Deck 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Thirteen-year-old Sarah describes herself as "shy" and "outgoing." She also says she is "a smart airhead." These disparities probably result from the expansion of Sarah's social world,which

A)creates pressure to display different selves in different contexts.
B)encourages her to exhibit her true self around her family.
C)encourages her to exhibit her true self around her friends.
D)allows her to place less emphasis on social virtues.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?

A)conditional support from parents and peers
B)early dating
C)authoritative parenting
D)permissive parenting

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Lily's parents are concerned about how her level of self-esteem will change during adolescence.You can tell them that for most young people,it

A)remains stable.
B)fluctuates a great deal.
C)rises.
D)declines.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is true about identity development?

A)Adolescents' well-organized self-descriptions provide a cognitive foundation for forming an identity.
B)The majority of young people change from moratorium to foreclosure or diffusion in young adulthood.
C)College students tend to make less identity progress than high school students.
D)Young people who go to work immediately after high school graduation usually settle on a self-definition later than those who go to college.

Question 5

Which of the following statements exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next?

A)"I am honest."
B)"I have a fairly quick temper."
C)"I am not smart."
D)"I am a good athlete."

Question 6

According to Erikson,someone who negatively resolves the psychological conflict of adolescence will experience

A)an overly strict superego.
B)a personality crisis.
C)commitment without exploration.
D)role confusion.

Question 7

In adolescence,encouragement from teachers

A)is unrelated to self-esteem.
B)is less important than in childhood.
C)predicts high self-esteem.
D)is more important for self-esteem than peer approval.

Question 8

Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence identity versus

A)mistrust.
B)inferiority.
C)role confusion.
D)isolation.

Question 9

From middle to late adolescence,cognitive changes enable teenagers to

A)focus mostly on positive personality traits.
B)avoid the use of qualifiers in self-descriptions.
C)combine their traits into an organized system.
D)place less emphasis on personal and moral values than school-age children.

Question 10

According to Erikson,the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of

A)identity.
B)autonomy.
C)intimacy.
D)trust.

Question 11

Once formed,identity

A)continues to be refined in adulthood as people reevaluate earlier commitments and choices.
B)remains stable throughout the lifespan.
C)tends to be rigid,which can drastically limit adolescents' choices.
D)prevents people from questioning their values and priorities.

Question 12

When asked about her political beliefs,Blair responds,"Oh,I don't know.It doesn't make much difference to me." Blaire is demonstrating identity

A)moratorium.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)achievement.

Question 13

Rufus's parents provide inconsistent,negative feedback.Rufus probably relies on ________ to affirm his self-esteem.

A)his parents
B)peers
C)younger siblings
D)nonrelated adults

Question 14

Michael is a young adult who is trying out life possibilities,gathering important information about himself and his environment,and moving toward making enduring decisions.In doing so,Michael is probably

A)identity foreclosed.
B)having an identity crisis.
C)in moratorium.
D)forging an organized self-structure.

Question 15

Current theorists agree that for most young people,identity development is not traumatic and disturbing but,rather,a process of __________ followed by ___________.

A)confusion;a crisis
B)exploration;role confusion
C)exploration;commitment
D)questioning;role confusion

Question 16

Among older adolescents,__________ appear as key themes in self-concept.

A)athletic and academic ability
B)social awareness and physical strength
C)academic ability and physical attractiveness
D)personal and moral values

Question 17

Sayuri is constructing her identity.Based on Erikson's theory,this process involves

A)acting on impulse rather than reason.
B)defining what she values.
C)adopting her parents' values as her own.
D)helping her friends define what direction they will pursue in life.

Question 18

Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence.Landon will probably add which of the following dimensions of self-evaluation to those of middle childhood?

A)close friendship,romantic appeal,and job competence
B)athletic and academic ability
C)physical attractiveness and relationships with family members
D)friendship,integrity,and honesty

Question 19

Shelby accepts her family's religious beliefs without question.She is characterized by identity

A)foreclosure.
B)diffusion.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 20

According to Erikson,teenagers in complex societies experience

A)few identity conflicts.
B)role confusion when they form mature identities.
C)a rapid decline in self-esteem.
D)an identity crisis.

Question 21

Adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using a(n)________________ cognitive style when making personal decisions and solving problems.

A)dogmatic,inflexible
B)active,information-gathering
C)diffuse-avoidant
D)reactive and defensive

Question 22

Jacob has begun to question his parents' political beliefs and attended several rallies to find out about alternatives.He is characterized by identity

A)diffusion.
B)foreclosure.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 23

At Kohlberg's conventional level,

A)behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad,while those that lead to rewards are good.
B)individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws.
C)individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.
D)individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

Question 24

Both ________ and ____________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition.

A)moratorium;foreclosure
B)identity achievement;diffusion
C)moratorium;identity achievement
D)long-term foreclosure;diffusion

Question 25

At Kohlberg's __________ level,morality is externally controlled.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)universal ethical

Question 26

Identity-diffused individuals

A)have committed to values,beliefs,and goals following a period of exploration.
B)are apathetic,lacking both exploration and commitment.
C)have accepted a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures.
D)have explored,but not yet committed,to values and goals.

Question 27

__________ strongly influences the way adolescents construct a sense of self-continuity despite major personal changes.

A)College attendance
B)Religious affiliation
C)Culture
D)Sexual orientation

Question 28

Which of the following is true about bicultural identity?

A)Biculturally identified adolescents tend to show higher achievement in school,but have more emotional and behavior problems.
B)Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have especially favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
C)Biculturally identified adolescents tend to regard ethnicity as less central to their identities than monoracial adolescents.
D)Adolescents form a bicultural identity by exploring and adopting values from various subcultures and rejecting the values of the dominant culture.

Question 29

Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." Instead,he focuses on fear of authority as a reason for behaving morally.Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation
B)Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation
C)Stage 3: The "good boy-good girl" orientation
D)Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation

Question 30

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development,the instrumental purpose orientation,children

A)want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person."
B)typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.
C)take societal laws into account when making moral choices.
D)view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

Question 31

___________ individuals are the least mature in identity development.

A)Long-term diffused
B)Identity-achieved
C)Foreclosed
D)Long-term moratorium

Question 32

Laurent plans to major in engineering in college.When asked if he might change his career path,he responds,"I might,but I doubt it.I've spent a lot of time studying my options.I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity

A)foreclosure.
B)diffusion.
C)moratorium.
D)achievement.

Question 33

Which of the following is true about parental influences on identity development?

A)Teenagers in moratorium usually have close bonds with parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation.
B)Foreclosed teenagers report the lowest levels of parental support.
C)Adolescents who feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement.
D)Diffused young people usually experience warm,open parental communication.

Question 34

Which of the following is a strategy for helping minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?

A)encouraging ethnic pride and separation from other ethnic groups
B)parenting that discourages exploration of majority beliefs and values
C)respecting native languages and unique learning styles in school
D)limiting or preventing contact between ethnic groups

Question 35

Identity-foreclosed individuals

A)lack clear direction.
B)often reject their parents' values and goals.
C)have not yet committed themselves to values and goals.
D)have committed themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives.

Question 36

Jesse is an adolescent who is identity foreclosed.As such,he will tend to

A)seek out and carefully evaluate information and critically reflect on and revise his views.
B)doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty.
C)believe rational criteria can be used to make choices.
D)fear rejection by people on whom he depends for affection and self-esteem.

Question 37

Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues,such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner.

A)large families
B)permissive parents
C)warm,trusting peer ties
D)diffused identities

Question 38

Which of the following is true about Lawrence Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma"?

A)Kohlberg emphasized that it is the content of the response that determines moral maturity.
B)Given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights,the most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally.
C)Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity.
D)Kohlberg noted that girls and women tended to emphasize obeying the law over the value of human life.

Question 39

Roni is an adolescent from an immigrant family.He is committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations,while also fitting in with his peers in school.As a result,Roni may experience

A)acculturative stress.
B)bicultural avoidance.
C)ethnic-identity foreclosure.
D)ethnic-identity moratorium.

Question 40

In response to the Heinz dilemma,Marlee says,"No one will think you are bad if you steal the drug,but your family will think you are an inhumane husband if you don't.If you let your wife die,you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation
B)Stage 3: The "good boy-good girl" orientation
C)Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation
D)Stage 5: The social contract orientation

Question 41

In response to the Heinz dilemma,Dolph states,"Even if his wife is dying,it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law.If everyone started breaking the law,there would be no civilization." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Stage 3: The "good boy-good girl" orientation
B)Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation
C)Stage 5: The social contract orientation
D)Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

Question 42

____________ is a powerful predictor of movement to Kohlberg's Stage 4 or higher.

A)Age
B)Years of schooling
C)Religious affiliation
D)Ethnic identity

Question 43

Research suggests that like Piaget's cognitive stages,Kohlberg's moral stages are

A)highly organized and sequential.
B)loosely organized and overlapping.
C)only applicable to boys and men.
D)predictable and universal.

Question 44

Parents can foster adolescents' moral understanding by

A)placing limits on their free time.
B)allowing them to make adult decisions without interference.
C)asserting their own personal opinions frequently.
D)asking clarifying questions.

Question 45

According to Kohlberg,mature moral thinkers

A)view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.
B)realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.
C)do not believe in a common justice morality and,thus,act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.
D)tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

Question 46

On hypothetical dilemmas,adolescent and adult females

A)display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates and often at a higher stage.
B)are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice.
C)display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates.
D)focus on themes of both justice and caring,while males focus only on themes of justice.

Question 47

Kremlin,age 15,firmly asserts he has control over his clothing and hairstyle choices.Which of the following will Kremlin also argue is not subject to control by authority figures?

A)friendships
B)curfew
C)cultural values
D)attending school

Question 48

Adolescents who make the greatest gains in moral understanding have parents who

A)lecture frequently.
B)ask few questions.
C)engage in moral discussions.
D)place limits on their free time.

Question 49

Mrs.Shigoka wants to promote a sense of moral self-relevance among her high school students.What type of classroom should she create?

A)teacher-directed,in which Mrs.Shigoka lectures about various social issues and students take notes
B)a just educational environment,in which Mrs.Shigoka guides the students in democratic decision making and rule setting
C)student-directed,in which Mrs.Shigoka allows her students to work individually on their own selected pursuits
D)a moral-religious educational environment,in which Mrs.Shigoka instructs the students in both religious principles and secular education

Question 50

Because everyday decisions are complicated by practical considerations and mix cognition with intense emotion,the moral reasoning exhibited in such situations is generally

A)lower than that measured by Kohlberg's dilemmas.
B)higher than that measured by Kohlberg's dilemmas.
C)easier for people to grapple with than hypothetical situations.
D)focused on an "ethic of care."

Question 51

Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development,

A)current research suggests there are at least eight stages.
B)his research was able to verify only the first three stages.
C)most people never move beyond Stage 4.
D)there is no evidence that individuals move through the first four stages in the predicted order.

Question 52

Individuals at Kohlberg's _______________ level move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)social-order-maintaining

Question 53

In response to the Heinz dilemma,Ruby explains,"It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself.Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Stage 3: The "good boy-good girl" orientation
B)Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation
C)Stage 5: The social contract orientation
D)Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

Question 54

Responses to moral dilemmas in collectivist cultures

A)place greater weight on individual rights than in North America.
B)are less other-directed than in Western cultures.
C)are more other-directed than in Western cultures.
D)place greater weight on justice-based reasoning than on caring.

Question 55

Carol Gilligan believes that feminine morality

A)is adequately represented in Kohlberg's theory.
B)tends to be less mature than male morality.
C)emphasizes an "ethic of care" that Kohlberg's system devalues.
D)is overemphasized in research on moral development.

Question 56

Postconventional morality is

A)more often seen in women,who tend to be involved in daily activities involving care and concern for others.
B)a highly reflective endeavor limited to a handful of people who have attained advanced education,usually in philosophy.
C)commonly reached by individuals who have devoted their lives to civic engagement or formal religion.
D)more often achieved in real-life conflicts than in hypothetical dilemmas.

Question 57

Frank and Derol are both college students.Derol is functioning at a higher moral reasoning level than Frank.Which of the following statements is the most likely to be true?

A)Derol is just as likely as Frank to cheat on tests.
B)Frank is more likely than Derol to act prosocially.
C)Frank is more likely than Derol to display behavior that is in line with his beliefs.
D)Derol is more likely than Frank to defend victims of injustice.

Question 58

Interaction among peers who present differing viewpoints

A)promotes moral understanding.
B)increases role confusion.
C)delays progression to Kohlberg's Stage 4.
D)undermines adolescents' decision-making skills.

Question 59

At Kohlberg's Stage 5 of moral development,individuals

A)become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma.
B)believe that laws should not be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order.
C)regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes.
D)typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

Question 60

Which of the following is true about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning?

A)College students are no more advanced in moral reasoning than young people who enter the workforce immediately after high school.
B)Most colleges and universities require at least three undergraduate level classes on moral reasoning.
C)College students report fewer perspective-taking opportunities because they are isolated in a homogeneous environment.
D)Attending college introduces young people to social issues that broaden their perspective-taking opportunities.

Question 61

Mild family conflict

A)is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior,particularly for older adolescents.
B)often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.
C)informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children,signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.
D)interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about the development of moral self-relevance?

A)Research has yet to discover the origins of a sense of moral self-relevance.
B)Family and peer relationships have only a minor impact on moral self-relevance.
C)Educational environments have minimal influence on moral self-relevance.
D)Authoritarian parenting is strongly linked to the development of moral self-relevance.

Question 63

Which child is likely to be psychologically healthier?

A)Maria,a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity
B)Luis,a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity
C)Gabriella,a girl who has an androgynous gender identity
D)Gordon,a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

Question 64

During adolescence,sibling

A)relationships often become less intense,in both positive and negative feelings.
B)relationships often become more intense,in both positive and negative feelings.
C)rivalry peaks,often causing significant family conflict.
D)relationships are more intense in negative feelings and less intense in positive feelings.

Question 65

The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents most likely results from

A)a sharp increase in parent-child conflict.
B)the lack of unstructured time available to Western teens.
C)adolescents' view that parents are not "cool."
D)the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers.

Question 66

Which individual will likely show stronger gender intensification?

A)Evan,a 7-year-old boy
B)Eve,a 9-year-old girl
C)Reece,a 12-year-old boy
D)Tamar,a 14-year-old girl

Question 67

Gender intensification

A)is similar for boys and girls.
B)is stronger for boys than girls.
C)is stronger for girls than boys.
D)decreases during puberty.

Question 68

Teenagers from which country are the most likely to report being religious?

A)Italy
B)Great Britain
C)Canada
D)United States

Question 69

Which family is likely to grant its teenager an appropriate degree of autonomy and experience less conflict with her?

A)Martina's family,in which both parents have time-consuming,stressful jobs
B)Karina's family,in which the only adult is her grandmother,who has been out of work for nearly 7 months
C)Serena's family,in which both parents are financially secure,invested in their work,and content in their marriage
D)Bettina's family,in which the parents are divorcing and fighting over her custody

Question 70

Which of the following is the most likely to contribute to gender intensification in adolescence?

A)the magnification of sex differences in appearance caused by puberty
B)decreased concern for what others think
C)a combination of family and peer pressure
D)media depictions of sexuality

Question 71

Throughout adolescence,__________ is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.

A)the quality of the parent-child relationship
B)academic achievement
C)clique membership
D)moral development

Question 72

Teenagers who develop well despite family stresses tend to have a(n)

A)foreclosed identity.
B)firm parent who believes in strict discipline.
C)intense,driven disposition.
D)bond with an adult outside the family who cares deeply for their well-being.

Question 73

Mr.and Mrs.Lambert's two teenage children have high self-esteem and exhibit autonomy.Mr.and Mrs.Lambert probably incorporate which of the following parenting techniques?

A)strict monitoring of free time
B)regular church attendance and strict discipline
C)authoritative parenting
D)permissiveness and noninterference

Question 74

Which of the following is associated with the development of autonomy in adolescence?

A)idealization of parents
B)moral understanding
C)permissive parenting
D)deidealization of parents

Question 75

Which of the following is linked to a variety of positive outcomes,such as prevention of delinquency,reduction in sexual activity,and positive psychological well-being?

A)permissive parenting,noninterference with daily activities,and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents
B)consistent parental monitoring of daily activities,through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information
C)parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority,while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information
D)acculturative stress,in which immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness react strongly to adolescent disagreement

Question 76

Teenage brothers Martin and Chris perceive mild differences in parental affection.Such differences probably

A)trigger jealousy between the brothers.
B)reflect parental favoritism.
C)predict greater sibling warmth.
D)have little effect on the family.

Question 77

Formal religious involvement

A)tends to interfere with advanced moral development.
B)does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy.
C)promotes responsible academic and social behavior.
D)increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity.

Question 78

Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not her parents for decision making.Saffron is developing

A)moral self-relevance.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)autonomy.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 79

Teenagers in the United States spend more time together outside the classroom than teenagers in Europe and Asia because

A)European and Asian parents put strict limits on their children's free time.
B)U)S.teenagers experience a shorter school year and less demanding academic standards.
C)the United States has fewer public gathering places for teens.
D)there is greater flexibility in school hours in Europe and Asia.

Question 80

Which of the following is true according to the pragmatic approach to morality?

A)Everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals.
B)Everyday moral judgments are efforts to arrive at just solutions.
C)Gilligan provides a more accurate account of moral reasoning than Kohlberg's theory.
D)Kohlberg's stage sequence adequately accounts for morality in everyday life.