Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The first outward sign of puberty is

A)steady improvement in gross-motor performance.
B)the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt.
C)changes in physical features related to sexual functioning.
D)extreme moodiness,particularly toward adults.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle and body growth and notices the growth of facial and body hair.Which of the following hormones is responsible for this change?

A)estrogen
B)testosterone
C)adrenal androgens
D)thyroxine

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of physical skill in midadolescence?

A)Boys and girls are evenly matched in athletics.
B)Few girls perform as well as the average boy.
C)Low-performing girls actually have skills equal to high-performing boys.
D)Girls perform better in athletics until about age 15,when boys surpass them.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mary and Ashley are identical twins.Abbie and Chandra are fraternal twins.Which of the following is most likely to be true about the timing of puberty?

A)Mary and Ashley will reach menarche about 12 months apart.
B)Abbie and Chandra will reach menarche within a month or two of each other.
C)Mary and Ashley will reach menarche within a month or two of each other.
D)Abbie and Chandra will reach menarche at around the same time.

Question 5

Male puberty usually begins with

A)extreme and unpredictable moodiness.
B)enlargement of the testes.
C)the appearance of pubic hair.
D)spermarche.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about secular trends in pubertal development is true?

A)In industrialized nations,the age of menarche increased steadily from 1900 to 1970.
B)In industrialized nations,the age of menarche declined steadily from 1900 to 1970.
C)In North America and some European countries,rates of overweight and obesity rise sharply during puberty.
D)In industrialized nations,the age of spermarche increased steadily from 1900 to 1970.

Question 7

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

A)ovaries
B)pubic hair
C)scrotum
D)testes

Question 8

During puberty,the neurons become more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters.As a result,adolescents

A)handle stressful events better than most adults.
B)experience pleasurable stimuli less intensely,causing them to seek outside stimulation,such as illicit drugs.
C)react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.
D)require less nightly sleep than school-age children and adults.

Question 9

Boys show superior athletic performance during the teenage years because

A)they have an extra 2 years of preadolescent growth.
B)they develop larger skeletal muscles,hearts,and lung capacity than girls.
C)they have more athletic opportunities available to them.
D)the number of red blood cells increases in girls but not in boys.

Question 10

Wayne believes that teenagers are naturally rebellious and full of rage because of the biological changes of puberty.Wayne's beliefs are consistent with the theory that

A)social forces determine adolescent psychological change.
B)biological,psychological,and social forces combine to influence adolescent development.
C)teenagers have no control over their behavior and cannot be held accountable for their actions.
D)the biological upheaval of puberty triggers heightened emotionality,conflict,and defiance.

Question 11

On average,girls reach puberty

A)at approximately the same time as boys.
B)2 months earlier than boys.
C)2 years earlier than boys.
D)2 years later than boys.

Question 12

G)Stanley Hall described adolescence as a

A)period so turbulent that it resembles the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings.
B)time in which teenagers grasp scientific and mathematical principles and grapple with social and political issues.
C)generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is responsible for the range of teenage experiences.
D)brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles and responsibilities.

Question 13

Female puberty usually begins with

A)the budding of the breasts and the growth spurt.
B)menarche.
C)the completion of pubic hair growth.
D)extreme and unpredictable moodiness.

Question 14

Fifteen-year-old Kurt is often sleep-deprived.Research indicates that Kurt will

A)perform better on cognitive tasks in the morning hours.
B)engage in sleep rebound on the weekends,which will compensate for sleep loss during the week.
C)be too exhausted to engage in high-risk behaviors.
D)perform especially poorly on cognitive tasks during morning hours.

Question 15

Brian is a star high school athlete,who has recently exhibited severe mood swings and aggressiveness.An initial health screening also indicates that Brian has acne,excess body hair,and high blood pressure.Brian's symptoms are consistent with

A)delayed puberty.
B)sexual maturation.
C)anabolic steroid use.
D)excessive stimulant use.

Question 16

According to anthropologist Margaret Mead,_____________ is/are entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences.

A)biology
B)the social environment
C)the storm-and-stress of adolescence
D)psychological forces

Question 17

Girls exposed to family conflict tend to reach menarche __________,whereas those with warm family ties tend to reach menarche __________.

A)relatively late;early
B)on target;late
C)at the same age as their mothers;earlier than their mothers
D)early;relatively late

Question 18

Most researchers today believe that adolescent development is

A)biologically determined.
B)socially determined.
C)influenced by biological,psychological,and social forces.
D)abrupt and stagelike.

Question 19

One landmark of male physical maturity is

A)the deepening of the voice.
B)menarche.
C)an increase in aggression.
D)enhanced athletic skill.

Question 20

Research indicates that adolescents need about ______ hours of sleep each night.

A)5
B)7
C)9
D)11

Question 21

Taylor is popular with agemates,holds many leadership positions in school,and is an athletic star.Taylor displays characteristics consistent with a(n)

A)early-maturing girl.
B)late-maturing boy.
C)early-maturing boy.
D)early-maturing child of either sex.

Question 22

Randy is viewed by both adults and peers as anxious,overly talkative,and attention-seeking.Maria is viewed by both groups as physically attractive,lively,and sociable.Which of the following is likely to be true?

A)Randy and Maria are both early-maturing teens.
B)Randy and Maria are both late-maturing teens.
C)Randy is an early-maturing boy,and Maria is a late-maturing girl.
D)Randy is a late-maturing boy,and Maria is an early-maturing girl.

Question 23

Western adolescents are granted partial adult status upon the happening of many different events,including

A)voting.
B)entering high school.
C)beginning to date.
D)menarche or spermarche.

Question 24

About _____ percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia nervosa.

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 25

Seventeen-year-old Emily is more likely to experience positive emotions when she

A)is involved in adult-structured activities.
B)engages in self-chosen leisure activities.
C)completes a difficult job successfully.
D)spends a weekend evening at home.

Question 26

During the adolescent growth spurt,

A)boys require approximately 1,500 more calories a day than girls.
B)girls require somewhat less protein than boys because of their smaller size and muscle mass.
C)the diets of both boys and girls are typically well-balanced.
D)girls consume about 500 more calories per day than boys.

Question 27

Which of the following parent-child relationships is common among anorexic teenagers?

A)overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers
B)permissive mothers and highly competitive fathers
C)permissive mothers and uninvolved fathers
D)divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

Question 28

Boys account for about _____ percent of cases of anorexia.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 29

Which of the following is true about the role of physical attractiveness and the timing of puberty in Western society?

A)The ideal female image is a girlish shape that favors the early developer.
B)The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the late developer.
C)The ideal male image is a muscular shape that favors the early developer.
D)Both the ideal male and female image favor early-maturing teens.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about adolescent moodiness?

A)Adolescents rate their moods more positively in adult-structured settings.
B)Adolescent mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.
C)Teenagers' emotional highs coincide with weekend evenings spent at home.
D)Teenagers' emotional lows coincide with self-chosen leisure activities.

Question 31

Which of the following is true about the onset of menarche and spermarche?

A)Almost all girls and boys tell a friend about the onset of menarche and spermarche.
B)A few girls tell a friend that they are menstruating,but more boys tell a friend about spermarche.
C)Almost all girls eventually tell a friend that they are menstruating,but fewer boys tell anyone about spermarche.
D)Almost all boys eventually tell a friend about spermarche,but fewer girls tell anyone that they are menstruating.

Question 32

Some evidence suggests that _______________ families may better prepare girls for menarche,treat it as an important milestone,and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity.

A)Caucasian-American
B)Japanese-American
C)African-American
D)Chinese-American

Question 33

___________ is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

A)Bulimia nervosa
B)Addictive starvation
C)Food insecurity
D)Anorexia nervosa

Question 34

The most successful treatment for anorexia usually involves

A)a combination of individual and group therapy.
B)family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances.
C)short-term individual therapy and nutritional counseling.
D)hypnosis and insertion of a feeding tube.

Question 35

Frequency of ____________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in adolescents.

A)exercise
B)sleep
C)dieting
D)family meals

Question 36

Initiation ceremonies in industrialized nations,such as the Jewish bar or bat mitzvah and the quinceañera in Hispanic communities,have less effect on the timing of puberty than initiation ceremonies in tribal and village societies because they

A)usually do not lead to a meaningful change in social status.
B)mark an important change in privilege and responsibility.
C)usually lead to a meaningful change in social status.
D)formally mark the movement from childhood to adulthood.

Question 37

Carlie engages in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating,often followed by purging.Carlie suffers from

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)food insecurity.
C)marasmus.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 38

Ann is having more frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter.If they argue over typical parent-adolescent issues,these disagreements are most likely

A)over important family values,such as honesty or integrity.
B)caused by the storm and stress of puberty.
C)over school issues,such as the importance of education.
D)about everyday matters,such as driving,dating partners,and curfew.

Question 39

Treating anorexia is difficult because victims

A)are usually from low-income families.
B)often feel guilty or depressed.
C)usually have parents who are unconcerned and uninvolved.
D)generally deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.

Question 40

____________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure of young people from the family group that takes place in nonindustrialized cultures.

A)The transition to adulthood
B)Emotional upheaval
C)Psychological distancing
D)Adolescent moodiness

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true about intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood?

A)Contrary to popular belief,adolescent parenthood does not increase the chances of teenage childbearing in the next generation.
B)Intergenerational continuity in adolescent parenthood is far greater when teenage mothers remain unmarried.
C)Unmarried adolescent fathers are more likely to remain in regular contact with daughters than sons.
D)International continuity in adolescent parenthood affects daughters but not sons.

Question 42

Many gay men and women first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation between the ages of _______,when they discovered _______________.

A)6 and 12;their play interests were more like those of the other gender
B)12 and 16;strong attractions to members of the same sex
C)3 and 6;a preference for their same-sex parent
D)6 and 12;a preference for quiet activities and hobbies

Question 43

Compared to other cultures,North American adolescents have

A)very open sexual attitudes.
B)a more open attitude toward homosexuality.
C)little or no information about sex.
D)relatively restrictive sexual attitudes.

Question 44

Research shows that many adolescents do not use contraception during sexual activity because they

A)fail to apply their reasoning skills to everyday situations.
B)enjoy the thrill of risky behavior.
C)receive inaccurate information on pregnancy and STDs.
D)are unable to determine the consequences of their actions.

Question 45

Studies show that 60 percent of middle school students and 90 percent of high school students are aware of the basic facts about AIDS but

A)believe that AIDS happens to "other people" and that they are somehow immune to catching it.
B)believe that birth control pills provide some protection from STDs.
C)are better informed about other STDs.
D)are poorly informed about how to protect themselves against other STDs.

Question 46

Bulimia is usually easier to treat than anorexia because

A)bulimics usually deny any problem exists.
B)bulimics usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits.
C)anorexics usually feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits.
D)bulimics rarely feel guilty about their abnormal eating habits.

Question 47

Studies show that ________ makes an important contribution to homosexuality.

A)heredity
B)drug abuse
C)alcoholism
D)cross-gender behavior

Question 48

Michelle is a 19-year-old who has reached self-acceptance about being a lesbian.The greatest predictor of her favorable adjustment will be

A)the level of understanding and support provided by her parents.
B)her friends' initial reactions to the news.
C)the level of acceptance received from her peers.
D)her ability to find a romantic partner.

Question 49

Early sexual activity is more common among young people from

A)high-SES income homes.
B)economically disadvantaged homes.
C)only-child families.
D)large families.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about the spread of STDs,including AIDS?

A)It is at least five times as easy for a male to infect a female,as for a female to infect a male.
B)It is at least five times as easy for a female to infect a male,as for a male to infect a female.
C)It is just as easy for a female to infect a male,as for a male to infect a female.
D)It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female,as for a female to infect a male.

Question 51

Many homosexual adolescents and adults move through a three-phase sequence in coming out to themselves and others.Those three phases are

A)questioning,information seeking,and satisfaction.
B)feeling different,confusion,and self-acceptance.
C)worry,self-acceptance,and happiness.
D)confusion,embarrassment,and resignation.

Question 52

About _____ percent of young people report getting information from parents about intercourse,pregnancy prevention,and sexually transmitted disease.

A)35
B)50
C)65
D)80

Question 53

Bulimia is usually treated by

A)therapy that focuses on making new friends.
B)in-patient hospitalization and family therapy.
C)therapy that focuses on nutrition education.
D)hypnotherapy.

Question 54

Teenage pregnancies are a far greater problem today than several decades ago because

A)most public schools teach abstinence only,which does little to prepare teens for safe sex.
B)the stigma of teenage parenthood is much worse and many couples refuse to adopt the baby of a teenage mother.
C)adolescents are far less likely to marry before childbirth,increasing the negative consequences for both mother and baby.
D)most adolescents lack the knowledge and resources to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies.

Question 55

When adolescents ask questions or offer opinions about sex,adults should

A)use correct terms for body parts and remain nonjudgmental.
B)listen and then ask a series of yes/no questions in order to determine the teen's level of understanding.
C)have the "big talk" in early adolescence and then discourage sex talk in their presence.
D)emphasize the importance of abstinence and limit their teen's dating.

Question 56

Compared to heterosexual men,homosexual men tend to be _______ in birth order and have a(n)_______ number of older brothers.

A)later;lower-than-average
B)earlier;higher-than-average
C)later;higher-than-average
D)earlier;average

Question 57

About _______ percent of U.S.adolescents report having had sexual intercourse.

A)25
B)35
C)50
D)65

Question 58

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?

A)Carrie,who is an only child
B)Angelo,who is African American
C)Thomas,who is Asian American
D)Marla,who experienced late pubertal development

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Attraction to members of the same sex is not limited to teens who identify as gay or lesbian.
B)Most homosexual adolescents are gender deviant in dress and behavior.
C)About 85 percent of adolescents who report having engaged in homosexual acts identify as homosexual.
D)Researchers have yet to identify a link between heredity and homosexuality.

Question 60

In the United States,roughly how many cases of AIDS originate during adolescence?

A)1 out of 2
B)1 out of 5
C)1 out of 10
D)1 out of 100

Question 61

Which of the following is true about a school-age child's ability to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A)She can sort out evidence that bears on three or more variables at once.
B)She can understand that hypotheses must be confirmed by appropriate evidence.
C)She can easily explain why a pattern of observations supports a hypothesis.
D)She cannot reason logically in make-believe play when a simple set of premises defies real-world knowledge.

Question 62

With respect to propositional thought,young children have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they

A)automatically inhibit well-learned,real-world knowledge.
B)are egocentric and cannot yet understand another person's perspective.
C)fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning.
D)have poorly developed problem-solving strategies.

Question 63

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem,17-year-old Max is likely to

A)justify his answer using a fictional or egocentric response.
B)need concrete objects or situations to explain his answer.
C)have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or his own beliefs.
D)justify his reasoning by explaining the rules on which it is based.

Question 64

Fifteen-year-old Kai is able to evaluate the logical of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances.According to Piaget,Kai is demonstrating

A)concrete thinking.
B)propositional thought.
C)formal operational thought.
D)idealistic thinking.

Question 65

The primary factor that prevents college students and adults from displaying formal operational thinking in some situations is that

A)they do not have enough experience and practice in using such reasoning.
B)they fail to use memory strategies effectively.
C)this kind of thinking is not especially useful in our society.
D)there is a cultural stigma associated with formal operations.

Question 66

In adolescence,the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase.As a result,

A)adolescents no longer need to experiment with memory strategies.
B)more information can be held at once in working memory and combined into increasingly complex,efficient representations.
C)long-term memory compensates for the limitations of working memory.
D)attention becomes less selective and better adapted to the demands of tasks.

Question 67

As a result of the imaginary audience,adolescents become

A)better at day-to-day decision making.
B)less concerned with what others think about them.
C)extremely self-conscious.
D)less interested in belonging to a particular clique or crowd.

Question 68

Brady is a first grader.When presented with conflicting evidence in a problem,he will probably

A)pay close attention to the conflict.
B)distort the evidence so that it is consistent with his preferred theory.
C)use logical rules to examine the situation.
D)interpret evidence as multiple representations of "the way things are."

Question 69

Which of the following statements describes a minimal drug experimenter?

A)They are seriously troubled youth who express their unhappiness through antisocial acts.
B)They are usually impulsive and disruptive in early childhood.
C)They are usually psychologically healthy,sociable,curious young people.
D)They are typically emotionally or socially immature in middle childhood.

Question 70

Researchers believe that sophisticated ______________ is vital for scientific reasoning.

A)processing capacity
B)mathematical knowledge
C)strategy development
D)metacognitive understanding

Question 71

Seven-year-old Adea is asked to evaluate evidence about a hypothesis.She will probably

A)be able to inhibit well-learned knowledge.
B)do as well as an adult if the researcher motivates her with candy.
C)be able to use propositional thought.
D)deal with only one or two possible variables and be unable to deal with three or more.

Question 72

According to Piaget,around age 11,young people enter the formal operational stage of development,in which they

A)are strongly motivated to experiment with new memory strategies.
B)require concrete things and events as objects of thought.
C)cannot separate the effects of variables in problem solving.
D)are able to come up with new,general logical rules through internal reflection.

Question 73

Kia,age 14,uses hypothetic-deductive reasoning.Therefore,she probably

A)makes predictions about variables that might affect an outcome and then deduces logical,testable inferences from that hypothesis.
B)starts with what she knows,conducts observations,and revises her approach to problem solving.
C)cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed.
D)is strongly motivated to identify and experiment with new memory strategies,although she may not yet use new strategies effectively.

Question 74

Adolescent drug experimentation

A)should not be taken lightly because drug use can lead to permanent injury or death.
B)is a normal part of adolescence and,therefore,is not a cause for concern.
C)is much greater among European than U.S.adolescents.
D)is rare in the Native-American population.

Question 75

By the end of high school,50 percent of teenagers have experimented with illegal drugs.These numbers

A)are most likely inaccurate since adolescent drug users rarely admit to their behavior.
B)show a substantial increase since the mid-1990s,despite greater focus on the hazards of drug use.
C)show that drug use has changed little since the mid-1990s,despite increased focus on the hazards of drug use.
D)represent a substantial decline since the mid-1990s,probably resulting from increased focus on the hazards of drug use.

Question 76

Maddy,age 7,is presented with the following statement: If rats are bigger than cats and cats are bigger than mice,then rats are bigger than mice.She will probably judge such reasoning to be

A)true because she understands propositional thought.
B)true if she has seen cats,rats,and mice in picture books.
C)false because not all relations specified occur in real life.
D)sometimes true and sometimes false depending on her educational background.

Question 77

Which of the following factors is associated with intergenerational continuity in adolescent pregnancy and parenthood?

A)father absence
B)coming from a blended family
C)being adopted
D)living in a large city

Question 78

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development

A)can only operate on reality.
B)cannot "operate on operations."
C)no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.
D)cannot yet come up with general logical rules through internal reflection.

Question 79

Adolescents who believe they are the focus of everyone's attention are experiencing

A)idealism.
B)the personal fable.
C)reality.
D)the imaginary audience.

Question 80

Which individual is most likely to master formal operational tasks?

A)Geni,an American high school student
B)Gus,a high school student in a village society
C)Ghenniaa,the chief of a tribal society
D)Grady,an only child