Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Self-esteem adjusts to a more realistic level in middle childhood largely as the result of

A)feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers.
B)the development of an incremental view of ability.
C)increases in perspective-taking skills.
D)child-rearing experiences and cultural values.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true about cultural influences on self-esteem?

A)In academic self-judgments,boys have higher language arts self-esteem than girls.
B)Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance.
C)North American children score lower in self-esteem than Asian children.
D)Asian children score lower in self-esteem than North American children.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Jacob,a sixth grader,entered the middle school academic bowl.According to Erikson,by entering the competition,Jacob shows

A)autonomy.
B)industriousness.
C)inferiority.
D)basic trust.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

A)unidirectional
B)hierarchical
C)flat
D)horizontal

Question 5

Compared to his Western agemates,Chao,who lives in China,will most likely describe himself by referencing his

A)individual interests.
B)personal attributes.
C)academic and sports-related skills.
D)group memberships and relationships.

Question 6

Beginning in middle childhood,children's self-descriptions start to emphasize

A)specific behaviors and observable traits.
B)industry over inferiority.
C)both negative and positive characteristics.
D)internal states and physical attributes.

Question 7

According to Erikson,the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B)basic trust versus mistrust.
C)ego versus despair.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 8

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates,Leonard,an African-American fourth grader,is more likely to have

A)low self-esteem.
B)a weaker sense of ethnic pride.
C)higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.
D)lower self-esteem,but a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

Question 9

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks.She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments.According to Erikson,Leah has

A)positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.
B)developed an ideal self that guides her behavior.
C)yet to encounter the psychological conflict of middle childhood.
D)overcome the conflict of role confusion.

Question 10

As school-age children move into adolescence,self-concept is increasingly vested in

A)feedback from close friends.
B)parental attitudes.
C)comparison with siblings.
D)feedback from teachers.

Question 11

____________ parenting is associated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

A)Controlling
B)Uninvolved
C)Authoritative
D)Indulgent

Question 12

According to Erikson,a sense of _________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses.

A)shame
B)guilt
C)inferiority
D)mistrust

Question 13

Children whose parents use a(n)_____________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about the development of self-concept?

A)Preschool children are better than school-age children at "reading" others' messages and internalizing their expectations.
B)A large discrepancy between an ideal self and a real self boosts self-esteem.
C)Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.
D)School-age children often avoid making social comparisons when describing themselves.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem in elementary school?

A)It rises dramatically as soon as children enter school and remains high throughout the elementary school years.
B)It increases steadily over the first few years of elementary school and then drops from fourth grade on.
C)Throughout middle childhood,girls' self-esteem tends to be higher than boys'.
D)It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then,from fourth grade on,rises for the majority of young people.

Question 16

During childhood and adolescence,perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

A)athletic competence
B)academic competence
C)physical appearance
D)social competence

Question 17

During the school years,children refine their __________,organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

A)self-concept
B)self-esteem
C)self-control
D)remembered self

Question 18

Sam is an American sixth grader.Compared to his Asian agemates,when asked to describe himself,Sam is more likely to say which of the following?

A)"I'm in sixth grade."
B)"I'm an older brother."
C)"I like hockey."
D)"My friends think I'm cool."

Question 19

From middle childhood on,individual differences in self-esteem

A)become increasingly stable.
B)are more stable for boys than girls.
C)become less stable.
D)fluctuate greatly.

Question 20

School-age children use frequent _________ in their self-descriptions.

A)sarcasm
B)negative comments
C)social comparisons
D)gender stereotyping

Question 21

Over time,the ability of __________ children no longer predicts their performance.

A)mastery-oriented
B)low-SES
C)high-SES
D)learned-helpless

Question 22

Nadia's parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting.As a result,Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth.

A)needs constant reassurance;peers
B)has unrealistically high self-esteem;her parents
C)has an overblown self-image;reasonable standards
D)seeks attention from other adults;other relatives

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood?

A)Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions.
B)Children feel guilty for any mishap,including those that are accidental.
C)Pride motivates children to take on further challenges,whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.
D)Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.

Question 24

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort.This approach is known as

A)achievement motivation.
B)identity achievement.
C)attribution retraining.
D)vicarious learning.

Question 25

When Sally fails,her parents say,"You can't do that,can you? It's OK if you quit." Sally probably will develop

A)mastery-oriented attributions.
B)learned helplessness.
C)realistic attributions.
D)a healthy self-image.

Question 26

Mr.and Mrs.Rodriguez want to foster their son's self-esteem.Which of the following would you suggest?

A)Make decisions for him when he appears hesitant,in order to model good decision-making strategies.
B)Continuously compliment his performance,even when it is less than satisfactory.
C)Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.
D)Start with high expectations,but be flexible and willing to accept lower achievement levels if he cannot achieve the original goals.

Question 27

Despite their higher achievement,_______ often blame poor performance on __________.

A)girls;ability
B)boys;ability
C)girls;effort
D)boys;luck

Question 28

Compared to preschoolers,school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________.

A)observable characteristics;personality traits
B)personality traits;psychological qualities
C)external events;internal states
D)internal states;external events

Question 29

In contrast to Americans,Asians focus more on ________ because ______________.

A)success;it fosters self-worth
B)failure;it indicates where corrective action is needed
C)success;their culture places a lower value on self-improvement
D)failure;their culture places a lower value on effort

Question 30

Attribution research shows that

A)boys are more likely than girls to blame their lack of ability for poor performance.
B)compared to low-SES ethnic minority children,white children tend to receive less favorable feedback from teachers.
C)compared to U.S.mothers,Chinese mothers offer more praise after success.
D)well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine children's competence.

Question 31

When Tyler receives a high test grade,he attributes it to luck,but when he gets a low test grade,he attributes it to not being smart.Tyler has developed

A)a realistically oriented view of ability.
B)mastery-oriented attributions.
C)learned helplessness.
D)an ideal self.

Question 32

When Erica's best friend makes her angry,she takes a deep breath and counts to ten.Erica is using

A)problem-centered coping.
B)emotion-centered coping.
C)emotional self-efficacy.
D)coregulation strategies.

Question 33

Andrew has well-developed emotional self-regulation.He feels that he is in control of his emotional experiences.Andrew has acquired

A)perspective-taking skills.
B)an ideal self.
C)a sense of emotional self-efficacy.
D)coregulation strategies.

Question 34

Nine-year-old Marlon's grandmother comes to live with his family.She is overly harsh and uses insensitive reprimands to shame him when he has done something wrong.Which of the following is likely?

A)Marlon will experience a sharp drop in self-esteem and will display depression and intense anger toward his grandmother.
B)Marlon will try harder to win his grandmother's approval and will learn to respect her strict discipline.
C)Marlon will make amends with his grandmother and will strive for self-improvement.
D)Marlon will experience a rise in self-esteem as he strives to win his grandmother's approval.

Question 35

Which of the following is true about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood?

A)Problem-centered coping is internal,private,and aimed at controlling distress.
B)By age 10,most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.
C)When outcomes are beyond their control,school-age children rely on problem-centered coping and seek social support.
D)Young school-age children emphasize concern for others' feelings more often than older children.

Question 36

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make _________ attributions,crediting their successes to __________.

A)realistically oriented;luck
B)mastery-oriented;ability
C)externally focused;effort
D)achievement-related;luck

Question 37

Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said "I'm hungry." She took the man's perspective,imagined how he felt,and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food.Danielle has developed

A)pride.
B)guilt.
C)empathy.
D)industry.

Question 38

Which of the following is true about moral development?

A)In middle childhood,children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad.
B)In middle childhood,children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire morally relevant behaviors.
C)By middle childhood,children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct,which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.
D)While school-age children think about right and wrong,they usually copy their morality from others.

Question 39

During middle childhood,children's emotional understanding develops as they become aware that

A)others' facial expressions indicate their feelings.
B)people can feel more than one emotion at a time.
C)pride and guilt primarily occur when adults are present.
D)basic emotions are related to personal responsibility.

Question 40

Teachers who are ________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

A)strict;getting good grades
B)indulgent;having fun
C)helpful;learning over getting good grades
D)caring;getting good grades

Question 41

When children in diverse cultures challenge adult authority,they typically do so

A)to gain respect.
B)behind the adult's back.
C)because of intense peer pressure.
D)within the personal domain.

Question 42

Which of the following is true about perspective taking?

A)Good perspective takers handle difficult social situations effectively but are inconsistent in their displays of empathy and sympathy.
B)Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others' thoughts and feelings.
C)Because school-age children are egocentric,they have difficulty understanding others' viewpoints.
D)While angry and aggressive children often mistreat adults and peers,they usually experience feelings of guilt and remorse when prompted by awareness of another's viewpoint.

Question 43

__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance,antisocial behavior,substance abuse,and delinquency.

A)Neglected
B)Controversial
C)Rejected
D)Popular

Question 44

Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that

A)by age 8 or 9,most children say they have only a handful of good friends.
B)friendships are highly unstable over the elementary and middle school years.
C)school-age children's friendships are less selective than those of preschoolers.
D)friendships are largely based on engaging in similar activities.

Question 45

Rejected-aggressive children are

A)deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation.
B)passive and socially awkward.
C)bullied more often than rejected-withdrawn children.
D)accepted by boys but rejected by girls.

Question 46

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability,__________ children get many positive votes,whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

A)popular;neglected
B)neglected;rejected
C)popular;rejected
D)controversial;neglected

Question 47

In middle childhood,__________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity.

A)friendship
B)informal peer group membership
C)peer conformity
D)formal group membership

Question 48

Research on aggressive children's friendships reveals that

A)when aggressive children make friends,the relationship is fairly stable over middle childhood.
B)the social problems of aggressive children tend to improve as they interact with friends.
C)aggressive boys' friendships are high in exchange of private feelings but full of conflict.
D)the social problems of aggressive children operate within their closest peer ties.

Question 49

Martina recognizes that other people can have different thoughts and feelings from her own,but she frequently confuses the two.Martina is displaying behavior consistent with Level ____ of Selman's stages of perspective taking.

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 50

On a measure of peer acceptance,Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively.Dustin would be considered a ___________ child.

A)neglected
B)rejected
C)withdrawn
D)popular-antisocial child

Question 51

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

A)children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust no longer "respected" children.
B)within peer groups,children learn cooperation,leadership,followership,and loyalty to collective goals.
C)belonging to a peer group diminishes opportunities to acquire socially competent behavior.
D)formal peer groups,such as 4-H or religious groups,often fail to satisfy children's desire for group membership.

Question 52

Fernando has reached the self-reflective level of Selman's stages of perspective taking.Which of the following statements is most likely true about Fernando?

A)He recognizes that others have different thoughts and feelings,but frequently confuses them with his own.
B)He can "step into another person's shoes" and view his own thoughts,feelings,and behavior from the other person's perspective.
C)He can step outside a two-person situation and imagine how the self and other are viewed from a point of view of a third,impartial party.
D)He understands that third-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of larger societal values.

Question 53

Once a friendship forms,________ becomes its defining feature.

A)proximity
B)shared experience
C)trust
D)conformity

Question 54

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child.Which characteristic is he likely to display?

A)He performs well in school and communicates with peers in a friendly way.
B)He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.
C)He displays a wide range of negative social behaviors and is overwhelmed by social anxiety.
D)He engages in low rates of interaction but does not report feeling lonely or unhappy.

Question 55

Kendall understands that third-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of large societal values.According to Selman's theory of perspective taking,Kendall is in what age range?

A)4 to 9
B)7 to 12
C)10 to 15
D)14 to adult

Question 56

By the end of middle childhood,children display a strong desire for

A)group belonging.
B)online friends.
C)athletic competence.
D)other-sex friends.

Question 57

The majority of popular-prosocial children combine __________ and __________ competence.

A)academic;social
B)academic;athletic
C)athletic;emotional
D)social;emotional

Question 58

On a measure of peer acceptance,Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes.Michael would be considered a __________ child.

A)neglected
B)rejected
C)popular
D)controversial

Question 59

Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of friends.Within this group,there are specific standards of behavior,a specialized dress code,and identified leaders.Maddy is most likely

A)a controversial child.
B)an androgynous child.
C)part of a peer group.
D)part of a popular social clique.

Question 60

Skye,a rejected-withdrawn child,is most likely

A)extremely antagonistic.
B)a bully toward younger children.
C)very concerned about being scorned and attacked.
D)uninterested in peer interaction.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true about peer victimization?

A)The majority of bullies are high-status youngsters who are liked for their leadership abilities.
B)Chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected.
C)Bullies are primarily aggressive toward children who challenge their authority.
D)Biologically based traits,such as an inhibited temperament and a frail physical appearance,contribute to victimization.

Question 62

José is a rejected-withdrawn child who has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties.This means that José

A)will eventually become a bully toward younger peers.
B)watches helplessly as classmates pass him by,even though he has the social skills to interact with them.
C)will be motivated to change his behavior so peers will accept him.
D)assumes that he will never be liked,no matter what he does.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child relationships in middle childhood?

A)When both parents are present,fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers.
B)Fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children.
C)While mothers are highly involved,fathers are more knowledgeable about children's everyday activities.
D)Fathers are more concerned than mothers with ensuring that children meet responsibilities in homework,after-school lessons,and chores.

Question 64

Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce rates?

A)Russia now has the highest divorce rate in the world.
B)Children of divorce spend an average of three years in a single-parent home.
C)At any given time,one-third of U.S.children live in single-parent households.
D)About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.

Question 65

Despite the concerns of middle childhood,child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n)___________ style in the early years.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 66

Which of the following is true about controversial and neglected children?

A)Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors.
B)Neglected children report feeling lonely and unhappy.
C)Controversial children have few friends and are unhappy with their peer relationships.
D)Neglected children are as socially maladjusted as rejected children.

Question 67

Research on peer victimization shows that

A)in middle childhood,girls bully peers nearly as often as boys.
B)school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization.
C)developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization.
D)most school-age children are well-liked and admired by peers.

Question 68

Effective coregulation is based on a(n)

A)cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take and mutual respect.
B)permissive child-rearing style where the child takes responsibility for making rules.
C)agreement between parents and other caregivers to be consistent with rules and discipline.
D)authoritarian child-rearing style where the parent exercises firm control.

Question 69

School-age children are likely to view which of the following activities as nearly as bad as a moral transgression?

A)5-year-old Kimberly wearing a boy's shirt and her father's shoes
B)5-year-old Geni playing with trucks
C)5-year-old Frank singing Barney songs with his baby sister
D)5-year-old Mark wearing nail polish

Question 70

Which of the following is true about gender typicality?

A)The degree to which a child feels satisfied with his or her gender assignment has little to do with happiness.
B)Children's psychological well-being depends,to some degree,on feeling that they "fit in" with their same-sex peers.
C)Children who feel strong gender-typed pressure typically have the highest self-esteem.
D)Children must be highly gender-typed to view themselves as gender typical.

Question 71

Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by

A)more often attributing girls' failures to insufficient effort and boys' failures to ability.
B)harshly punishing children for gender-atypical behavior.
C)praising girls for knowledge and boys for obedience.
D)behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.

Question 72

Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby.His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies,such as woodworking or coin collecting.Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting.Which of the following accurately describes Dwayne's gender identity self-evaluation?

A)gender contentedness
B)gender typicality
C)felt pressure to conform to gender roles
D)gender-atypical

Question 73

In middle childhood,the amount of time children spend with parents

A)increases for girls but decreases for boys.
B)increases dramatically.
C)decreases dramatically.
D)is often characterized by high rates of conflict.

Question 74

Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.

A)exhibit higher rates of antisocial behavior
B)have lower self-esteem
C)display poorer social skills
D)are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation

Question 75

From third grade to sixth grade,boys ___________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits,whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________.

A)strengthen;declines
B)weaken;strengthens
C)steadily maintain;accelerates over time
D)weaken;remains steady

Question 76

Octavio feels satisfied with his gender assignment,which consequently makes him happy.Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity?

A)gender contentedness
B)gender typicality
C)felt pressure to conform to gender roles
D)gender-atypical

Question 77

Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry?

A)Sibling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age.
B)Sibling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings.
C)During the middle childhood years,sibling rivalry tends to decrease.
D)Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings strive to be different from one another.

Question 78

Research shows that school-age children

A)rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.
B)rate "feminine" occupations as having higher status than "masculine" occupations.
C)often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it.
D)will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl.

Question 79

Which of the following is true about gender identity and behavior in middle childhood?

A)How children feel about themselves in relation to their gender group is less important in middle childhood than it was during the preschool years.
B)Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly.
C)Researchers agree that the only way to help children who feel gender-atypical is to make them more gender-typical.
D)Gender-typical and gender-discontented children show gains in self-worth between third and seventh grade.

Question 80

Mr.and Mrs.Pribesh have begun to change how they supervise their son.While they exercise general oversight,they now allow him to take charge of moment-by-moment decision making.The Pribeshes are engaging in

A)social conventions.
B)transitive inference.
C)distributive justice.
D)coregulation.