Deck 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

Reduction in bone density during adulthood is

A)minimal.
B)substantial.
C)common in men but not women.
D)common in women but very rare in men.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Middle adulthood begins around age _______ and ends around age _______.

A)35;50
B)35;60
C)40;65
D)50;65

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Jennifer had always enjoyed driving at night,but now,at age 55,she sometimes has trouble making out signs and moving objects.Her vision is also disrupted by the headlights of oncoming cars.Jennifer is experiencing

A)broadening of the pupil and whitening of the lens.
B)the development of translucent areas on the vitreous.
C)thinning of the lens and decreasing density of the vitreous.
D)the development of opaque areas in the vitreous.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Kyle,age 52,has collections of pigment under his skin,especially on his face and hands.Kyle has developed

A)dermatitis.
B)age spots.
C)eczema.
D)crow's-feet.

Question 5

Thomas is approaching 50.He can anticipate an accumulation of fat in which areas of his body?

A)face and legs
B)lower abdomen and face
C)waist and upper arms
D)back and upper abdomen

Question 6

Which of the following is true about age-related hearing loss?

A)African tribal people display little age-related hearing loss.
B)Women's hearing declines earlier and more rapidly than men's.
C)The first sign of hearing loss is a sharp loss at low frequencies.
D)Few middle-aged adults with hearing difficulties benefit from sound amplification with hearing aids.

Question 7

Which layer of the skin gives it flexibility?

A)epidermis
B)protodermis
C)dermis
D)hypodermis

Question 8

Yellowing of the lens and increasing density of the vitreous causes ________ and ________.

A)reduced sensitivity to bright lights;heightens color discrimination
B)difficulty adjusting to different distances;heightens color discrimination
C)increased sensitivity to lights;limits color discrimination
D)serious eye disorders;blindness

Question 9

Around age 60,Alex's lens entirely lost its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances.Alex has a condition called

A)glaucoma.
B)presbyopia.
C)macular degeneration.
D)presbycusis.

Question 10

An increase in body fat is common in middle adulthood.The rise in fat largely affects the

A)torso.
B)arms.
C)legs.
D)face.

Question 11

Molly,age 25,wants to avoid premature aging of her skin.Which preventive measure will have the greatest impact?

A)using proper skin protection or avoiding the sun
B)avoiding harsh soaps
C)yearly checkups with a dermatologist
D)daily use of lotions

Question 12

Patsy is experiencing a buildup of pressure in her eye due to poor fluid drainage.This pressure,left untreated,can damage her optic nerve and is a leading cause of blindness.Patsy has

A)presbyopia.
B)glaucoma.
C)presbycusis.
D)myopia.

Question 13

Michael,age 50,has noticed a hearing loss,especially at high frequencies.He feels that his hearing is not as sharp as it once was.Michael probably has a condition called

A)presbyopia.
B)senescence.
C)presbycusis.
D)sensorineural hearing loss.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about loss of bone strength in middle adulthood?

A)Loss in bone density usually begins in the early twenties and accelerates in the thirties.
B)Environmental factors do little to slow bone loss in postmenopausal women.
C)Loss of bone strength causes the disks of the spinal column to collapse.
D)By the end of middle adulthood,women have lost 70 percent of their bone density.

Question 15

With age,John should gradually __________ to adjust for the age-related decline in basal metabolic rate.

A)reduce caloric intake
B)increase caloric intake
C)decrease his exercise regimen
D)increase carbohydrate intake

Question 16

As adults age,the skin

A)produces more oil.
B)loses elasticity and begins to sag.
C)both wrinkles and tightens.
D)develops a thicker fat layer in the hypodermis.

Question 17

Donna,who has engaged in little exercise in the past decade,wants to offset both the excess weight and muscle loss of middle adulthood.She should engage in

A)weight-bearing exercise that includes resistance training.
B)endurance training that focuses on raising heart rate.
C)an individual exercise program instead of a group program.
D)intense,vigorous activity at the onset of her exercise program.

Question 18

Cheryl,age 48,is having difficulty reading small print.Like most middle-aged adults,Cheryl's eyes are rapidly becoming

A)more farsighted.
B)less farsighted.
C)more nearsighted.
D)less nearsighted.

Question 19

During midlife,most adults begin to

A)emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.
B)feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.
C)focus more on child rearing than on career development.
D)experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves,then in their partners and friends.

Question 20

Women's skin ages more quickly than men's because

A)women are less likely to protect their skin from sun exposure.
B)of hormonal changes caused by menopause.
C)the dermis of women is thicker than that of men.
D)the dermis of women is not as thick as that of men.

Question 21

Because very few people would be willing to maintain a drastically reduced diet for most of their lifespan,scientists have begun to explore ___________________ that might yield the same benefits as calorie restriction,without dieting.

A)supplemental vitamins
B)calorie-restriction mimetics
C)exercise techniques
D)biocultural events

Question 22

Which group of women is most likely to experience a positive attitude toward menopause?

A)Caucasian-American women
B)Mexican-American women
C)uneducated women
D)women who were homemakers

Question 23

Which of the following is a benefit of calorie restriction?

A)an increased production of free radicals
B)an increase in blood glucose and insulin levels
C)an increased level of IGF-1
D)an inhibited production of free radicals

Question 24

Ainsley,who has not had a hysterectomy,is undergoing menopause.Her doctor will probably recommend

A)hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
B)surgical removal of the ovaries (SRO).
C)estrogen replacement therapy (ERT).
D)postmenopausal surgery (PMS).

Question 25

From early to middle adulthood,the death rate due to cancer

A)doubles.
B)triples.
C)multiplies fivefold.
D)multiplies tenfold.

Question 26

Karla,age 60,has a debilitating disorder involving a great loss of bone strength.Karla suffers from

A)osteoporosis.
B)presbyopia.
C)presbycusis.
D)arthritis.

Question 27

The changes involved in women's climacteric occur gradually over a 10-year period,during which

A)the production of estrogen drops.
B)the production of estrogen increases.
C)monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.
D)menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

Question 28

Among the middle-aged adults who rate their health unfavorably,

A)men are more likely than women to suffer from nonfatal,limiting health problems.
B)women are more likely than men to suffer from fatal illnesses.
C)men are more likely to suffer from fatal illnesses.
D)sexuality is typically excluded as a positive indicator of health.

Question 29

Mr.Chamberlain is 53.According to his doctor,Mr.Chamberlain's fertility has diminished but is retained.Mr.Chamberlain has reached the midlife reproductive transition called

A)menopause.
B)spermarche.
C)senescence.
D)the climacteric.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about hormone therapy?

A)It lessens the risk of breast cancer if taken for at least four years.
B)It is used by approximately 75 percent of postmenopausal women.
C)It is highly successful at counteracting hot flashes.
D)It can cause depression and severe mood swings.

Question 31

Women who ____________ tend to reach menopause earlier.

A)do not smoke
B)have more than one child
C)have not borne children
D)delay childbearing until the mid-30s

Question 32

Tony,age 71,married Nichole,age 34.They are not using birth control because of Tony's advanced age.You can advise them that

A)Tony probably stopped producing semen around age 70.
B)Tony produces less semen and sperm,which negatively affects fertility,but he can probably still father children.
C)while Tony still produces semen,he probably stopped producing sperm around age 70.
D)Tony cannot maintain a sufficient erection to father a child at his age.

Question 33

Keith and Nicole have been married for 23 years.They view each other's aging bodies with acceptance and affection.Their sex life is an important component of their relationship.Their sex life is likely to become ____________ in midlife.

A)less important
B)more spontaneous
C)more intense
D)less spontaneous

Question 34

Hormone replacement therapy

A)causes a slight decrease in heart attacks and blood clots.
B)offers some protection against bone deterioration and colon cancer.
C)reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease by 40 percent.
D)offers some protection against breast cancer and stroke if taken for more than four years.

Question 35

As Carlos experiences climacteric,he will

A)need more stimulation to achieve an erection.
B)no longer be able to father children.
C)stop producing testosterone.
D)be at risk for an extramarital affair.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about sexuality in middle adulthood?

A)Frequency of sexual activity among married couples tends to increase.
B)Dramatic changes in sexual activity are very common.
C)Couples who have sex often in early adulthood tend to see a dramatic drop in midlife.
D)The best predictor of sexual frequency is marital happiness.

Question 37

Research has shown that dietary calorie restriction in nonhumans

A)increases blood glucose and insulin levels.
B)slows aging.
C)decreases bone density.
D)increases accumulation of body fat.

Question 38

Menopause may impact a woman's sex life because

A)she is experiencing changes in the quantity and quality of sleep,which make her irritable.
B)she has a significantly diminished sex drive.
C)her hot flashes and night sweats interfere with sexual stimulation.
D)her genitals are less easily stimulated and her vagina lubricates more slowly during arousal.

Question 39

The leading causes of death in middle age are ____________ and _____________.

A)motor vehicle collisions;cancer
B)falls;motor vehicle collisions
C)cancer;cardiovascular disease
D)falls;cardiovascular disease

Question 40

The inability to attain an erection when desired affects about _______ percent of men by age 60.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 41

Cancer death rates _________ sharply as __________ decreases.

A)increase;SES
B)decrease;SES
C)increase;education
D)decrease;education

Question 42

Mr.Lombardo fell and fractured his hip,and he has since been diagnosed with osteoporosis.Mr.Lombardo's doctor probably recommends

A)weight-resistant exercise.
B)endurance training.
C)weight-bearing exercise.
D)extra sodium and Vitamin D in his diet.

Question 43

Janet has cardiovascular disease.Her doctor detected high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol.To relieve arterial blockage,Janet had __________,a procedure in which a surgeon threaded a needle-thin catheter into her arteries and inflated a balloon at its tip.

A)angioplasty
B)bypass surgery
C)a pacemaker implantation
D)angina pectoris

Question 44

Merrill has a buildup of plaque in his coronary arteries that encircle his heart and provide its muscles with oxygen and nutrients.Merrill has

A)arrhythmia.
B)angina pectoris.
C)arterial thrombosis.
D)atherosclerosis.

Question 45

Charlie has frequent angry outbursts.He is rude,disagreeable,critical,and condescending.Charlie exhibits

A)expressed hostility.
B)suppressed anger.
C)passive-aggressiveness.
D)a socially dominant style.

Question 46

Teaching people to be _________ rather than hostile and to __________ rather than explode interrupts the intense physiological response that intervenes between psychological stress and illness.

A)passive;implode
B)impulsive;relax
C)assertive;negotiate
D)passive;avoid

Question 47

Current evidence pinpoints ___________ as a "toxic" ingredient of Type A behavior patterns,since isolating it from global Type A consistently predicts heart disease and other health problems in both men and women.

A)competitiveness
B)hostility
C)ambition
D)impatience

Question 48

Debbie was unhappy at work.Instead of identifying and solving the problem,she internalized it,using private self-control.Debbie used a(n)__________ coping strategy.

A)problem-centered
B)emotion-centered
C)relaxation-centered
D)holistic

Question 49

Osteoporosis affects about 10 million American adults,______ percent of whom are women.

A)50
B)60
C)70
D)80

Question 50

A cell's normal genetic programming has been disrupted in Lois's body,causing uncontrolled growth and crowding out of normal cells.Lois has

A)cancer.
B)cardiovascular disease.
C)osteoporosis.
D)atherosclerosis.

Question 51

Suzanne viewed life as fluid.She expected change and accepted it as inevitable.When Suzanne was faced with a problem,she identified it and decided what to do about it.Suzanne used a(n)____________ coping strategy.

A)problem-centered
B)emotion-centered
C)relaxation-centered
D)holistic

Question 52

Susan's mother died of breast cancer at age 28.Through genetic screening,Susan discovers she has a BRCA1 mutation.What are Susan's chances of developing breast cancer?

A)20 to 35 percent
B)35 to 50 percent
C)50 to 75 percent
D)75 to 90 percent

Question 53

___________ cancer is the leading malignancy for men.

A)Lung
B)Colon
C)Prostate
D)Pancreatic

Question 54

Greta is experiencing an irregular heartbeat.When it persists,it prevents her heart from pumping enough blood and she faints.Greta has

A)atherosclerosis.
B)arrhythmia.
C)arterial thrombosis.
D)angina pectoris.

Question 55

Which person is the most likely to be affected by osteoporosis?

A)Betina,who is overweight with a large body frame
B)Jessica,who is thin with a small body frame
C)Adea,who at her ideal weight with a medium body frame
D)Kira,who is at her ideal weight with a large body frame

Question 56

The best way for hostile and dominant people to reduce their risk of high blood pressure and heart disease is to

A)develop effective ways of handling stress and conflict.
B)learn how to suppress their hostility.
C)force themselves to take an extended vacation.
D)ruminate about past anger-provoking events.

Question 57

Frank has intense,crushing pain in his chest.The doctors inform his that his heart is oxygen deprived.Frank has

A)arterial thrombosis.
B)atherosclerosis.
C)arrhythmia.
D)angina pectoris.

Question 58

Because men account for over 70 percent of cases of cardiovascular disease in middle adulthood,

A)women do not need to be concerned about the risk.
B)doctors are far less likely to suspect heart problems in women.
C)treatment outcomes tend to be worse for men than women.
D)men are less likely to be offered invasive treatments than women.

Question 59

Kandilyn is unhappy with all the stressors in her life.The best approach for dealing with her stress is to use

A)an emotion-centered coping strategy.
B)a mixture of problem- and emotion-centered techniques.
C)a problem-centered coping strategy.
D)indirect methods of stress management.

Question 60

The most extreme symptom of cardiovascular disease is

A)a heart attack.
B)atherosclerosis.
C)angina pectoris.
D)arrhythmia.

Question 61

Some evidence suggests that ___________ contributes to negative judgments of a woman's physical appearance,especially by men.

A)being a grandmother
B)the end of a woman's ability to bear children
C)being employed
D)being a homemaker

Question 62

On intelligence tests,vocabulary,verbal comprehension,and logical reasoning items measure __________ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)naturalistic
C)crystallized
D)kinesthetic

Question 63

On intelligence tests,spatial relations,digit span,and letter-number sequencing items measure __________ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)naturalistic
C)crystallized
D)kinesthetic

Question 64

Which type of intelligence increases steadily throughout adulthood?

A)kinesthetic
B)crystallized
C)naturalistic
D)fluid

Question 65

Longitudinal research shows that from age 20 on,___________ decreases steadily.

A)verbal ability
B)inductive reasoning
C)perceptual speed
D)numeric ability

Question 66

Wilbur leads a highly stressful life.Nonetheless,he wants to incorporate some exercise into his routine.The format that will probably work best for him is

A)day-to-day modifications,such as taking the stairs instead of an elevator.
B)a home-based routine planned by a consultant.
C)running whenever he can find the time.
D)a group class,which offers a regular schedule.

Question 67

The ideal of a(n)__________ woman may be at the heart of the double standard of aging.

A)passive and submissive
B)young and sexually attractive
C)decisive but dependent
D)assertive and competent

Question 68

Which of the following is true about the double standard of gender and aging?

A)Negative stereotypes of aging are more likely to be applied to men than to women.
B)People often rate middle-aged men as less attractive than middle-aged women.
C)Men tend to judge aging females more harshly than women do.
D)Women tend to judge aging females more harshly than men do.

Question 69

Late in life,________ factors show greater decrements than _________ factors.

A)fluid;perceptual
B)fluid;crystallized
C)crystallized;perceptual
D)crystallized;fluid

Question 70

Which of the following is true about changes in mental abilities?

A)A general slowing of central nervous system functioning fails to explain age-related declines in cognitive performance.
B)Research reveals stability followed by gains in crystallized abilities.
C)The decrease in basic processing may not be great enough to affect many well-practiced performances until quite late in life.
D)Crystallized factors show greater decrements than fluid factors.

Question 71

Which of the following people is most likely to cope adaptively with stress brought on by the inevitable changes of life?

A)Janet,who believes there is nothing she can do to prevent her menopausal symptoms
B)Patty,who views change as a challenge
C)Jack,who has few interests outside of work
D)Don,who views change as something to be avoided

Question 72

On simple reaction-time tasks,response time

A)decreases gradually from the early forties into the nineties.
B)increases steadily from the early twenties into the nineties.
C)remains the same throughout the lifespan.
D)remains the same throughout early and middle adulthood and then gradually increases.

Question 73

As people discover that they are no longer as good as they once were at certain tasks,they accommodate,shifting to activities that depend

A)more on accumulated knowledge.
B)less on accumulated knowledge.
C)more on cognitive efficiency.
D)more on perceptual speed.

Question 74

Chrissy regards most experiences as controllable.She displays a committed approach to daily activities and views change as a normal part of life and a chance for personal growth.Chrissy fits the pattern of a _________ individual.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)pessimistic
D)hardy

Question 75

High-hardy individuals are likely to

A)use active,problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control.
B)use emotion-centered and avoidant coping strategies.
C)avoid seeking social support because they believe they can solve problems independently.
D)deny that a stressful event occurred,or eat and drink to forget about it.

Question 76

Which of the following is true about cognitive aging research?

A)Many early cross-sectional studies showed an age-related increase in cognitive functioning.
B)Cohort effects are largely responsible for the appearance of age-related intelligence declines in middle adulthood.
C)Widespread testing of college students and soldiers in the 1920s showed that IQ declines were an inevitable part of the aging process.
D)When adults are followed longitudinally,their verbal scores rise during early adulthood and decline gradually during middle adulthood.

Question 77

Trends in both crystallized and fluid mental abilities reported from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that middle-aged adults

A)show steady increases in nonverbal IQ.
B)often overestimate their intellectual abilities,sometimes with embarrassing results.
C)are "in their prime," not "over the hill."
D)show sharp decrements in ability,starting around age 40.

Question 78

Maureen,an overweight 48-year-old,wants to start exercising.The format that will probably work best for her is a

A)group spinning class.
B)gym membership.
C)home-based routine planned by a consultant.
D)group swimming class.

Question 79

Which type of intelligence begins to decline in the twenties?

A)kinesthetic
B)crystallized
C)naturalistic
D)fluid

Question 80

One criticism of past research on cognitive aging is that it focused on intellectual

A)stability.
B)gains.
C)competence.
D)deficits.