Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round,plump baby.You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat"

A)insulates her brittle bones until proper cartilage is formed.
B)is a trend that will continue into middle childhood.
C)serves to strengthen her muscles.
D)helps her keep a constant body temperature.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The best way of estimating a child's physical maturity is to use ________ age.

A)skeletal
B)calendar
C)muscular
D)emotional

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

A)During the prenatal period,the head,chest,and trunk grow first,then the arms and legs.
B)During infancy and childhood,the hands and feet grow ahead of the arms and legs.
C)During the prenatal period,the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
D)By age 2,the head accounts for nearly one-half of the body length.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When skeletal ages are examined,

A)boys are usually ahead of girls.
B)girls are considerably ahead of boys.
C)Caucasian-American children tend to be ahead of African-American children.
D)there are no discernable differences between boys and girls.

Question 5

By 2 years of age,a typical toddler's height is ______ percent greater than at birth and birth weight has __________.

A)50;doubled
B)75;quadrupled
C)75;tripled
D)50;tripled

Question 6

Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called

A)synapses.
B)neurotransmitters.
C)glial cells.
D)myelins.

Question 7

_______ are responsible for myelination.

A)Neurons
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Glial cells
D)Synapses

Question 8

During infancy,__________.These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

A)boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls;disappear
B)boys are slightly shorter and lighter than girls;be greatly magnified
C)girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys;reverse
D)girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys;be greatly magnified

Question 9

Which of the following is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

A)During the prenatal period,the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
B)During infancy,the body grows from "head to tail."
C)During the prenatal period,the trunk grows first,followed by the chest and the head.
D)During childhood,the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

Question 10

________ are nerve cells that store and transmit information.

A)Synapses
B)Neurons
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Glials

Question 11

_______ are tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.

A)Glial cells
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Neurons
D)Synapses

Question 12

A surprising aspect of brain growth is that

A)as synapses form,many surrounding neurons die.
B)the neural tube produces far fewer neurons than the brain will need.
C)less than 5 percent of neurons die.
D)neurons that are seldom stimulated never lose their synapses.

Question 13

Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of _________________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

A)myelination
B)neuroimaging
C)synaptic pruning
D)neurotransmission

Question 14

As neurons form connections,stimulation

A)becomes unnecessary.
B)results in fewer and fewer synapses.
C)becomes vital to their survival.
D)causes synaptic pruning.

Question 15

The human brain has _________ neurons.

A)100 to 200 million
B)500 to 600 million
C)100 to 200 billion
D)500 to 600 billion

Question 16

Skeletal age is determined by

A)X-raying the long bones of the body.
B)measuring the circumference of the skull.
C)X-raying the spinal cord and teeth.
D)measuring the length of the arms and legs.

Question 17

During synaptic pruning,

A)the prenatal organism overproduces neurons.
B)neurons migrate to major parts of the brain.
C)between 85 to 90 percent of synapses are destroyed.
D)neurons not needed at the moment return to an uncommitted state.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about brain development?

A)At birth,the brain is nearly 70 percent of its adult weight.
B)By age 2,the brain is approximately 50 percent of its adult weight.
C)Brain development is complete by the end of the first year.
D)Gains in neural fibers and myelination are responsible for the extraordinary gain in overall brain size.

Question 19

At birth,the brain is

A)fully developed.
B)farther from its adult size than any other physical structure.
C)nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.
D)strongly lateralized.

Question 20

Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in a process called

A)myelination.
B)neurotransmission.
C)neuroimaging.
D)synaptic pruning.

Question 21

__________ provide(s)the most precise information about which brain regions are specialized for certain capacities.

A)Neuroimaging techniques
B)Brain-wave patterning
C)Event-related potentials
D)Habituation and recovery

Question 22

_________ brain growth refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization,which depends on ordinary experiences.

A)Early-dependent
B)Experience-expectant
C)Experience-dependent
D)Early-expectant

Question 23

In an investigation of children who had spent their first eight months or more in Romanian institutions and were then adopted into Canadian homes,late adoptees showed

A)extreme stress reactivity.
B)similar rates of catch-up growth as early adoptees.
C)few long-term consequences if adopted by age 6.
D)only short-term attachment difficulties.

Question 24

In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes,the longer the children spent in orphanage care,the

A)higher their cortisol levels.
B)lower their cortisol levels.
C)greater their anger control.
D)greater their impulse control.

Question 25

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called

A)lateralization.
B)brain plasticity.
C)pruning.
D)cortical dominance.

Question 26

Animal studies on early sensory deprivation

A)confirm that even extreme deprivation is reversible as long as it occurs in the first year of life.
B)verify the existence of sensitive periods in brain development.
C)refute the existence of sensitive periods in brain development.
D)cannot be generalized to human brain development.

Question 27

_______ seems to help protect the young brain from excessive exposure to stress or inadequate stress-hormone production.

A)Placing an infant to sleep on his or her back
B)An early academic program that trains infants with flash cards
C)Constant stimulation
D)Sensitive adult care

Question 28

For most people,the left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for __________ and the right hemisphere handles _____________.

A)information processing and abstract reasoning;complex motor skills and moral reasoning
B)spatial abilities and negative emotion;verbal abilities and positive emotion
C)verbal abilities and positive emotion;spatial abilities and negative emotion
D)verbal and spatial abilities;positive and negative emotion

Question 29

________ brain growth consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific,varied learning experiences.

A)Early-dependent
B)Experience-expectant
C)Experience-dependent
D)Early-expectant

Question 30

Between the ages of ________,napping subsidies.

A)6 to 8 months
B)9 to 11 months
C)1 and 2 years
D)3 and 5 years

Question 31

The __________ is the largest,most complex brain structure.

A)cerebrum
B)cerebellum
C)cerebral cortex
D)right hemisphere

Question 32

Which of the following provides evidence that the brain hemispheres have already begun to specialize at birth?

A)Most neonates show greater ERP brain-wave activity in the left hemisphere when reacting to stimuli that evoke negative emotion.
B)Most neonates use the right eye more than the left eye when viewing objects using peripheral vision.
C)Most neonates show greater ERP brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere while listening to nonspeech sounds.
D)Most neonates favor the left side of the body in their head position and reflexive responses.

Question 33

The cerebral cortex accounts for ______ percent of the brain's weight.

A)55
B)65
C)75
D)85

Question 34

The chronic stress of early,deprived orphanage rearing

A)seems to affect girls more severely than boys.
B)fosters resilience,as it prepares children for later stressful events.
C)has no effect on the brain's capacity to manage stress.
D)disrupts the brain's capacity to manage stress.

Question 35

Which of the following is true about brain plasticity?

A)A highly plastic cerebral cortex has a low capacity for learning.
B)Damage to a highly plastic cerebral cortex means that the abilities it controls cannot be recovered.
C)Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.
D)The brain is the most plastic during adolescence.

Question 36

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for

A)receiving sensory information.
B)movement.
C)thought.
D)language development.

Question 37

The average 2-year-old needs _____ hours of sleep.

A)10 to 11
B)12 to 13
C)14 to 16
D)16 to 18

Question 38

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

A)It is the first brain structure to stop growing.
B)It is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period than any other part of the brain.
C)It is the smallest,but most important,brain structure.
D)It is surrounded by the rest of the brain.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a learning experience that would promote experience-dependent brain growth?

A)seeing colors
B)hearing languages
C)touching toes
D)playing a computer game

Question 40

Which of the following is true about the frontal lobes?

A)They are responsible for auditory development.
B)Before 2 months of age,the frontal lobes function most effectively.
C)The frontal lobes reach an adult level by the preschool years.
D)They are responsible for consciousness and integration of information.

Question 41

Baby Edda's body looks wasted,and she is withdrawn and apathetic.However,she is offered enough food and there is no biological cause for her condition.She most likely has

A)nonorganic failure to thrive.
B)kwashiorkor.
C)food insecurity.
D)marasmus.

Question 42

Research indicates that about _____ of the world's children suffer from malnutrition before age 5.

A)one-tenth
B)one-sixth
C)one-quarter
D)one-third

Question 43

The weights of adopted children

A)correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents.
B)correlate more strongly with those of their adoptive than of their biological parents.
C)show little or no correlation to either their biological or adoptive parents.
D)correlate strongly with their adoptive siblings.

Question 44

Breastfed and bottle-fed children in industrialized nations

A)do not differ in emotional adjustment.
B)differ slightly in emotional adjustment and intelligence.
C)differ greatly in emotional adjustment,but do not differ in intelligence.
D)differ greatly in emotional adjustment and intelligence.

Question 45

Parent-infant "cosleeping" is the norm for approximately _____ percent of the world's population.

A)35
B)50
C)65
D)90

Question 46

The secretion of the hormone _________ within the brain helps promote drowsiness.

A)cortisol
B)melatonin
C)marasmus
D)myelinates

Question 47

When _______ are adequate,height is largely determined by heredity.

A)the brain and lungs
B)sunlight and air-quality
C)diet and health
D)sleep and stimulation

Question 48

______ is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein.

A)Marasmus
B)Kwashiorkor
C)Iron-deficiency anemia
D)Nonorganic failure to thrive

Question 49

Pound for pound,an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

A)one quarter
B)half
C)the same as
D)twice

Question 50

Research on breastfeeding indicates that mothers who __________________ wean their babies from the breast earlier.

A)are stay-at-home wives
B)return to work later
C)return to work earlier
D)are older

Question 51

Today,inadequate nutrition

A)is not confined to developing countries.
B)rarely leads to death.
C)affects approximately 40 percent of American children.
D)is confined to developing countries.

Question 52

When the diets of severely malnourished children improve,they

A)rarely show catch-up growth.
B)rarely have lasting damage.
C)usually continue to undereat even when food is plentiful.
D)tend to gain excessive weight.

Question 53

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him.What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

A)Parents and infants usually sleep on soft surfaces and use quilts and comforters.
B)Parents typically place their infants to sleep on their stomachs.
C)Parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces,such as floor mats,firm mattresses,or wooden planks.
D)Parents usually assume a distinctive sleeping posture by turning their backs to the infant.

Question 54

Shay suffers from a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.Shay most likely has

A)iron-deficiency anemia.
B)kwashiorkor.
C)nonorganic failure to thrive.
D)marasmus.

Question 55

_______ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

A)Cephalocaudal
B)Proximodistal
C)Catch-up
D)Thyroid-stimulating

Question 56

Research suggests that cosleeping children

A)are excessively dependent.
B)wake more often than children who sleep alone.
C)are no different from other children in any aspect of adjustment.
D)face an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 57

In interviews with more than 3,000 U.S.parents of infants and toddlers,results indicated that _____ ate no fruits or vegetables.

A)one-tenth
B)one-fifth
C)one-third
D)one-half

Question 58

An estimated 17 percent of U.S.children suffer from ________ because government-supported supplementary food programs do not reach all families in need.

A)marasmus
B)food insecurity
C)kwashiorkor
D)anorexia

Question 59

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks

A)is a reliable method of birth control.
B)can lead to later obesity.
C)is not helpful because,in the beginning,breastfeeding causes constipation.
D)offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections.

Question 60

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ______,with solid foods added at ______.

A)6 months;4 months
B)1 year;6 months
C)2 years;6 months
D)1 year;4 months

Question 61

At first,baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood.Several weeks later,Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks.This is an example of

A)classical conditioning.
B)extinction.
C)habituation.
D)recovery.

Question 62

Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

A)grasping
B)crawling
C)walking
D)standing

Question 63

Human adults have especially elaborate ___________,which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.

A)mirror neurons
B)imitation neurons
C)glial cells
D)neurotransmitters

Question 64

Following habituation,when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level,the increase is called

A)imitation.
B)recovery.
C)reinforcement.
D)repetition.

Question 65

Young children can be classically conditioned most easily when

A)they are sleeping or drowsy.
B)the association between two stimuli has survival value.
C)the stimuli presented involve pain.
D)the stimuli presented involve pleasure.

Question 66

________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

A)Imitation
B)Recovery
C)Habituation
D)Reinforcement

Question 67

Dr.Eden studies a fetus's sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented.Dr.Eden is probably using

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)habituation and recovery.
D)imitation.

Question 68

Some responses,such as __________,are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with stimuli.

A)contentment
B)fear
C)hunger
D)sucking

Question 69

The newborn's capacity to imitate

A)only occurs in human infants.
B)has primarily been demonstrated in Western cultures.
C)has been demonstrated in many ethnic groups and cultures.
D)is limited to facial expressions.

Question 70

In classical conditioning,if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times,without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus,

A)a conditioned response will occur.
B)extinction will occur.
C)learning will take place.
D)learning will be severely compromised.

Question 71

Recovery to a new stimulus,or ____________,assesses infants' recent memory.

A)familiarity preference
B)imitation
C)habituation
D)novelty preference

Question 72

Before Jack's mother leaves for work every morning,she takes her car keys off of a hook on the wall.Now,as soon as she unhooks her car keys,Jack begins to cry.In this example,__________ is the conditioned response.

A)leaving for work
B)unhooking the car keys
C)crying
D)morning time

Question 73

Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called

A)habituation.
B)reinforcement.
C)recovery.
D)punishment.

Question 74

In ________,infants act on the environment,and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)habituation
D)recovery

Question 75

__________ refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment,whereas ___________ has to do with smaller movements,such as reaching and grasping.

A)Fine-motor development;gross-motor development
B)Sensorimotor development;gross-motor development
C)Lateralization;dynamic systems
D)Gross-motor development;fine-motor development

Question 76

A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a(n)

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)punisher.
C)reinforcer.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 77

When baby Brad gazes at his mother,she smiles at him,and then Brad gazes and smiles,too.This contingent responsiveness is an example of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)habituation.

Question 78

Newborn reflexes make ___________ possible in the young infant.

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)a novelty preference
D)habituation

Question 79

Researchers investigating infants' understanding of the world rely on ____________ more than any other learning capacity.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)habituation and recovery
D)imitation

Question 80

In classical conditioning,once a baby's nervous system makes a connection between two stimuli,the

A)neutral stimulus produces the behavior by itself.
B)conditioned stimulus produces a reflexive response.
C)unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response.
D)neutral stimulus produces a reflexive response.