Deck 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag,her dad comments,"You stood still as you were throwing.Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback,which of the following is most likely true?

A)Katherine is likely to show great shame after a failure.
B)Katherine is likely to show extreme pride after a success.
C)Katherine is likely to experience a low level of pride after a success.
D)Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by

A)adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.
B)only pointing out large mistakes.
C)always giving them positive feedback,regardless of actual performance.
D)only presenting them with easy tasks.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Erikson,once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy,they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.

A)playful
B)industrious
C)contrary
D)purposeful

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Preschoolers are especially likely to engage in emotion talk

A)during make-believe play.
B)during solitary play.
C)when being criticized by adults.
D)with their teachers.

Question 5

When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom,Miss Dodge should

A)discipline children for possessiveness.
B)insist on sharing because it promotes fairness.
C)declare that once toys enter the classroom,they belong to everybody.
D)encourage compromise rather than insisting on sharing.

Question 6

Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that

A)the frequency of emotional outbursts increases during the preschool years.
B)preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.
C)fears are uncommon during the preschool years because young children have good self-regulatory skills.
D)preschoolers do not yet understand that they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.

Question 7

Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating.He will probably

A)say that ice skating is a girl's sport and underestimate its difficulty.
B)rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.
C)rate his own ability as extremely low and overestimate the difficulty of skating.
D)give an accurate assessment of his own ability,but overestimate the difficulty of skating.

Question 8

Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

A)the superego
B)mistrust
C)initiative
D)psychosexual stages

Question 9

In a study of middle-SES Irish-American families in Chicago and Chinese families in Taiwan,Chinese parents

A)rarely emphasized the impact of the child's misbehavior on others.
B)emphasized the importance of individual achievement.
C)were less likely than Irish-American parents to use a warm,caring tone in their narratives.
D)frequently told their preschoolers stories about the child's misdeeds.

Question 10

If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself,she will probably describe herself in terms of

A)personality traits.
B)future goals.
C)psychological qualities.
D)observable characteristics.

Question 11

______________ contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation.

A)Permissive child rearing
B)Authoritarian child rearing
C)Language
D)Family size

Question 12

Preschoolers' self-conscious emotions are

A)altruistic actions that benefit another person.
B)independent of parental messages.
C)clearly linked to self-evaluation.
D)more intense in children whose parents regularly comment on how to improve performance.

Question 13

The stronger children's self-definition is,the more ________ they tend to be.

A)generous
B)emotional
C)possessive
D)empathetic

Question 14

Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely.He is more likely than other children to

A)talk to himself to adjust his emotional arousal.
B)react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.
C)try to blunt his emotions by restricting sensory input.
D)ask for adult help when he becomes frustrated.

Question 15

Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood.

A)effortful control
B)parental redirection
C)sensory stimulation
D)self-awareness

Question 16

As self-awareness strengthens,preschoolers begin to develop a

A)self-concept.
B)restrained superego.
C)subjective id.
D)moral self.

Question 17

For Erikson,the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened,criticized,and punished excessively by adults.

A)ego;power
B)superego;guilt
C)id;initiative
D)id;shame

Question 18

During the preschool years,high self-esteem

A)is self-defeating because children cannot yet adequately complete many tasks.
B)is rare because task-failure is common.
C)can lead to an exaggerated sense of self-importance in adulthood.
D)greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.

Question 19

___________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

A)Concrete rewards
B)Narratives
C)Formal lessons
D)Tall tales

Question 20

Preschoolers' self-concepts

A)are typically abstract.
B)are very concrete.
C)focus mainly on personality traits.
D)are overly critical.

Question 21

Larissa,age 3,often plays alone.Her parents should be concerned if she

A)talks to imaginary friends.
B)works with art materials by herself.
C)only does puzzles or builds with blocks.
D)engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.

Question 22

Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as

A)sharing thoughts and feelings.
B)pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
C)having an enduring quality based on mutual trust.
D)dependent on caring for one another in times of need.

Question 23

Research on friendships shows that

A)preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends.
B)preschoolers give more reinforcement to nonfriends than to friends.
C)most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust.
D)the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.

Question 24

Children who are sociable and assertive are

A)more likely to help,share,and comfort others in distress.
B)usually poor at regulating emotion.
C)likely to show a rise in heart rate and lip biting when they see a peer in distress.
D)often overwhelmed by others' distress.

Question 25

Research on peer sociability demonstrates that

A)functional play is especially common among older preschoolers.
B)preschoolers who spend a lot time playing alone tend to be socially anxious.
C)preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.
D)the amount of solitary and parallel play decreases sharply during the preschool years.

Question 26

According to Mildred Parten,two forms of true social interaction are ________ and __________ play.

A)nonsocial;associative
B)parallel;nonsocial
C)cooperative;parallel
D)associative;cooperative

Question 27

Frank,a kindergartener,says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along.But when a dispute arises,he reverses himself: "Pat is not my friend!" Frank's parents should

A)talk to the teacher about Frank's poor attitude.
B)talk to Pat's parents and both children about the true meaning of friendship.
C)not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term,enduring quality based on mutual trust.
D)be concerned because secure friendships in early childhood should survive conflicts.

Question 28

Among Western children,when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame,it is related to

A)inflated self-esteem.
B)an insecure attachment.
C)poor emotional self-regulation.
D)good adjustment.

Question 29

Research on parental influences on children's peer sociability shows that

A)preschoolers whose parents frequently arrange informal peer play activities tend to exhibit weak social skills.
B)parents tend to play more with children of the other sex.
C)preschoolers whose parents arrange play dates tend to have larger peer networks.
D)the quality of play with fathers is more strongly linked to social competence among girls than among boys.

Question 30

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table,while Madison makes a pie at the other end.The children talk and pass tools back and forth.They are engaging in __________ play.

A)associative
B)parallel
C)nonsocial
D)cooperative

Question 31

Children who are unable to regulate their emotions

A)display less prosocial behavior and sympathetic concern.
B)are likely to help others in distress.
C)tend to avoid peers in distress.
D)exhibit more prosocial behavior.

Question 32

Two-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings.When another child is unhappy,D'Arcy is likely to respond with

A)fear and anger.
B)anxiety and distress.
C)sympathetic concern.
D)frowning and lip biting.

Question 33

Empathy

A)always yields acts of kindness and helpfulness.
B)always leads to sympathy.
C)can escalate self-focused personal distress in some children.
D)is especially well-developed in shy,inhibited children.

Question 34

Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that

A)social development always proceeds in a three-step sequence.
B)play forms do not emerge in the order suggested by Parten.
C)all types of play coexist in early childhood.
D)with age,cooperative play replaces nonsocial play.

Question 35

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

A)sympathy.
B)empathy.
C)emotional self-regulation.
D)fear of punishment.

Question 36

Psychoanalytic theory stresses

A)how moral behavior is learned through modeling.
B)the emotional side of conscience development.
C)children's ability to reason about justice and fairness.
D)reinforcement as a motivator of children's morality.

Question 37

Most theories of moral development agree that at first,a child's morality is

A)regulated by inner standards.
B)motivated by a fear of retribution.
C)driven by compassionate concern.
D)externally controlled by adults.

Question 38

Truly moral individuals

A)do the right thing to avoid punishment.
B)conform to others' expectations.
C)have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.
D)do the right thing for the sake of social conformity.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on children's peer sociability?

A)Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.
B)Regina allows her 3-year-old to choose her own playmates.
C)Tamie plays house with her 4-year-old.
D)David and his 3-year-old play with blocks.

Question 40

Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls.They do not talk or try to influence each other.They are engaging in _______ play.

A)nonsocial
B)parallel
C)associative
D)cooperative

Question 41

According to Freud,children

A)internalize the other-sex parent's moral standards.
B)behave morally when adults point out the effects of their misbehavior on others.
C)act morally to avoid punitive feelings of guilt from their superego.
D)develop a conscience by turning hostility aimed at the other-sex parent toward themselves.

Question 42

Research reveals that inductive discipline

A)fails to provide children with information about how to behave in future situations.
B)helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.
C)discourages the development of empathy and sympathy.
D)encourages children to comply with rules in order to avoid the loss of parental love.

Question 43

Frequent punishment

A)promotes moral development and prosocial behavior.
B)promotes immediate compliance,but not lasting changes in behavior.
C)is more common with school-age children than with toddlers and preschoolers.
D)produces lasting changes in children's behavior.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?

A)Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.
B)Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.
C)Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened.
D)Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.

Question 45

Although good discipline is crucial,___________ is also influential in conscience development.

A)a child's temperament
B)peer sociability
C)fear of punishment
D)permissive child rearing

Question 46

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that

A)children adopt the moral standards of their same-sex parent.
B)guilt is an important motivator of moral action.
C)children's fear of punishment leads to the development of moral behavior.
D)fear of the loss of parental love motivates conscience formation.

Question 47

According to social learning theorists,children learn to behave morally

A)largely through operant conditioning.
B)because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.
C)because they feel empathy-based guilt.
D)by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

Question 48

In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality,the cognitive-developmental perspective

A)focuses on how children internalize standards of good conduct from adults.
B)emphasizes forms of discipline that encourage and reward good conduct.
C)encourages the use of corporal punishment to correct misbehavior.
D)regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

Question 49

One strategy of positive discipline is

A)punishing children only as a last resort.
B)reducing opportunities for misbehavior.
C)allowing children freedom from family routines and duties.
D)using time out when children are obstinate.

Question 50

Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique

A)because it involves withdrawal of parental love.
B)only when combined with withdrawal of privileges.
C)when a child is out of control.
D)only when a parent is angry enough to need a cooling-off period.

Question 51

Mia bit her brother,so her father would not let her watch TV.This technique,known as withdrawal of privileges,

A)gives Mia's father a cooling-off period.
B)allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.
C)helps Mia relate biting to her father's expectations for her future behavior.
D)is not as effective as corporal punishment.

Question 52

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

A)direct
B)verbal
C)instrumental
D)relational

Question 53

Which of the following statements is an example of induction?

A)"I'll put you in time out if you don't stop jumping on the couch."
B)"You sat there last time.It is your sister's turn."
C)"You hit your brother.You know better than that."
D)"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."

Question 54

Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple,and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers.Ellie is most likely to view

A)the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.
B)both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult.
C)both actions as equally wrong.
D)the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.

Question 55

Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by

A)telling their children that they are using punishment as a last resort.
B)permitting their children to act inappropriately on some occasions.
C)designating one parent as the disciplinarian.
D)offering reasons for mild punishment.

Question 56

Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,

A)the more mothers discipline physically in childhood,the less their teenagers display angry,acting out behavior.
B)when parents resort to physical punishment,they are often highly agitated and rejecting of the child.
C)the more mothers discipline physically in childhood,the more their teenagers display angry,acting out behavior.
D)physical punishment is generally considered wrong,as it contributes to poor self-esteem.

Question 57

Preschoolers distinguish ___________,which protect people's rights and welfare,from ___________,which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

A)social conventions;moral imperatives
B)matters of personal choice;social conventions
C)moral imperatives;matters of personal choice
D)moral imperatives;social conventions

Question 58

Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a "dodo head." This is an example of ________ aggression.

A)relational
B)indirect
C)verbal
D)instrumental

Question 59

Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is

A)associated with a rise in problem behaviors regardless of the cultural context.
B)viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
C)a more effective form of discipline than time out,withdrawal of privileges,or induction.
D)associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.

Question 60

Maureen and Chris,the parents of an impulsive preschooler,can foster conscience development by

A)using mild suggestions and offering explanations.
B)asserting their power as authority figures.
C)applying gentle discipline.
D)combining firm correction with induction.

Question 61

During early childhood,children's gender-stereotyped beliefs

A)emerge slowly,as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways.
B)strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.
C)are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play.
D)are flexible until about age 5,after which they become more rigid.

Question 62

Maria more positively evaluates girls than boys.This is an example of

A)in-group favoritism.
B)gender typing.
C)gender selection.
D)same-sex orientation.

Question 63

David Reimer's gender reassignment failed because his

A)feminine behavior led classmates to taunt and tease him.
B)genetic abnormalities could not be overcome.
C)male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.
D)gender reassignment surgery led him to act more like a boy than a girl.

Question 64

In the United States,__________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.

A)lobbying by the television industry
B)the First Amendment right to free speech
C)the concept of individualism
D)a lack of education

Question 65

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence

A)decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions,but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers.
B)has a negative impact on preschool children,but does not increase aggression in older children.
C)is common on nighttime programming,but perpetrators are almost always punished.
D)increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.

Question 66

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents

A)actively reinforce dependence in boys.
B)have different expectations for sons than for daughters.
C)have similar expectations for sons and daughters.
D)give their sons toys that emphasize cooperation.

Question 67

The case of David Reimer,the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident,demonstrates

A)the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female.
B)that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem.
C)that environment is more important than biology in determining one's gender identity.
D)that boys have more difficulty adjusting to gender reassignment surgery than girls.

Question 68

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers

A)tend to negotiate more when boys misbehave,coming up with a joint plan to improve behavior.
B)use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys.
C)seem to expect girls to misbehave more often than boys.
D)give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression?

A)Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.
B)Cartoons are the least violent TV programs.
C)About one-third of prime time TV programs contain violent scenes.
D)Contrary to popular belief,television violence does not contribute to childhood aggression.

Question 70

Research on gender typing reveals that

A)as children interact with peers,they choose other-sex partners more often than same-sex partners.
B)prenatally administered androgens suppress active play and aggression.
C)the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough,noisy play style in boys.
D)in early childhood,girls are more gender-stereotyped than boys.

Question 71

Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

A)a girl who plays with trucks
B)a boy who plays with building blocks
C)a girl who wears a boy's shirt
D)a boy who wears nail polish

Question 72

Which of the following is supported by research on gender typing?

A)By age 6,children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.
B)Preschool boys generally like to play in pairs or alone,while girls like to play in larger groups with other girls.
C)Girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens show a preference for quiet over active play.
D)Gender-typed behavior decreases steadily during early childhood.

Question 73

Which of the following is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?

A)Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys,the sex difference is small.
B)Contrary to popular belief,girls are more physically aggressive than boys during the preschool years.
C)Girls are significantly more likely than boys to engage in verbal and relational aggression.
D)Throughout early and middle childhood,girls tend to inflict harm in more variable ways than boys do.

Question 74

The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates,the

A)greater their tolerance for "gender-inappropriate" activities.
B)more their behavior becomes gender typed.
C)more peers criticize them.
D)greater their opportunities for cross-gender play.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?

A)Violent programming creates short-term increases in aggression,but does not have long-term negative consequences.
B)Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.
C)Older children are more likely than preschool and young school-age children to imitate TV violence.
D)Violent television only has a negative effect on children who are already highly aggressive.

Question 76

At present,___________ bear(s)most responsibility for protecting children from exposure to media violence and other inappropriate content.

A)communities
B)the government
C)parents
D)schools

Question 77

In Michaela's preschool classroom,the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers,while the boys play with blocks and Legos.This is an example of

A)gender typing.
B)gender selection.
C)role modeling.
D)role playing.

Question 78

_________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

A)Instrumental;physical
B)Reactive;relational
C)Proactive;relational
D)Hostile;physical

Question 79

Mark rates his personality as ambitious,competitive,affectionate,cheerful,and soft-spoken.Mark's responses indicate a(n)

A)traditionally masculine gender identity.
B)traditionally feminine gender identity.
C)androgynous gender identity.
D)abnormal gender identity.

Question 80

The V-chip

A)violates the First Amendment right to free speech.
B)remains optional for new television sets in the United States.
C)allows parents to block undesired TV programming.
D)identifies violent programs and replaces them with educational shows.