Deck 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

According to Levinson,each season of life begins with a __________,which concludes the previous era and prepares the person for the next one.

A)crisis
B)transition
C)stable period
D)split dream

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Levinson,which of the following is true about gender differences in dreams?

A)Men's dreams tend to define the self in terms of relationships.
B)Most career-oriented women display split dreams involving both marriage and career.
C)Women's dreams are usually more individualistic than men's dreams.
D)Most career-oriented men display split dreams involving both marriage and career.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dr.Tevye recognizes that cultural change has prolonged the transition to adult roles for many young people.However,he does not agree that this change merits the creation of a new developmental period.Which of the following statements is Dr.Tevye the most likely to agree with?

A)Emerging adulthood is a concept that accurately describes the experience of most of the world's young people.
B)Approximately 86 percent of the world's young people experience an emerging adulthood phase.
C)Transitions occur during all periods of the lifespan,with societal conditions heavily influencing their length and complexity.
D)Emerging adulthood is an experience that is spreading rapidly in developing nations that are involved with the global economy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Marnie stayed at home with her two children for 10 years before resuming her career in her early thirties.She is likely to reach career maturity and take on more authority in the community

A)at the same time that most men do.
B)during her late thirties.
C)in middle adulthood.
D)during late adulthood.

Question 5

Some aspects of ____________,such as childbearing and child rearing,are under way in early adulthood.

A)generativity
B)ego integrity
C)initiative
D)identity diffusion

Question 6

The major difference between Levinson and Vaillant is that Vaillant's theory

A)denies a strict age-related schedule of change.
B)denies that the quality of relationships shape the life course.
C)was based primarily on research with women.
D)is more relevant to adult development in nonindustrialized nations.

Question 7

Janet,an emerging adult,believes in her ability to succeed.She is determined to overcome obstacles and takes personal responsibility for both positive and negative outcomes.Janet has a well-developed

A)life structure.
B)sense of personal agency.
C)sense of enlightenment.
D)superego.

Question 8

Low-SES young people in Western nations

A)tend to postpone marriage and parenthood.
B)typically delay financial independence.
C)establish a fulfilling career much earlier than their higher-SES peers.
D)experience a limited or nonexistent emerging adulthood.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about emerging adulthood?

A)Emerging adulthood often interferes with identity development.
B)Emerging adulthood is limited to low-SES populations.
C)Emerging adulthood is primarily characterized by confusion and excessive loneliness.
D)Many emerging adults construct their own individualistic religious beliefs.

Question 10

Which 22-year-old is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood?

A)Pramada,a middle-SES female in India
B)Percy,a high-SES male in the United Kingdom
C)Aaliyah,a low-SES female in China
D)Albert,a high-school dropout in the United States

Question 11

According to Levinson,wide individual differences exist in the weight of central and peripheral components of a person's

A)ego.
B)internal working model.
C)romantic attachments.
D)life structure.

Question 12

Gia characterizes her life as full of energy and abundance,contradiction,and stress.According to Levinson,Gia is probably a(n)

A)young adult.
B)middle-aged adult.
C)young adolescent.
D)identity-diffused adolescent.

Question 13

According to Erikson,the psychological conflict of early adulthood is

A)initiative versus guilt.
B)industry versus inferiority.
C)identity versus role confusion.
D)intimacy versus isolation.

Question 14

During the decade of the twenties,there is a sharp rise in the extent to which people feel they

A)are personally in control of the events in their lives.
B)have little control over their future.
C)should have made better choices with their lives.
D)are unable to successfully resolve their personal and professional relationships.

Question 15

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to experience a psychological crisis during the age-30 transition?

A)Miles,who has no romantic relationships and a dissatisfying job
B)Roberta,a successful office manager with a good marriage
C)Carlos,a divorced man who runs an expanding chain of stores
D)Grace,a happily married stay-at-home mom with three children

Question 16

When Paul started his job,he developed a close relationship with Richard,a senior colleague.Richard helped Paul succeed in his job,and with his help,Paul was quickly promoted.According to Levinson,Richard

A)was acting out Paul's dream.
B)was probably going through the age-30 transition.
C)acted as a mentor to Paul.
D)probably jeopardized his own dream.

Question 17

According to Vaillant,men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture,in their

A)twenties.
B)thirties and forties.
C)fifties and sixties.
D)seventies.

Question 18

The life pursuits and subjective judgments of many contemporary young people have spawned the ______________ transitional period,extending from the late teens to the mid-twenties.

A)latent teenage
B)formal operational
C)emerging adulthood
D)pre-adulthood

Question 19

Which of the following is an accurate statement about risk and resilience in emerging adulthood?

A)Emerging adults are susceptible to many risks due to their poor decision making and uncertainty about the future.
B)Feelings of loneliness are higher during the emerging adulthood years than at any other time in life.
C)College students who feel securely attached to their parents tend to have difficulty adjusting to living on campus.
D)Emerging adults with information-gathering cognitive styles tend to be the least resilient.

Question 20

Which of the following statements accurately explains the recent appearance of the emerging adulthood transitional period?

A)Entry-level positions in many fields require more education than in the past.
B)Wealthy nations with longer-lived populations have a pressing need for young people's labor.
C)A minority of young people seek higher education and delay financial independence.
D)Many aspects of the life course are socially structured,with little room for choice.

Question 21

College students of Asian ethnicity are more likely than their Caucasian-American peers to endorse a view of love strongly based on

A)companionship.
B)physical attraction.
C)passion.
D)deep emotion.

Question 22

Which of the following is true about perceptions of intimate relationships in Eastern cultures?

A)Trying to satisfy dependency needs through an intimate bond is regarded as immature.
B)Mature intimate relationships are based on autonomy and intense emotion.
C)Young people today do not consider love to be a prerequisite for marriage.
D)In choosing a mate,young people are expected to consider obligations to others.

Question 23

Adam and Dianne have a warm and trusting relationship.They share attitudes and values.They exchange trusting affection and caregiving.According to Sternberg,Adam and Dianne display ___________ love.

A)passionate
B)committed
C)intimate
D)companionate

Question 24

Gayle has had a few dates with Joine.Early ________ love is a strong predictor of whether they will keep dating.

A)committed
B)intimate
C)passionate
D)compassionate

Question 25

An important feature of good communication in a romantic relationship is

A)passionate love.
B)constructive criticism.
C)constructive conflict resolution.
D)quiet reflection.

Question 26

Which of the following is true about mate selection?

A)Romantic love is rarely an important factor in mate selection.
B)Little support exists for the idea that opposites attract.
C)People rarely select partners that resemble themselves.
D)U)S.women are increasingly selecting mates who are younger than them.

Question 27

Research suggests that when Bobby and Betty select their mates,Betty will assign greater weight to __________,while Bobby will place more emphasis on ______________.

A)physical attractiveness;intelligence
B)domestic abilities;moral character
C)financial status;ambition
D)ambition;physical attractiveness

Question 28

Which statement is true of long-lasting male friendships compared to shorter-term friendships?

A)Male friends become more competitive in long-lasting friendships.
B)Long-lasting friendships generally occur among unmarried men.
C)Long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another.
D)Long-lasting male friends engage in joint activities,but limit personal disclosure.

Question 29

__________________ seems to foster confidence during early adulthood because it guarantees that young people will engage in the work of society,develop skills,and gain in understanding of the self and others.

A)Following a social clock
B)Constructing a split dream
C)Generativity
D)Close friendship

Question 30

Women generally evaluate their same-sex friendships more positively than men because

A)women experience a more equitable balance of power.
B)women are more competitive.
C)men tend to have a smaller number of same-sex friends.
D)men are more likely to disclose their weaknesses.

Question 31

Throughout adulthood,friendships continue to be

A)an arena for competition between women.
B)vital contexts for personal sharing.
C)a powerful source of corumination in both men and women.
D)more important than family relationships.

Question 32

Tabitha,age 22,felt stressed about the direction of her life.She had always planned to be married by 24 and have her first baby by 26.Tabitha's age-graded expectations are

A)based on split dreams.
B)inappropriate in today's society.
C)not typical for women.
D)consistent with the "feminine" social clock.

Question 33

Christine,a college graduate,held a variety of part-time jobs in her early twenties.She had neither married nor begun a career by age 30.According to Neugarten,Christine is likely to

A)adopt a "masculine" social clock.
B)suffer from self-doubt and lack confidence.
C)adopt a "feminine" social clock.
D)show gains in self-understanding.

Question 34

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,

A)in most cultures,"opposites attract."
B)intimacy,passion,and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.
C)initial passion turns into intimacy,which then leads to commitment.
D)passion develops after commitment is established.

Question 35

Sal and Sadie have been married for 40 years.When asked to compare their current relationship to when they were newlyweds,they are most likely to say that

A)their marriage has more passionate love now than earlier.
B)they love each other more now than they did earlier.
C)their marriage has more conflict now than it did earlier.
D)they have become more like intimate friends than romantic partners.

Question 36

In the transformation of romantic involvements from passionate to companionate,__________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.

A)passion
B)commitment
C)monogamy
D)intimacy

Question 37

Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child.Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of

A)shared interests,mutual understanding,and status.
B)dependency,insecurity,and sacrifice.
C)desperation,anxiety,and fear.
D)trust,friendship,and happiness.

Question 38

Maryellen and Mitchell have been dating for over a year.Their romance will most likely break up without ____________ love.

A)companionate
B)passionate
C)realistic
D)idealistic

Question 39

Because Jessie's past relationships have been characterized by jealousy and emotional distance,she feels a great deal of mistrust toward her romantic partners.She is anxious about people getting too close and stresses the need for independence in her relationships.Based on this information,we can conclude that Jessie has a(n)__________ attachment history.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)trusting

Question 40

Adult friends tend to be

A)different from each other in most ways.
B)similar in social class but different in age or sex.
C)romantically involved with one another.
D)similar to each other in most ways.

Question 41

Which of the following is true about other-sex friendships?

A)Women are more likely than men to feel sexually attracted to an other-sex friend.
B)After marriage,other-sex friendships increase for men but decline for women.
C)When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance,it may be very stable and enduring.
D)Men are more likely to confide in same-sex than other-sex friends.

Question 42

Compared with same-sex friendships,other-sex friendships

A)are as common as romantic relationships during the college years.
B)often interfere with romantic relationships.
C)are more common for married men than single men.
D)decline with age for women.

Question 43

As long as it is not overwhelming,___________ can motivate young people to reach out to others.

A)a marital breakup
B)family conflict
C)constructing a split dream
D)loneliness

Question 44

Sarah is socially anxious and has an avoidant attachment history.Which of the following is probably true?

A)She is sometimes lonely,but the feeling is not intense.
B)She has periods of intense loneliness.
C)She is rarely lonely.
D)She develops intimacy quickly.

Question 45

Which of the following young adults is the most likely to live with his parents?

A)Teddy,who is economically well-off
B)Jose,a Hispanic American
C)Dennis,a Caucasian American
D)Ken,a fourth-generation Asian American

Question 46

The average age of first marriage in the United States has

A)increased for both men and women over the last half century.
B)decreased for both men and women over the last two decades.
C)remained constant for men but increased for women over the last decade.
D)increased for women,but decreased for men.

Question 47

Which person is the most likely to experience loneliness?

A)Grant,who has a secure attachment history
B)Trent,who is comfortable being alone
C)Melissa,who is socially unresponsive
D)Grace,who is sensitive to others

Question 48

If they are all statistically average,which of the following individuals is most likely to be lonely?

A)Janine,who is 40 years old and has never married
B)Miguel,who is 50 years old and has recently married
C)Donna,who is 25 years old and has recently divorced
D)Steven,who is 35 years old and has been married for 10 years

Question 49

Immigrants from collectivist cultures report

A)higher levels of loneliness than people born in the United States and Canada.
B)similar levels of loneliness to native-born Westerners.
C)lower levels of loneliness than native-born Americans.
D)low levels of intimacy in most romantic relationships.

Question 50

Residential independence

A)is less common for Americans in their twenties today than it was 50 years ago.
B)rises steadily with age-a trend evident in most industrialized nations.
C)is more likely to be encouraged by parents in collectivist rather than individualistic cultures.
D)is common for young adults who marry,but not for those who remain single in their twenties.

Question 51

Leaving home very early is associated with a(n)

A)high level of education.
B)successful married life.
C)high level of social support.
D)unsuccessful work life.

Question 52

Which young adult is more likely to live on her own?

A)Mae Ling,a first-generation Asian American
B)Rikki,an African-American college student
C)Julia,an economically successful Caucasian American
D)Marisa,an unmarried Latina

Question 53

Which person will probably have the highest number of other-sex friends?

A)Mary,a single mother and high school dropout
B)Kari,an employed female chemist
C)Gary,a married man in middle adulthood
D)Barry,a married father of four

Question 54

Lisa,age 27,is unhappy because she lacks the gratifying friendships she once had during college and she does not have an intimate partner.Lisa is experiencing

A)loneliness.
B)a glass ceiling.
C)an identity crisis.
D)a split dream.

Question 55

Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married.As her own children grew up and left home,her parenting responsibilities declined.She eventually retired and her husband died.This sequence of life phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the

A)family life cycle.
B)dual-loss model.
C)social clock.
D)cultural structure.

Question 56

Which individual is most likely to establish early residential independence?

A)Mark,who is attending a local community college
B)Mindy,who works part-time and is engaged
C)Gretchen,whose parents are divorced and combative
D)Garland,whose parents have been married for 25 years

Question 57

Which of the following is true about the family life cycle?

A)The family life cycle represents a fixed progression of stages.
B)The family life cycle is only applicable to families in industrialized nations.
C)Few variations exist in the sequence and timing of its phases.
D)Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.

Question 58

What percent of Americans marry at least once?

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 59

Which of the following is true about loneliness?

A)Loneliness peaks during middle adulthood,then declines into the early part of late adulthood.
B)Women not involved in a romantic relationship feel lonelier than men because they have fewer alternatives.
C)Single,married,or cohabiting adults are lonelier than their separated,widowed,or divorced counterparts.
D)Loneliness rises during early adulthood because young adults expect more from their intimate ties.

Question 60

Tanya is a single 22-year-old.She moved out of her parents' home and into her own apartment just to be "independent." Which of the following statements about Tanya is probably true?

A)Tanya is less likely than her married counterparts to return home.
B)Nearly half of young adults like Tanya return home for a brief time after leaving.
C)Tanya is more likely to return home than her agemates who left due to family conflict.
D)Tanya is unlikely to return home even for a brief period because it is a sign of weakness.

Question 61

Mike and Carol are married.Mike is the head of the household.He works outside the home as an architect.Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home.They have a(n)____________ marriage.

A)egalitarian
B)arranged
C)matriarchal
D)traditional

Question 62

After the birth of a first child,parents' gender roles

A)often become more traditional.
B)often become more egalitarian.
C)are similar as before the child was born.
D)are reversed for the first 6 months.

Question 63

Brad and Karin found that their gender roles became more traditional after the birth of their first child,despite the egalitarian marriage they both had worked hard to achieve.Which of the following will probably occur after the birth of their second child?

A)Their gender roles will become even more traditional.
B)Brad will take an active role in parenting by caring for one child while Karin tends to the other.
C)Karin will take a more active role in parenting while Brad works outside the home.
D)Karin will have adjustment problems if Brad takes a greater role in parenting the first-born.

Question 64

Jessica and Rick are married.They both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations,their children,and their relationship.They have a(n)__________ marriage.

A)traditional
B)patriarchal
C)egalitarian
D)matriarchal

Question 65

Stimulation and fun,as well as growth and learning experiences,are some of the most important reasons that many adults cite for choosing to

A)remain childless.
B)get married.
C)have children.
D)remain single.

Question 66

________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.

A)Religious similarity
B)Age of marriage
C)Acceptance of in-laws
D)Educational level

Question 67

Adria is a well-educated woman who is seeking a job in engineering.Adria probably expects to form a(n)____________ marriage.

A)egalitarian
B)traditional
C)patriarchal
D)feministic

Question 68

Stephanie is a new mother.While she is entitled to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave from work,she returns to her job after only four weeks.What is the most likely reason for Stephanie's decision?

A)Financial pressures do not allow her to take more time off without pay.
B)Her husband is more likely to have paid paternity leave.
C)She wants a break from the new caregiving responsibilities.
D)She is unaware of her maternity leave rights.

Question 69

The most common disadvantage of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is

A)a decline in marital satisfaction.
B)not enough time for both family and work.
C)not enough money for leisure pursuits.
D)the loss of freedom.

Question 70

Which of these factors is most likely to lead to partner abuse?

A)The victim is jealous,dependent,and possessive.
B)The victim is possessive,anxious,and independent.
C)The abuser is indifferent and distant toward the spouse.
D)The abuser is dependent,jealous,and possessive.

Question 71

Which woman is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether?

A)Molly,who has a traditional gender-role orientation
B)Renae,who has a high-status,demanding job
C)Ann,who works at a low-level,undemanding job
D)Amanda,who is unemployed

Question 72

Today,in Western industrialized nations,parenthood is a(n)

A)biological given.
B)unavoidable cultural demand.
C)matter of true individual choice.
D)sign of maturity and affluence.

Question 73

Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse

A)repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner.
B)take responsibility for their actions.
C)attribute greater blame to themselves than to their partners.
D)are women who exhibit violent behavior towards male victims.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true?

A)Women tend to report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do.
B)Couples in traditional marriages report greater marital satisfaction than couples in egalitarian marriages.
C)Equal power in the relationship usually enhances women's satisfaction,but not men's satisfaction.
D)The sharing of family responsibilities usually enhances both men's and women's marital satisfaction.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about violence in families?

A)Most perpetrators eventually take responsible for their actions.
B)When researchers ask American couples about fights that led to acts of hostility,men and women report similar rates of assault.
C)Partner abuse occurs far less often in homosexual relationships than in heterosexual relationships.
D)American men are twice as likely as American women to "strike first" in a fight,while women are more likely to resort to assault in self-defense.

Question 76

Postponing childbearing until the late twenties or thirties

A)causes greater marital strain.
B)eases the transition to parenthood.
C)causes gender roles to become more androgynous.
D)decreases the likelihood of the father's involvement in child care.

Question 77

Barney and Cynthia met in college and married after they both graduated.They both work full-time.Which of the following is probably true?

A)Barney and Cynthia share housework equally.
B)Barney participates in child care about 50 percent as often as Cynthia does.
C)Cynthia spends nearly twice as much time as Barney on housework.
D)Barney spends nearly twice as much time as Cynthia on child care.

Question 78

Which of the following couples is most likely to report high marital satisfaction?

A)Destiny and Nick,who married at ages 18 and 19,respectively
B)Taylor and Lucas,who waited to get married until they both had secure employment
C)Demi and Neil,who have been trying for a baby for three years
D)Emily and Cody,who got married after a whirlwind courtship of less than one month

Question 79

For most new parents,the arrival of a new baby

A)typically causes significant marital strain.
B)leads to high rates of anxiety and depression in both men and women.
C)does not cause significant marital strain.
D)leads to a sharp increase in marital satisfaction.

Question 80

Which couple will face extra challenges in achieving a successful transition to married life?

A)Ken,an African-American Baptist,and Eileen,an Asian-American Mormon,who married at age 21
B)Rolf and Louisa,both German Protestants,who married at age 25
C)Hector and Irma,both Mexican-American Catholics,who married at age 30
D)Jeff and Val,both college graduates,who married at age 28