Deck 18: Punishment and Correction

Question 1

__________ house misdemeanants sentenced to terms of one year or less,as well as some nonserious felons.

Answer 1

Jail

Question 2

Most jurisdictions that use ______________________ specify minimum and maximum terms but allow judges discretion to fix the actual sentence within those limits.

Answer 2

indeterminate sentences

Question 3

Prisoners have long suffered severe physical punishment in prison,ranging from whipping to extended periods of solitary confinement.The courts have held that such treatment is unconstitutional based on the ________ Amendment.

Answer 3

Eighth /8^th

Question 4

The use of _________________ was introduced in American law with the passage of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations and the Continuing Criminal Enterprises acts,both which allow the seizure of any property derived from illegal enterprises or conspiracies.

Question 5

Which goal of punishment aims to spare non-dangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process?

A)rehabilitation
B)diversion
C)retribution
D)restoration

Question 6

Which goal of punishment suggests that because criminals benefit from their misdeeds,they deserve to be punished?

A)restoration
B)retribution
C)restitution
D)equity

Question 7

Executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed;this is a consequence referred to as the _________________________.

Question 8

________________________ are maximum control units that are either independent correctional centers or locked wings of existing prisons.

Question 9

Incarcerating offenders in prisons and jails allows the state to seek to reduce or eliminate offenders' opportunities to commit future crimes.This goal of punishment is termed:

A)deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)incapacitation
D)equity

Question 10

By _________________ a convicted offender in a secure facility,such as a prison or jail,the state seeks to reduce or eliminate his or her opportunity to commit future crimes.

Question 11

________________laws require offenders to serve 85% of their prison sentences.

Question 12

Sparing non-dangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the justice process is the goal of ____________________.

Question 13

What type of sentence requires that upon completion of one sentence,the other term of incarceration begins?

A)concurrent
B)mandatory
C)consecutive
D)indeterminate

Question 14

The Supreme Court in ____________________________ gave inmates the right to secure proper medical attention.

Question 15

For many years,the nation's courts did not interfere in prison operations based on the belief that it lacked technical competence in prison administration,society's general apathy toward prisons,and the belief that prisoners' complaints involved privileges rather than rights.This is called the ___________________________.

Question 16

Which goal of punishment is aimed at reducing future criminality by treating and eliminating the underlying causes of crime?

A)rehabilitation
B)diversion
C)retribution
D)restoration

Question 17

Fines,home confinement,electronic monitoring,intensive probation supervision,restitution,community corrections,and boot camps are examples of _________________________.

Question 18

__________________ involves resentencing an offender after a short prison stay.

Question 19

A _______________________ means that both sentences are served at the same time,and the term of imprisonment is completed after the longest term has been served.

Question 20

____________________ usually involves the suspension of the offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community under the supervision.

Question 21

Why is there strong economic pressure to grant probation to serious felony offenders?

A)Because treatment and rehabilitation programs can be coupled with probation,which result in cost effectiveness.
B)Because probation consistently results in an 80-90% success rate and is,therefore,money well spent.
C)Because it costs less than incarceration making it extremely attractive to policy makers.
D)Because prison overcrowding has resulted in federal funding cuts to other alternative sentencing programs.

Question 22

Which of the following is considered an extralegal factor that should not,but may,influence sentencing outcomes?

A)the use of weapons
B)seriousness of the offense
C)race or ethnicity
D)prior criminal record

Question 23

Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for a criminal act.They are a direct offshoot of:

A)the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system
B)judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures
C)the early common-law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state
D)claims of racial bias in the sentencing process

Question 24

Intermediate sanctions are a viable solution to prison overcrowding.Who are the most likely candidates for intermediate sanctions?

A)first-time felony offenders with no prior criminal history
B)offenders with a low risk of recidivating or who pose little threat to society
C)mentally ill offenders who would not benefit from incapacitation
D)non-violent juvenile offenders

Question 25

What is false about the nature of the death penalty?

A)Today,capital punishment is limited only to the crime of murder in the first degree.
B)The majority of executions in 2009 were done through lethal injection.
C)Almost half the executions took place in Texas in 2009.
D)Currently,there are more than 5,000 people on death row.

Question 26

What is not true about intermediate sentences?

A)They are alternatives to prison.
B)They meet the need for fair,equitable,and proportional punishments.
C)Sanctions include fines,home confinement,and restitution.
D)They are a viable reason for prison overcrowding.

Question 27

The underlying purpose of indeterminate sentencing is to:

A)restrain the use of judicial discretion
B)to ensure that sentences are applied in a fair and equitable manner
C)promote truth-in-sentencing
D)individualize each sentence in the interests of rehabilitating the offender

Question 28

When a jail term is required as a condition of probation it is termed:

A)shock incarceration
B)intensive probation
C)shock probation
D)split sentencing

Question 29

Overall,probation appears to be a successful alternative to incarceration.According to research,how many probationers successfully complete their probation?

A)40%
B)60%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 30

Probation is the most commonly used alternative sentence,even for those convicted of a felony.Today,how many offenders are on probation?

A)100,000
B)400,000
C)1 million
D)4 million

Question 31

The Supreme Court has placed limitations on the use of the death penalty.Which is not a limit that has been set?

A)People who are mentally ill may not be executed.
B)People under the age of 18 may not be executed.
C)It is not permissible to punish rapists with death.
D)The use of lethal injection has been ruled unconstitutional

Question 32

What statement is false about what is known about racial bias in sentencing?

A)It is possible that some research efforts miss a racial effect because they use invalid measures of race.
B)Minority defendants suffer discrimination in a variety of early court actions that impact on sentencing decisions.
C)Research on sentencing has failed to show a definitive pattern of racial discrimination.
D)The victim's race is not any more a critical factor in sentencing than the offender's.

Question 33

Truth in sentencing laws require felony offenders to serve what about of their prison sentence?

A)65%
B)75%
C)85%
D)all of their time

Question 34

Which of the following statements is false regarding sentencing guidelines?

A)Guidelines eliminate discretionary parole.
B)Guidelines allow inmates to reduce their sentence by acquiring time off for good behavior.
C)Guidelines eliminate judicial discretion to reduce racial and gender disparity.
D)Guidelines are mandatory.

Question 35

Which is not an argument supportive of the death penalty?

A)The Bible describes methods of executing criminals.
B)The death penalty seems to be in keeping with the current mode of dispensing punishment.
C)Support for capital punishment among whites is skewed by racial attitudes.
D)The death penalty is sometimes the only real threat available to deter crime.

Question 36

Probation usually involves the ___ of an offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community under the supervision of a probation department.

A)commutation
B)dismissal
C)suspension
D)diversion

Question 37

What impact do habitual offender sentencing laws have on crime rates?

A)Such sentencing laws have great effect on younger offenders,those under 25.
B)Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders older than 25.
C)Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders regardless of age.
D)Such sentencing laws have little effect.

Question 38

_____________________________ give the convicted criminal a set number of years to be served in prison and reflect an orientation toward desert,deterrence,and equality.

A)indeterminate sentences
B)determinate sentences
C)mandatory sentences
D)concurrent sentences

Question 39

The death penalty has long been one of the most controversial aspects of the justice system.It is known that executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed,rather than deterring new murders.This increase is a consequence referred to as:

A)inevitable consequence
B)execution ramification
C)execution artifact
D)brutalization effect

Question 40

What type of control mechanism is commonly used with home confinement?

A)electronic monitoring
B)intensive supervision
C)residential community corrections
D)asset forfeiture

Question 41

What statement is false about what is known pertaining to supermax prison facilities?

A)Long hours of isolation in supermax prisons may be associated with mental illness and psychological disturbances.
B)Supermax inmates seem to have a more difficult tie readjusting upon release.
C)A stay in a supermax prison inhibits reintegration into other prisons.
D)The intense control staff have over inmates helps with staff-inmate relationships.

Question 42

The evaluation of parole has produced some disturbing findings.Federal surveys indicate that about ___________ of all released inmates are rearrested for committing a felony or serious misdemeanor within three years of leaving prison.

A)15%
B)one-quarter
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 43

What percentage of the adult inmate population do women constitute?

A)5-6%
B)8-10%
C)12-15%
D)20-22%

Question 44

What Supreme Court case gave inmates been the right to secure proper medical attention?

A)Roper v.Simmons
B)Estelle v.Gamble
C)Hope v.Pelzer
D)Johnson v.California

Question 45

Sentencing guidelines set out mandatory requirements of the length of incarceration.

Question 46

Prisons are usually categorized according to:

A)size and location
B)their levels of security and inmate populations
C)their levels of education and rehabilitation programming
D)state and federal jurisdiction

Question 47

National data indicate that about 60 percent of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentences while about 40 percent are rearrested,violate probation or abscond.

Question 48

Prior to the 1960s,the nation's courts maintained a hands-off approach and did not interfere with prison matters due to all but which reason?

A)The belief that it lacked technical competence in prison administration.
B)Society's general apathy toward prisons.
C)A general concern with civil and human rights.
D)The belief that prisoners' complaints involved privileges rather than rights.

Question 49

Indeterminate sentences give a minimum sentence that must be served and a lengthy maximum sentence that is the outer boundary of the time that can possibly be served.

Question 50

Felons are usually incarcerated in a federal or state prison;misdemeanants are housed in county jails or reformatories.

Question 51

What is not one of the losses experienced by prison inmates?

A)loss of liberty and access to goods and services
B)loss of heterosexual relationships
C)loss of autonomy and security
D)loss of access to proper medical care

Question 52

Which of the following is not among the issues faced by those reentering society from prison?

A)Being barred from work opportunities
B)Physical and mental health problems
C)Leaving prison with no savings or entitlement to unemployment benefits
D)Being welcome and able to secure subsidized public housing

Question 53

_______________ prisons operate without armed guards or walls;usually they are constructed in compounds surrounded by chain-link fences.

A)maximum-security
B)medium-security
C)minimum-security
D)supermax

Question 54

What factor is not related to post-release recidivism?

A)Substance abuse or dependency
B)Being a chronic offender
C)A functional family
D)An anti-social personality

Question 55

Among the rights won by inmates,which of the following is not one of them?

A)the right to secure proper medical attention
B)the right to freedom of speech and press unless it interferes or threatens institutional freedom.
C)the right to be free from cruel and unusual physical treatment while incarcerated.
D)the right to be segregated along racial lines.

Question 56

Who,of the following categories,would be housed in a jail?

A)someone awaiting trial,conviction,or sentencing
B)a probation violator
C)a mentally ill person awaiting transport to an appropriate mental health facility
D)those sentenced to more than one year.

Question 57

Jails in sixteenth century Europe were used to house those awaiting trial and punishment.Why were jails not used to house sentenced offenders?

A)Because at that time offenders were transported to the New World.
B)Because at that time punishment consisted of making monetary or service restitution to victims.
C)Because at that time punishment was achieved by fines,exile,corporal punishment,or death.
D)Because at that time convicted offenders were sentenced into the military.

Question 58

Today,how many people are in jail on a daily basis?

A)250,000
B)500,000
C)800,000
D)1 million

Question 59

Mandatory sentencing generally expands the judge's discretionary power to impose any disposition viewed as proportionate to the offense.

Question 60

Private prisons are operated by corporations:

A)due to prison overcrowding
B)for profit
C)for low-risk offenders
D)for humanitarian reasons associated with providing less harsh environments

Question 61

A variety of alternative sentences exist,in part,to relieve prison and jail overcrowding.Identify and discuss four of these intermediate sanctions.

Question 62

Inmates have always had the right to secure proper medical attention.

Question 63

What is probation,how does the process work,and what is its success rate?

Question 64

Differentiate between indeterminate and determinate sentences and their purposes.

Question 65

Electronic monitoring,while highly effective,is also highly expensive.

Question 66

Discuss the history and at least five functions of jails.

Question 67

Discuss the problems parolees and inmates experience as they reenter society.

Question 68

What is meant by prisoners' rights? Provide some key privileges that have been granted to inmates.

Question 69

Compare and contrast death penalty arguments.Provide four arguments for both sides of the issue.

Question 70

Shock probation programs typically include youthful,first-time offenders and feature military discipline and physical training.

Question 71

Punishment in prison is considered cruel and unusual when it shocks the general conscience.

Question 72

Jails originated in Europe in the sixteenth century and were used to house those awaiting trial and punishment.

Question 73

What intensive probation supervision? In your reply identify and discuss its goals.

Question 74

Medium-security prisons operate without armed guards or walls;usually they are constructed in compounds surrounded by chain-link fences.

Question 75

In Johnson v.California,the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of prison inmates based on race,in their cells or anywhere on prison grounds,is an inappropriate form of racial classification.

Question 76

Children of incarcerated parents are five times more likely to serve time in prison than are children whose parents are not incarcerated.

Question 77

Examine capital punishment in the United States.

Question 78

Jails house inmates for federal,state,or other authorities because of crowding of their facilities.

Question 79

Because of America's two-decade-long imprisonment boom,more than 700,000 inmates are now being released back into the community each year.

Question 80

Identify four goals of punishment and explain their justifications.