Deck 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby

Question 1

During the __________ month of pregnancy,the embryo responds to touch.

A)second
B)third
C)fifth
D)seventh

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The placenta

A)forms in the second trimester of pregnancy.
B)encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.
C)contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo.
D)delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

At the beginning of the period of the embryo,the __________ system develops fastest.

A)circulatory
B)endocrine
C)digestive
D)nervous

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The ___________ folds over to form the __________,which will become the spinal cord and brain.

A)mesoderm;neuron tract
B)ectoderm;neural tube
C)endoderm;neural tube
D)ectoderm;neuron tract

Question 5

The __________ eventually becomes the muscles,skeleton,circulatory system,and other internal organs.

A)mesoderm
B)chorion
C)endoderm
D)ectoderm

Question 6

The male produces an average of __________ sperm a day,yet only __________ reach the ovum.

A)1 million;10 to 50
B)300 million;300 to 500
C)300 to 500;1 to 10
D)1 million;300 to 500

Question 7

The outer ring of cells on a blastocyst,termed the trophoblast,will become the

A)new organism.
B)structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.
C)embryonic disk.
D)embryo.

Question 8

The umbilical cord

A)appears as a tiny stalk and eventually grows to a length of 6 to 12 inches.
B)contains one large artery that delivers nutrients to the embryo.
C)connects the placenta to the developing organism.
D)permits the blood of the mother and the embryo to mix directly.

Question 9

The _________ produces blood cells until the liver,spleen,and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function.

A)amnion
B)chorion
C)yolk sac
D)placenta

Question 10

The amnion

A)develops into the nervous system and the skin.
B)surrounds the chorion.
C)contains one large vein that delivers blood to the developing organism.
D)encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.

Question 11

Following fertilization,a one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a ____________.

A)embryo;fetus
B)blastocyst;embryo
C)zygote;blastocyst
D)blastocyst;zygote

Question 12

The spot on the ovary from which the ovum is released is called the

A)uterus.
B)corpus luteum.
C)embryo.
D)fallopian tube.

Question 13

The amniotic fluid

A)delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism.
B)helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant.
C)delivers nutrients and removes waste products.
D)produces blood cells until the liver,spleen,and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function.

Question 14

An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two _________ and is drawn into one of two __________.

A)ovaries;testes
B)fallopian tubes;ovaries
C)corpus luteum;fallopian tubes
D)ovaries;fallopian tubes

Question 15

The period of the embryo lasts from

A)fertilization to implantation.
B)fertilization through the third week of pregnancy.
C)implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
D)the eighth week of pregnancy until birth.

Question 16

Implantation occurs __________ after fertilization.

A)within a few hours
B)approximately one day
C)sometime between the seventh and ninth day
D)between the tenth and fourteenth day

Question 17

The _____________ becomes the digestive system,lungs,urinary tract,and glands.

A)mesoderm
B)chorion
C)endoderm
D)ectoderm

Question 18

Which of the following parts of a blastocyst will become the new organism?

A)the embryonic disk
B)the trophoblast
C)the amnion
D)the yolk sac

Question 19

At 3½ weeks after fertilization,production of neurons begins deep inside the neural tube at a pace of more than ______ per minute.

A)250
B)2,500
C)25,000
D)250,000

Question 20

The male produces sperm in the _________,two glands located in the _________.

A)penis;scrotum
B)scrotum;penis
C)testes;penis
D)testes;scrotum

Question 21

An estimated _____ percent of American women smoke during their pregnancies.

A)7
B)12
C)17
D)20

Question 22

Research suggests that more active fetuses during the third trimester are more likely to become 2-year-olds who

A)are easily overwhelmed by sensory stimulation.
B)have trouble establishing a regular sleep-wake pattern.
C)have irregular eating schedules.
D)are less fearful.

Question 23

Viability occurs between _________ weeks.

A)18 and 21
B)22 and 26
C)27 and 30
D)31 and 36

Question 24

By the middle of the second trimester,the

A)new being has grown large enough that the mother can feel its movements.
B)development of the cerebral cortex is nearly complete.
C)fetus is viable.
D)production of glial cells is nearly complete.

Question 25

During the final months of pregnancy,the fetus receives disease-fighting antibodies from the mother's blood

A)to assist with temperature regulation during birth.
B)to counteract the effects of pain-relieving drugs given to the mother at the time of birth.
C)because the newborn's own immune system will not work well until several months after birth.
D)to fight any infections the mother may pass on before giving birth.

Question 26

Motor,visual,attention,memory,and language problems that appear in infancy and persist into the preschool years are all characteristic of prenatal __________ exposure.

A)cocaine
B)alcohol
C)marijuana
D)caffeine

Question 27

Katie wonders when she will first be able to hear her fetus's heartbeat through a stethoscope.You tell her that this should happen by the

A)fourth week of pregnancy.
B)third month.
C)end of the second trimester.
D)beginning of the third trimester.

Question 28

The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is

A)colic.
B)high birth weight.
C)low birth weight.
D)delayed language development.

Question 29

During the embryonic period of pregnancy,teratogens

A)cause the most serious damage to the developing organism.
B)usually affect the growth of sensory organs,such as the eyes and ears.
C)usually cause only minor damage to the developing organism.
D)have no impact on the developing organism.

Question 30

A baby born between the seventh and eighth month of pregnancy

A)is just as healthy as a baby born in the ninth month.
B)usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe.
C)only has about a 10 percent survival rate.
D)is considered small-for-date.

Question 31

Vernix

A)protects the fetus's skin from chapping.
B)provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements.
C)helps regulate the fetus's body temperature.
D)is a white,downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.

Question 32

The effects of teratogens

A)are predictable and straightforward.
B)are usually the most serious during the fetal period.
C)vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure.
D)are always detectible at birth.

Question 33

White,downy hair called __________ appears over the entire body during the second trimester.

A)vernix
B)villi
C)lanugo
D)furilo

Question 34

In the final month of pregnancy,

A)fetal growth doubles.
B)a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.
C)most fetuses assume an upright position.
D)neurons are produced at a rapid rate.

Question 35

In the final three months,the fetus gains more than ____ pounds and grows _____ inches.

A)3;2
B)5;4
C)5;7
D)10;10

Question 36

A teratogen is

A)any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
B)a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.
C)a neurological growth period for the fetus.
D)a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true about regular aspirin use during pregnancy?

A)Aspirin use is linked to physical deformities and an enlarged head.
B)Like other over-the-counter medications,aspirin is commonly used safely during pregnancy.
C)It is linked to low birth weight,infant death around the time of birth,poorer motor development,and lower intelligence scores in early childhood.
D)It is linked to birth complications,including respiratory distress,and adult cancers.

Question 38

Currently,the most widely used,potent teratogen is

A)aspirin.
B)Accutane.
C)thalidomide.
D)diethylstilbestrol (DES).

Question 39

Babies born addicted to drugs

A)are almost always put up for adoption.
B)have abnormally shrill and piercing cries.
C)have difficulties in infancy,but rarely have lasting problems.
D)are abnormally quiet and attentive.

Question 40

Which of the following is true about the harm done by teratogens?

A)Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.
B)The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
C)The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
D)The most serious defects occur in the period of the zygote.

Question 41

Low-level radiation,resulting from industrial leakage or medical X-rays,

A)is only harmful when combined with other teratogens.
B)can increase the risk of childhood cancer.
C)rarely causes lasting damage.
D)is safe during the last trimester.

Question 42

The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy,the

A)poorer the child's intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years.
B)greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS.
C)higher the birth weight of the child.
D)greater the child's speed of information processing.

Question 43

If untreated,toxemia can cause

A)convulsions in the mother and fetal death.
B)extra sugar in the mother's bloodstream.
C)swelling of the fetus's face,hands,and feet.
D)behavioral problems in adolescence.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about prenatal rubella?

A)The greatest damage occurs when rubella strikes during the fetal period.
B)Brain abnormalities resulting from it increase the risk of severe mental illness in adulthood.
C)Routine vaccination has made new rubella outbreaks extremely rare worldwide.
D)Infection during the embryonic period is less harmful than during other prenatal periods.

Question 45

Prenatal exposure to dioxins is

A)only harmful during the third trimester.
B)associated with an increased risk of lung and prostate cancers in men.
C)associated with an increased incidence of breast and uterine cancers in women.
D)especially common among women who regularly eat fish.

Question 46

Samantha is a first-time expectant mother at age 35.You can tell her that healthy women in their thirties have ___________ as women in their twenties.

A)a higher rate of prenatal complications,but a lower rate of birth complications
B)higher rates of prenatal and birth complications
C)a lower rate of prenatal complications,but a higher rate of birth complications
D)about the same rates of prenatal and birth complications

Question 47

Pregnant women are advised to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure.

A)changing cat litter boxes
B)exposure to paint flaking off the walls of old buildings
C)exposure to dioxins
D)eating swordfish,albacore tuna,and shark

Question 48

Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment.What can you tell her about passive smoking?

A)The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.
B)Passive smoking is also related to low birth weight,infant death,childhood respiratory illnesses,and possible long-term impairments in attention and learning.
C)Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers,but not to their unborn children.
D)The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

Question 49

__________ is typical of children born with fetal alcohol syndrome.

A)High birth weight
B)Rapid physical growth
C)A large upper lip
D)Mental retardation

Question 50

Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?

A)If the smoking mother is in good physical condition,fetal development will likely be normal.
B)The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is cancer later in childhood.
C)Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage,prematurity,asthma,infant death,and childhood cancer.
D)Even if a pregnant woman stops smoking during the last trimester,she cannot reduce the likelihood that her child will be born underweight.

Question 51

When the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ,the most common cause of difficulties is

A)maternal age.
B)Rh factor incompatibility.
C)emotional stress.
D)prenatal malnutrition.

Question 52

Taking a ________ supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.

A)folic acid
B)weight-loss
C)steroid
D)Vitamin C

Question 53

Prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the

A)central nervous system.
B)eyes.
C)genitals.
D)heart.

Question 54

The longest stage of labor is the

A)second,delivery of the baby.
B)first,delivery of the placenta.
C)third,delivery of the placenta.
D)first,dilation and effacement of the cervix.

Question 55

HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism _______ percent of the time.

A)10 to 20
B)20 to 30
C)40 to 50
D)80 to 90

Question 56

High levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to

A)deformities of the gums and nails.
B)difficulty in chewing and swallowing.
C)breast and uterine cancers in women.
D)prematurity,low birth weight,and brain damage.

Question 57

Which of the following is true about fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)It is distinguished by rapid physical growth and facial abnormalities,but not cognitive impairment.
B)It is distinguished by slow physical growth,a pattern of three facial abnormalities,and brain injury.
C)It is extremely rare in the United States.
D)The mental impairment associated with it is temporary.

Question 58

Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy.You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ______ pounds.

A)10 to 15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 30
D)45 to 50

Question 59

About ______ percent of U.S.mothers report drinking at some time during their pregnancies.

A)7
B)12
C)17
D)25

Question 60

The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if

A)the mother has access to social support during stressful periods.
B)valium is administered to the mother in small doses.
C)the mother takes a folic acid supplement.
D)the mother is placed on bed rest during the last trimester.

Question 61

Two Apgar ratings are given in the minutes following birth

A)to ensure inter-rater reliability.
B)because some babies have trouble adjusting immediately but do quite well after a few minutes.
C)because the two scores are averaged to arrive at a more reliable assessment.
D)because many babies who test well immediately rapidly decline in physical condition and require emergency medical attention.

Question 62

Once doctors assumed responsibility for childbirth,women ___________ and relatives ______________.

A)were more prepared for the event;participated in greater numbers
B)chose natural childbirth in greater numbers;assisted in breathing techniques
C)became less knowledgeable about birthing procedures;no longer participated
D)used excessive medication during labor;often got in the way of medical personnel

Question 63

Fetal monitors

A)measure the baby's blood oxygen levels during labor.
B)track the baby's heart rate during labor.
C)are linked to a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries.
D)reduce the rate of infant brain damage and death in healthy pregnancies.

Question 64

Mark's Apgar ratings were 7 and 9.This indicates that Mark

A)was in good physical condition at birth and five minutes afterwards.
B)needed assistance in establishing breathing at first,but quickly recovered.
C)was in serious danger and received emergency medical attention.
D)was in danger at birth,but was in good physical condition within five minutes.

Question 65

Epidural analgesia

A)numbs the entire lower half of the body.
B)prevents the mother from feeling the pressure of labor contractions.
C)is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor.
D)strengthens uterine contractions.

Question 66

The force of contractions during childbirth causes the infant to produce high levels of stress hormones that

A)can lead to anoxia,or inadequate oxygen supply,during delivery.
B)lead to irritability and digestive disturbances in newborns.
C)cause infants' heart rate and activity level to become dangerously high during childbirth.
D)help infants withstand oxygen deprivation during contractions by sending a rich supply of blood to the brain and heart.

Question 67

Preterm infants

A)are those born several weeks or more before their due date.
B)include those born two weeks or more after their due date.
C)usually have more serious problems than small-for-date infants.
D)probably experienced inadequate nutrition before birth.

Question 68

During the second stage of labor,

A)contractions of the uterus begin gradually and become more frequent and powerful.
B)the baby is born.
C)the cervix widens and thins to nothing.
D)the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is delivered.

Question 69

Natural childbirth experts Grantly Dick-Read and Fernand Lamaze recognized that cultural attitudes about childbirth had

A)taught women to fear the birth experience.
B)helped women develop breathing techniques to lessen the pain of labor.
C)taught women that medical intervention was unnecessary in childbirth.
D)helped women focus on childrearing rather than childbirth.

Question 70

During the third stage of labor,

A)the cervix thins to nothing.
B)uterine contractions begin.
C)the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is delivered.
D)the baby is born.

Question 71

___________,drugs used to relieve pain,may be given in mild doses during labor to help a mother relax.

A)Anesthetics
B)Analgesics
C)Spinal blocks
D)Folic acids

Question 72

The second stage of labor lasts

A)an average of 12 to 14 hours with the first birth and 4 to 6 hours with later births.
B)an average of 4 to 6 hours with the first birth and 20 to 50 minutes with later births.
C)about 50 minutes for a first birth and 20 minutes with later births.
D)about 5 to 10 minutes.

Question 73

About _____ percent of American women choose home delivery.

A)1
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 74

A type of painkiller,_____________ actually block sensations.

A)anesthetics
B)analgesics
C)folic acids
D)pitocins

Question 75

Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

A)are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth
B)give birth at home
C)are supported by a trained companion during childbirth
D)choose cesarean delivery

Question 76

Which of the following is true about the infant's production of stress hormones during childbirth?

A)Stress hormones cause the mother to breathe deeply,increasing the oxygen supply to the baby.
B)Stress hormones activate certain neural pathways in the brain,causing the baby to be alert and actively work its way down the birth canal.
C)Stress hormones cause the cervix to thin and the uterine wall to contract.
D)Stress hormones prepare the baby to breathe effectively by causing the lungs to absorb any remaining fluid and by expanding the bronchial tubes.

Question 77

About 10 percent of cases of cerebral palsy are the result of __________ during labor and delivery.

A)an inadequate oxygen supply
B)anesthetics
C)epidural analgesia
D)medical interventions

Question 78

Critics worry that fetal monitoring

A)should not be used because it is a risky procedure.
B)is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby.
C)identifies babies as in danger who,in fact,are not.
D)increases the likelihood of infant brain damage.

Question 79

Some form of medication is used in ______ percent of U.S.births.

A)about 35
B)almost 50
C)about 70
D)more than 80

Question 80

About __________ American infants is born underweight.

A)1 in 5
B)1 in 9
C)1 in 13
D)1 in 17