feeling anger.
B) doesn't help decrease feelings of loneliness.
C) increases negative mood.
D) causes lower grades.

Question 59

Individuals who are lonely tend to make_________________attributions for interpersonal problems.

A) internal and stable
B) external and stable
C) internal and unstable
D) external and unstable

Question 60

The idea that people desire social interaction for the purpose of obtaining a positive evaluation of themselves is the main tenet of

A) social comparison theory.
B) balance theory.
C) self-evaluation maintenance theory.
D) affiliation theory.

Question 61

By talking about their success in school, highly motivated students

A) gain the respect of their peers.
B) are likely to be very high status.
C) may end up eroding their social support.
D) have better social support networks than their less motivated peers.

Question 62

How is Tal likely to react to the knowledge that Mallory is better than she is in math?

A) Tal's self-esteem will be decreased, but only if math is central to her self-concept.
B) Tal's self-esteem will be increased, but only if Mallory is a close friend.
C) Tal's self-esteem will be unchanged, because people don't value math ability.
D) Tal's self-esteem will be decreased, but only if math is peripheral to her self-concept.

Question 63

Why didn't some participants in the Snyder et al. study (1986) want to wear the "blue badge" representing their team?

A) They didn't like the other members of the team.
B) They thought the blue badges were silly.
C) They were angry at their teammates.
D) They wanted to distance themselves from the team's failure.

Question 64

According to Fiske, all of the following are fundamental types of relationships EXCEPT

A) authority ranking.
B) communal sharing.
C) equality distributing.
D) equality matching.

Question 65

A firefighter squad, where the fire captain makes all the decisions unilaterally and gives advice to those who serve in the squad, is an example of a/an

A) authority ranking relationship.
B) communal sharing relationship.
C) mutual benefit relationship.
D) market pricing relationship.

Question 66

In work settings, if one person in a conversation begins to act dominant in nonverbal ways, the other person is likely to

A) also engage nonverbally dominant behavior.
B) behave in a submissive fashion.
C) try to assert dominance in verbal ways.
D) none of the above.

Question 67

Research on cross-sex friendships has found that

A) men are more directly appreciative of their friends than women.
B) men generally do not prefer to have female friends.
C) women generally prefer to spend time with their male friends over their female friends.
D) both men and women tend to search for females in times of stress.

Question 68

A relationship in which individuals trade according to self-interest and take according to how much they contribute is a/an

A) authority ranking relationship.
B) communal sharing relationship.
C) mutual benefit relationship.
D) market pricing relationship.

Question 69

Franziska, who is generally happy, scored lower than her friend Tanya on a psychology test. Afterward, Franziska likely

A) lowered her self-appraisal.
B) raised her self-appraisal.
C) was angry at Tanya.
D) stopped self-disclosing to Tanya.

Question 70

In comparison to the friendships of women, the friendships of men

A) tend to involve more intimacy.
B) are more likely to involve the discussion of activities.
C) are more likely to include individuals outside work.
D) are more likely to be important for their self-esteem.

Question 71

If an association with a particular person might reflect poorly on us, how are we likely to deal with the situation?

A) by distancing ourselves from that person
B) by coming to that person's defense
C) by strengthening our association with that person
D) by trying to seem similar to that person

Question 72

Joann's sister wins a beauty contest. Joann entered many such contests when she was younger, but never won. According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, how is Joann likely to react to her sister's victory?

A) She will be happy because it suggests that good looks run in the family.
B) She will feel bad about herself because it reminds her that she never won.
C) She will think more highly of herself because she is in a happy mood.
D) She will be happy that her sister was able to do something she had failed to accomplish.

Question 73

An equality matching relationship is one in which

A) each person takes as much as he or she needs.
B) everyone takes turns and shares equally.
C) the highest ranking individual is entitled to greater respect and resources.
D) individuals take benefits in proportion to what they put in.

Question 74

In a/an_________________relationship, all members of a group take things as they need them and depend upon one another completely.

A) mutual exchange
B) authority ranking
C) equality matching
D) communal sharing

Question 75

What types of relationships are most likely to develop along status lines?

A) relationships among female friends
B) relationships in social clubs
C) relationships at work
D) relationships among graduate students

Question 76

Relationships between men are more likely to be based on_________________, whereas relationships between women are based more on_________________.

A) hierarchy; instrumentality
B) intimacy; respect
C) empathy; hierarchy
D) status-seeking; emotional support

Question 77

The Snyder et al. study (1986), members of a team who were informed that they had failed because they wanted

A) were more likely to wear a team badge; to bask in reflected glory.
B) were less likely to wear a team badge; to bask in reflected glory.
C) were less likely to wear a team badge; to cut off reflected failure.
D) were more likely to wear a team badge; to cut off reflected failure.

Question 78

What was the main finding of Nakao's study (1987) of status and relationships in Japan versus the United States?

A) Status is more important in the U.S. relative to Japan.
B) People in U.S. companies liked people of their own status the best.
C) People in Japanese companies liked people of lower status the best.
D) Both Japanese and U.S. workers liked people of higher status the best.

Question 79

Which of the following relationships does NOT follow an equality matching pattern of social exchange?

A) A group of friends goes to dinner and splits the bill evenly.
B) Classmates split up the responsibility equally for a group project.
C) Members in an extended family take food from other members when they are in need but give food to others when others are in need.
D) A pack of wolves kills an animal and each gets the same amount of meat.

Question 80

Members of ancient hunter-gatherer societies were unlikely to share their food with other members because

A) there was always plenty of food for everyone.
B) they did not believe in sharing.
C) they had no norm of reciprocity.
D) none of the above; they did typically share with each other.