Deck 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

Quality of life in old age can be predicted by estimating

A)active life index.
B)average healthy life expectancy.
C)average life expectancy.
D)chronological age.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Hank,a robust 102-year-old,has just completed a personality test.If he is a typical robust centenarian,Hank will probably score highly on which trait?

A)sense of humor
B)wariness to experience
C)dependence
D)toughmindedness

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Ray's actual competence and performance in dealing with life's challenges indicate his __________ age.

A)chronological
B)biological
C)functional
D)social

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In developing nations with widespread poverty,average healthy life expectancy is reduced by _______ years,compared with the industrialized world.

A)5 to 7
B)10 to 12
C)15 to 20
D)30 to 40

Question 5

Naomi,age 75,needs help bathing,dressing,and getting into bed.She has difficulty performing

A)secondary responsibilities of active functioning.
B)primary activities of active functioning.
C)instrumental activities of daily living.
D)activities of daily living.

Question 6

The gender gap in life expectancy disappears over age

A)65.
B)75.
C)85.
D)100.

Question 7

Around age 85,a life expectancy crossover occurs in that

A)surviving members of low-SES ethnic minority groups live longer than members of the white majority.
B)surviving members of the white majority live longer than members of low-SES ethnic minority groups.
C)men outnumber women by a ratio of about 3 to 1.
D)differences in rates of chronic illness between high-SES and low-SES groups increase with age.

Question 8

Once people pass ______ years,the contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of environmental factors.

A)45 to 50
B)55 to 60
C)65 to 70
D)75 to 80

Question 9

Robust centenarians tend to have

A)most or all of their own teeth.
B)a Type A personality style.
C)little to no history of community involvement.
D)an affluent background.

Question 10

The _________ is believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy.

A)gender difference in alcohol consumption
B)protective value of the extra X chromosome
C)risk factor of the extra Y chromosome
D)gender difference in preventative health care

Question 11

Twentieth-century gains in life expectancy were equal to those of the previous __________ years.

A)500
B)1,000
C)5,000
D)10,000

Question 12

Improved nutrition,medical treatment,and sanitation all help account for the dramatic increase in _________ in the twentieth century.

A)active living age
B)the life expectancy crossover
C)functional age
D)average life expectancy

Question 13

In late life,more women than men report being ________ impaired,and more men than women ________ impaired.

A)visually;hearing
B)hearing;visually
C)sensory;physically
D)physically;sensory

Question 14

David,a Caucasian American born in 2007,is likely to live _________________,born the same year.

A)4 to 5 years less than Sam,a Native American
B)5 to 7 years less than Jason,an African American
C)4 to 5 years longer than Mindy,a Caucasian American
D)5 to 7 years longer than Jason,an African American

Question 15

The _______ lobes of the brain show greater shrinkage during aging.

A)frontal
B)occipital
C)temporal
D)parietal

Question 16

Although 78-year-old Edmund has no problem with physical activities,such as dressing and eating,he has difficulty with tasks that require some cognitive competence,such as preparing food and paying his bills.Edmund displays difficulty with

A)secondary responsibilities of active functioning.
B)primary activities of active functioning.
C)instrumental activities of daily living.
D)activities of daily living.

Question 17

Late adulthood is best viewed as a(n)

A)break from earlier periods and a time of decreasing potential.
B)extension of earlier periods and a time of continued potential.
C)period of decline rather than the growth.
D)period of improved health and increased vitality.

Question 18

Currently,an elder in _________ can expect to live the longest in full health,without disease or injury.

A)Japan
B)Sweden
C)the United States
D)China

Question 19

One way older adults compensate for neuron loss is

A)with an increase in glial cells,which myelinate neural fibers.
B)to call on additional brain regions to support cognitive processing.
C)with increased efficiency of the central nervous system.
D)with increased efficiency of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 20

The maximum lifespan varies between _______ years for most people,with ______ about average.

A)50 and 90;65
B)60 and 100;75
C)70 and 110;85
D)80 and 120;95

Question 21

Vital respiratory capacity is reduced by half between ages 25 and 80 because

A)lung tissue gradually loses its elasticity.
B)the lungs shrink as their cells die.
C)the blood absorbs more oxygen and gives off less carbon dioxide.
D)the rib cage can no longer expand as much.

Question 22

Which of the following is especially likely to show signs of aging like wrinkles and age spots?

A)feet
B)hands
C)face
D)back

Question 23

Per day,older adults require ____________ younger adults.

A)less sleep than
B)as much total sleep as
C)an hour or two more sleep than
D)several hours more sleep than

Question 24

Which of the following aspects of aging is linked to longevity?

A)skeletal health
B)graying hair
C)facial wrinkles
D)baldness

Question 25

Researchers believe that odor perception ____________ with age.

A)increases
B)wanes and becomes distorted
C)becomes more discriminating
D)does not change

Question 26

Of all hearing difficulties,the _____________ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction.

A)inability to hear at high frequencies
B)inability to detect soft sounds
C)age-related decline in speech perception
D)age-related decline in responsiveness to startling noises

Question 27

Which of the following would help Donald deal with his hearing loss most effectively?

A)acting as though there has been no change in his hearing
B)closing his eyes to minimize visual distractions
C)seeking out quieter environments for conversations
D)taking a sign language course

Question 28

A reduced sense of touch primarily affects the

A)face.
B)torso.
C)fingertips.
D)feet.

Question 29

The leading cause of blindness among older adults is

A)a decline in binocular vision.
B)cataracts.
C)macular degeneration.
D)cell loss in the optic nerve.

Question 30

The primary effect of the normal age-related changes in the functioning of the heart is

A)increased blood flow throughout the circulatory system.
B)softer,thinner artery walls.
C)higher heart rates during exercise.
D)slower blood flow throughout the circulatory system.

Question 31

________ especially decline in height because of a loss of __________.

A)Men;lean body mass
B)Women;bone mineral content
C)Men;muscle and fat
D)Women;muscle and fat

Question 32

Because he has mobility problems,Mr.Dow has a phone that can be dialed and answered by voice commands.This is an example of

A)a smart-device.
B)selective optimization with compensation.
C)assistive technology.
D)assisted living.

Question 33

Elders who ________________ adapt more favorably and feel better about it.

A)see aging as inevitable and uncontrollable
B)generate new,problem-centered coping strategies for aging
C)use cosmetics and surgery to combat aging
D)ruminate about the effects of aging

Question 34

Yuki's reduced sensitivity to sweet,salty,sour,and bitter flavors was evident by age 60,but __________ can help make her food more attractive.

A)socializing at mealtimes
B)artistic arrangements
C)trying new recipes
D)flavor additives

Question 35

Francesca's immune system has begun to turn against normal body tissues,which is referred to as

A)selective optimization.
B)primary aging.
C)an autoimmune response.
D)compression of morbidity.

Question 36

Mrs.Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older,things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs.Nguyen's self-perception

A)is an example of stereotype threat.
B)may help her live a longer life.
C)suggests that she is in denial.
D)is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

Question 37

Although hearing loss has less impact on self-care than vision loss,it affects

A)enjoyment of life.
B)activities of daily living.
C)instrumental activities of daily living.
D)employment.

Question 38

Elderly people who have trouble sleeping can reduce their difficulties by

A)using the bedroom only for sleep.
B)taking sleeping pills on a regular basis.
C)taking frequent short naps during the day.
D)cutting back on exercise.

Question 39

In cultures where the elderly are treated with respect and deference,

A)anti-aging products are commonly used.
B)younger adults are more likely to view physical aging with pessimism.
C)an aging appearance can be a source of pride.
D)seniors are portrayed as frail and dependent.

Question 40

___________ affect(s)nearly half of older adults at least a few nights per month.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Restless legs
C)Insomnia
D)Frequent nighttime urination

Question 41

Which of the following is true about sexuality in late adulthood?

A)A majority of elders attribute little to no importance to sex.
B)Most healthy elder couples report continued,regular sexual enjoyment.
C)Men are more likely than women to lose interest in sex.
D)Health problems prevent sexual activity in nearly 80 percent of adults over age 65.

Question 42

____________ profoundly interferes with everyday competence and leaves an older adult highly vulnerable in the face of an infection,extremely hot or cold weather,or an injury.

A)Primary aging
B)Frailty
C)Secondary aging
D)Functional aging

Question 43

Which of these is an example of secondary aging?

A)a decrease in the maximum heart rate
B)farsightedness from a stiffening lens
C)heart disease from smoking cigarettes
D)lack of menstruation after menopause

Question 44

Which of the following is true about rheumatoid arthritis?

A)Almost all older adults show some signs of the condition on X-rays.
B)It is sometimes called "degenerative joint disease" or "wear-and-tear" arthritis.
C)Although it can strike at any age,it increases after age 60.
D)Symptoms cannot be relieved with analgesic medication.

Question 45

Which of the following is true about osteoarthritis?

A)Almost all older adults show some sign of the condition on X-rays.
B)It involves inflammation of connective tissue in the entire body.
C)Worldwide,about 2 percent of older adults have the condition.
D)It often results in a serious loss of mobility and can affect the heart and lungs.

Question 46

The public health goal of reducing the average period of diminished vigor before death as life expectancy extends is called

A)compression of morbidity.
B)selective optimization.
C)anticipation of mortality.
D)quality of life expectancy.

Question 47

Which of these is an example of primary aging?

A)blurred vision from macular degeneration
B)lung cancer from smoking cigarettes
C)weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle
D)high blood pressure from prolonged stress

Question 48

At age 65 and older,the death rate from unintentional injuries is

A)at an all-time low.
B)about half as great as in adolescence.
C)about the same as in middle adulthood.
D)at an all-time high.

Question 49

Karl,age 78,takes a daily vitamin-mineral supplement.This could result in

A)an enhanced immune response.
B)a reduction in the incidence of cancer.
C)a reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
D)improvements in cognitive functioning and memory.

Question 50

Which of the following is true about exercise for elders?

A)"Taking it easy" is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.
B)About 70 percent of U.S.elders participate in regular exercise.
C)As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.
D)Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

Question 51

The only leading cause of death that is more prevalent among women is

A)cancer.
B)cardiovascular disease.
C)stroke.
D)emphysema.

Question 52

Excessive blood glucose reduces blood flow to the hippocampus,a brain structure that plays an important role in

A)balance.
B)memory.
C)speech.
D)sensory perception.

Question 53

Low-SES elders are _______ likely than higher-SES elders to seek medical care because_______.

A)less;they are more likely to rely on holistic medicine
B)less;they are less optimistic that treatment will work
C)more;their medical care is paid for by the government
D)more;they are more trusting of the medical profession in general

Question 54

Which of the following is true about the risk of dietary deficiencies in the elder population?

A)Elders should reduce their caloric intake significantly in their later years,as their bodies require less energy and nutrients.
B)Declines in taste and smell often reduce the quantity and quality of food eaten.
C)As long as elders take appropriate vitamin supplements,they should remain physically and cognitively healthy.
D)The aging digestive system absorbs protein and calcium more quickly and efficiently.

Question 55

Mr.Embrel has a blood clot blocking a blood vessel.This is known as

A)a stroke.
B)emphysema.
C)hypertension.
D)coronary pneumonia.

Question 56

____________ is associated with more rapid cognitive declines in the elderly and an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease.

A)Osteoarthritis
B)Rheumatoid arthritis
C)Diabetes
D)Unintentional injury

Question 57

Sedentary healthy older adults up to age 80 who begin endurance training

A)show gains in vital capacity.
B)should focus on non-weight-bearing activities.
C)are at-risk for heart problems due to earlier inactivity.
D)increase blood circulation to the brain,but risk personal injury.

Question 58

How do men and women compare in their physical health after age 85?

A)Women have fewer health problems overall.
B)Men have more non-life-threatening disabling conditions.
C)Women are better able to remain independent and engage in society.
D)Men are less likely to be impaired because only the sturdiest men have survived.

Question 59

Which of the following is true about gender differences in death rates from cardiovascular disease and cancer?

A)Women have higher death rates for both cardiovascular disease and cancer than men.
B)Men have higher death rates for cardiovascular disease and women have higher death rates from cancer.
C)There are no sex differences in the death rates from cancer or cardiovascular disease.
D)Men have higher death rates for both cardiovascular disease and cancer than women.

Question 60

Why does the death rate due to pneumonia increase so sharply during late adulthood?

A)Pneumonia is much more deadly today than it was several decades ago.
B)More than 50 lung inflammations are classified as pneumonia,making it appear that the disease kills more people than it actually does.
C)As their immune system weakens over time,many elders eventually encounter an infection that they cannot fight.
D)Pneumonia vaccinations are rarely given to adults over age 65.

Question 61

Which of the following is true about falls in late adulthood?

A)Declines in vision,hearing,and mobility increase the risk of falling.
B)Because of weakened bones,serious injury results about 40 percent of the time.
C)The risk of serious injury due to falling far outweighs the health benefits of activity.
D)After motor vehicle accidents,falls are the leading type of accident among the elderly.

Question 62

A diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is made

A)by administering a blood test.
B)through exclusion,after ruling out other causes of dementia.
C)by a physical examination.
D)by taking an MRI image of the brain.

Question 63

Mr.Ponyo had a series of strokes that left areas of dead brain cells,causing step-by-step degeneration of his mental ability.Mr.Ponyo is experiencing

A)familial Alzheimer's disease.
B)sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)cerebrovascular dementia.

Question 64

A form of dementia that involves deterioration in subcortical brain regions is

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)cerebrovascular dementia.
C)Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
D)Parkinson's disease.

Question 65

The earliest symptom(s)of Alzheimer's disease is/are generally

A)personality changes.
B)lack of motor control.
C)inability to recognize loved ones.
D)severe memory problems.

Question 66

Of those who survive a hip fracture,_______ percent never regain the ability to walk without assistance.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50

Question 67

The relationship between Alzheimer's disease and education can best be summarized by saying that

A)many years of higher education increases the risk of Alzheimer's.
B)highly educated elders show a slower rate of decline following an Alzheimer's diagnosis.
C)education leads to more synaptic connections,which act as a cognitive reserve.
D)educated elders are more likely to seek medical treatment when symptoms first appear.

Question 68

Which statement about elderly drivers and motor vehicle accidents is true?

A)Because of anxiety over declining vision,elders tend to drive less and,consequently,are at low risk for traffic accidents and fatalities.
B)They have higher rates of traffic violations,accidents,and fatalities per mile driven than any other age group.
C)Compared with young drivers,the elderly are less likely to drive quickly and recklessly but more likely to fail to heed signs,yield the right of way,and turn appropriately.
D)They are at low risk for collisions at intersections because they tend to compensate for slower reflexes by being extra cautious.

Question 69

Which of the following seems to reduce an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?

A)hormone therapy
B)a "Mediterranean diet"
C)folate supplements
D)anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 70

The brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease is likely to

A)have fewer neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques than people without the disease.
B)overcompensate for the breakdown and disposal of abnormal proteins,leaving too few remaining.
C)have more neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques than people without the disease.
D)overproduce serotonin and dopamine.

Question 71

Which of the following is true about familial Alzheimer's disease?

A)It has no obvious family history.
B)It progresses more slowly than the sporadic type.
C)About half of people affected have an abnormal gene on chromosome 19.
D)It generally has an early onset,before age 65.

Question 72

________________ is the disorder most often misdiagnosed as dementia.

A)Atherosclerosis
B)Depression
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Diabetes

Question 73

Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia are both types of

A)cardiovascular dementia.
B)cortical dementia.
C)subcortical dementia.
D)cerebral hypertrophy.

Question 74

Which of the following is true about sporadic Alzheimer's disease?

A)The abnormal ApoE4 gene is the most commonly known risk factor for it.
B)It progresses more rapidly than the familial type.
C)Genes on chromosomes 1,14,and 21 are linked to it.
D)Heredity plays no role in this form of the disease.

Question 75

About 50 percent of adults over age 85 are affected by

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)emphysema.
C)dementia.
D)Parkinson's disease.

Question 76

Which of these is a common indirect effect on elderly persons who experience a fall?

A)an increase in their health insurance rates
B)a fear of falling again,which limits their social activity
C)a general softening of bones near the site of the injury
D)anger at friends and family who they blame for not taking better care of them

Question 77

Which of the following is true about caregivers of elders with dementia?

A)The majority of home caregivers are elders themselves.
B)Caregiving of elders with dementia is sometimes known as the "36-hour day" because of its constant demands.
C)Few communities offer interventions designed to support family caregivers.
D)Men and women are equally likely to provide care to family members with dementia.

Question 78

___________ is the most common form of dementia.

A)Cerebrovascular dementia
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)Subcortical dementia

Question 79

As Alzheimer's disease progresses,

A)skilled and purposeful movements disintegrate.
B)vision and hearing are adversely affected.
C)anxiety and depression decrease.
D)digestion slows.

Question 80

In most cases,cerebrovascular dementia is caused by

A)atherosclerosis.
B)diabetes.
C)cigarette smoking.
D)high salt intake.