Deck 5: Trait Theories

Question 1

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect:

A)how cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
B)how cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
C)how social behaviors are learned and perceived
D)how social behaviors are transmitted

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The ________ controls sympathetic feelings toward others and are affected by androgens,which can result in emotional volatility.

Answer 2

neocortex

Question 3

________________________suggests that criminal offenders are aggressive,frustrated persons dominated by events experienced early in childhood.Their egos may be damaged or their superegos underdeveloped.

Answer 3

Psychodynamic theory

Question 4

There are two theories regarding the association between intelligence and crime.____________ theory argues that intelligence is not inherited and that parents with a low-IQ do not necessarily produce low-IQ children

Question 5

____________ differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived.

Question 6

Social learning theorists view violence as something learned through a process called ____________________.

Question 7

According to ________________________,some people seek out risky situations and become more involved with criminal behavior as an avenue toward thrill-seeking due to a variety of genetic and environmental reasons.

Question 8

Many ADHD children also suffer from ____________________ and continually engage in aggressive and anti-social behavior in early childhood.

Question 9

The study of the activities of several generations of families believed to have an especially large number of criminal members is the:

A)Chicago school
B)nurture school
C)inheritance school
D)classical school

Question 10

The major premise of ___________________ is that people alter their behavior according to the reactions it receives from others,and includes social learning theory.

Question 11

The study of brain activity is termed _____________.Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior throughout the life span.

Question 12

____________ is a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar)in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

Question 13

The theorist associated with the "born criminal" and biological determinism is?

A)Lombroso
B)Beccaria
C)Sheldon
D)Ferri

Question 14

According to________________,over the history of the human species,aggressive males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.

Question 15

_______________ focuses on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

Question 16

According to William Sheldon,who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques,which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

A)endomorph
B)mesomorph
C)ectomorph
D)mendomorph

Question 17

Biocriminologists believe human behavior is not produced by which of the following?

A)physical conditions
B)environmental conditions
C)social conditions
D)psychological conditions

Question 18

________ changes may be able to explain gender differences in the crime rate and regional and temporal differences in the crime rate.

Question 19

The body build or _________________ school developed by William Sheldon held that criminals manifest distinct physiques that make them susceptible to particular types of antisocial behavior.

Question 20

Advocates of the ___________ traced generations of crime-prone families and posited that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.

Question 21

A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:

A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)oppositional defiance disorder
C)impulse dysfunctional disorder
D)conduct disorder

Question 22

The condition at the onset of the menstrual cycle that triggers excessive amounts of hormones affecting antisocial,aggressive behavior is known as:

A)premenstrual syndrome
B)paranoia
C)postpartum depression
D)bipolar disorder

Question 23

A condition that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:

A)glycemic disorder
B)hypoglycemia
C)glycogen deficiency
D)glucose intolerance

Question 24

__________ cause an excessive reaction in the brain,whereas _________ affect the nervous system.Both are linked to mental,emotional,and behavioral problems.

A)Endo-allergies;neuroallergies
B)Neuroallergies;cerebral allergies
C)Cerebral allergies;neuroallergies
D)Neuroallergies;endo-allergies

Question 25

The premise that traits and characteristics have become ingrained and some of these traits make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime is part of which theory?

A)neurophysiological theory
B)psychodynamic theory
C)evolutionary theory
D)personality theory

Question 26

Which of the following biochemical factors has not been linked to criminality?

A)Use of alcohol
B)Increased exposure to metals and chemicals
C)Hyperglycemia
D)Hormones

Question 27

The belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is known as:

A)latent potential
B)equipotentiality
C)shared potential
D)biopotentiality

Question 28

Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse,suicide,aggressiveness,and motiveless homicide.This disorder is a type of:

A)personality disorder
B)minimal brain dysfunction
C)hormonal imbalance
D)neurotransmitter disorder

Question 29

The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:

A)choice theory
B)biophobia
C)nature theory
D)nurture theory

Question 30

_______________ is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification,to consider their own needs more important than others,and to satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.

A)Deferred delinquency
B)Emergent delinquency
C)Latent delinquency
D)Delayed delinquency

Question 31

According to Freud,the superego is the ___???_____ aspect of one's personality.

A)moral
B)reality
C)pleasure
D)guilt

Question 32

High bone concentrations of this mineral/metal are associated with delinquency.

A)iron
B)lead
C)copper
D)zinc

Question 33

The notion that some individuals may engage in crime due to the attraction of "getting away with it" is known as:

A)risk theory
B)arousal theory
C)thrill-seeking theory
D)conduct disorder

Question 34

The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive,frustrated person dominated by events that occurred:

A)during one's adolescent years
B)during the process of socialization
C)during the phallic stage
D)during early childhood

Question 35

Some researches feel it is possible that what appears to be a genetic effect evidenced in twin research is actually the effect of sibling influence pertaining to criminality and referred to as the:

A)twin effect
B)contagion effect
C)proximity effect
D)immediacy effect

Question 36

What statement is false with regard to ADHD?

A)ADHD is associated with bullying and lack of response to discipline.
B)Causes of ADHD include neurological damage and chemical imbalance.
C)ADHD has been linked to the desistance of a delinquent career.
D)Treatment for ADHD is not always effective.

Question 37

Which finding is false with regard to the studies of MZ and DZ twins?

A)There is a significantly higher risk for suicidal behavior among MZ twin pairs than DZ twin pairs.
B)MZ twin pairs who suffer child abuse are more likely to engage in antisocial activity more often than DZ twin pairs.
C)If one member of a twin pair was delinquent,the other was not and the effect was seen in both types or twins.
D)MZ twins are closer than DZ twins in such crime relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills.

Question 38

Abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to brain seizures and emotional volatility.

A)androgens
B)glycogens
C)endorphins
D)endogens

Question 39

With regard to lead and its association to aggressive behaviors,what statement is false?

A)Areas with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of homicide
B)Neurological conditions,such as hyperactivity,occur even with limited exposure to lead
C)Lead poisoning was one of the most significant predictors of female delinquency
D)Lead exposure at a young age increased the likelihood of engaging in offending in late adolescence and early 20s.

Question 40

Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?

A)High lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores,a factor linked to aggressive behavior.
B)Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
C)Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses,which have been linked to antisocial behaviors.
D)The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.

Question 41

People alter what they do based on learned responses from rewards and punishments is the premise of what group of theories?

A)neurophysiological
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioral
D)personality

Question 42

Which theory states that the emotional bond at birth has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span?

A)psychodynamic theory
B)evolutionary theory
C)attachment theory
D)behavioral theory

Question 43

The work of Cesare Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded today as a historical curiosity,not scientific fact.

Question 44

___________________ is defined as a pattern of disregard for,and violation of,the rights of others.

A)anti-social personality
B)extreme extroversion
C)latent introversion
D)inferiority complex

Question 45

Social learning theorists contribute all but which of the following factors to violent and/or aggressive behavior?

A)learned aggressive skills
B)the belief that aggression is justified and appropriate
C)the belief that aggression is rewarded
D)consistent relationship between painful attacks and aggressive responses

Question 46

Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences.Which of these is not a source of this behavior modeling process?

A)family interaction
B)religious affiliation
C)environmental experiences
D)mass media

Question 47

The connection between crime and mental illness is evident given all but which of the following statements?

A)Female offenders seem to have more serious mental health symptoms.
B)Juvenile murderers have been described as "overtly hostile," "explosive or volatile," and "depressed."
C)Substance abuse among the mentally ill is significantly lower than that of the general population.
D)The diagnosed mentally ill appear in arrest and court statistics at a rate disproportionate to their presence in the population.

Question 48

Some trait theorists believe biochemical conditions,including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment,control and influence antisocial behavior.

Question 49

Research findings indicate in some cases sugar intake has been found to possibly reduce or curtail violent tendencies.

Question 50

A frequently administered personality test which has been used to distinguish deviants from nondeviant groups is the:

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B)Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
C)California Personality Inventory
D)Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 51

Conduct disorder is considered a more serious group of behaviors than oppositional defiant disorder.What statement is false regarding the causes of conduct disorder?

A)interconnections between the frontal lobes and other brain regions
B)levels of serotonin in the brain
C)genetic factors
D)an imbalance between the id,ego and superego.

Question 52

One of the most widely used psychological tests that is designed to measure many different personality traits,including psychopathic deviation,schizophrenia,and hypomania is known as the:

A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B)Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
C)California Personality Inventory
D)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Question 53

Trait theories can be divided into two major sub-divisions: one that stresses
psychological functioning and the other that stresses biological make-up.

Question 54

Therapeutic interventions designed to make people better problem solvers do not involve which measure?

A)teaching empathy
B)modeling prosocial behavior
C)enhancing coping skills
D)improving relationships with deviant peers

Question 55

Biophobia is the belief that serious consideration should be given to biological
factors when attempting to understand human nature.

Question 56

Biosocial theory contends that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.

Question 57

The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority is:

A)inferiority complex
B)power-control complex
C)ego complex
D)neuroticism

Question 58

Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:

A)socio-economic status
B)job skills and employment
C)school performance
D)parenting skills

Question 59

______________ argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically,and is linked to criminal behavior.

A)nature theory
B)nurture theory
C)cognitive theory
D)neurophysiological

Question 60

According to the moral and intellectual development branch of cognitive theory,what is wrong with criminals?

A)low levels of moral reasoning development
B)over-developed Ids
C)over-stimulation of mental capacities
D)limited control over external factors

Question 61

Social learning theorists argue that people are not actually born with the ability to act violently but that they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences via the process of behavior modeling.

Question 62

The relationship between impairment in executive brain functions and aggressive behavior is significant.

Question 63

Recent studies suggest that lead ingestion is linked to aggressive behaviors on a macro- but not a micro-level.

Question 64

Discuss the connection between IQ and crime.Include in your discussion the controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.

Question 65

Discuss neurological impairment and its association with antisocial and violent behaviors.

Question 66

The presence of brain tumors and lesions has been linked to a wide variety of psychological problems,including personality changes,hallucinations,and psychotic episodes.

Question 67

What is the basic premise of behavioral theory and how is aggression modeled?

Question 68

Latent delinquency is found in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification,consider satisfying their personal needs more important than relating to others,and satisfy instinctive urges without considering right and wrong.

Question 69

Discuss the elements of personality related to crime and explanations based on socialization.

Question 70

Link genetics to crime.Discuss the findings of twin studies and the contagion effect.

Question 71

People who suffer paranoid or delusional feelings,and who believe others wish them harm or that their mind is dominated by forces beyond their control,seem to
be violence prone.

Question 72

Discuss evolutionary theory and its association with gender-based differences in the crime rate.

Question 73

Identify four biochemical conditions that may lead to antisocial behavior and crime and why these conditions do so.

Question 74

Identify the patterns of behavior and symptoms of ADHD and discuss how ADHD is associated with crime.

Question 75

From the perspective of evolutionary theory,robbery may be an alluring pursuit for men who want to show their physical prowess and display resources with which to conquer rivals and attract mates.

Question 76

Discuss the foundations of trait theory and why these views are no longer accepted.

Question 77

Children with ADHD are more likely to use drugs,alcohol,and cigarettes in adolescence,to be arrested,to be charged with a felony,and to have multiple arrests than non-ADHD youth.

Question 78

Discuss how one's moral development influences their risk of committing crime.

Question 79

Children suffering from measurable neurological deficits at birth are believed to also suffer from antisocial traits throughout their life.