Deck 28: Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: the End of the Cold War,1960–1990

Question 1

The year 1968 saw a great many disruptions throughout the world.In the United States,the country was torn by political assassinations; among those killed was:

A) Steve Biko.
B) John F.Kennedy.
C) Medgar Evers.
D) Martin Luther King Jr.
E) George Lincoln Rockwell.

Answer 1

Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 2

The new culture of mass consumption in Western Europe was marked by:

A) the institution of credit payments for purchases.
B) an expanded advertising industry.
C) the creation of marketing divisions by industry.
D) a shift in values.
E) all of these

Answer 2

all of these

Question 3

In the Eastern European bloc countries in the 1950s and 1960s,rock and roll or "capitalist" music

A) was pirated or smuggled into circulation.
B) was completely absent in the youth culture in communist nations.
C) gradually became major industries,with protest songs for freedom becoming popular.
D) was not very popular because it was considered "race music" by most Europeans.
E) none of the above.

Answer 3

was pirated or smuggled into circulation.

Question 4

By the 1960s,one segment of the labor force that had significantly expanded was:

A) agricultural workers.
B) government workers.
C) top management workers.
D) workers in education.
E) sanitation workers.

Question 5

Of all the economic changes that transformed Europe following World War II,the most dramatic was in the area of:

A) heavy manufacturing.
B) tourism.
C) construction.
D) consumer goods.
E) agriculture.

Question 6

In the United States,the feminist movement centered on a single,national organization founded in 1966.That movement was known by its acronym:

A) NOW.
B) SNCC.
C) NAACP.
D) CORE.
E) PUSH.

Question 7

Although the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s is remembered mostly as an event occurring in the United States,it was a Western phenomenon caused,in the view of many,primarily by:

A) the expanding population.
B) immigration.
C) economic development.
D) communist agitators.
E) worldwide recession.

Question 8

In the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev,education was aimed at:

A) providing the state with engineers and scientists so that they would "win" the space race.
B) increasing the efficiency of Soviet industry so that it might better compete with the West.
C) providing jobs for those college graduates who could not function in the economy; they could teach if they could not produce.
D) unifying a nation that remained,fifty years after its founding,culturally heterogeneous.
E) providing the state with the expertise to continue to compete favorably with the West militarily.

Question 9

In the 1960s,a crack in the monolithic façade of the Americanization of Western culture appeared on the music scene with the:

A) "British invasion."
B) popularity of reggae.
C) "French invasion."
D) resurgence of classical music.
E) "German invasion."

Question 10

To what other year,packed with events and uncertainty,has 1968 frequently been compared?

A) 1933,with the emergence or consolidation of reactionary populist regimes
B) 1914,with the sudden rush toward a general European war
C) 1848,with its wave of widespread,idealistic,but ultimately failed popular revolutions
D) 1830,and the French Revolution portrayed in Les Misérables
E) 1815,with the profound shift in the balance of European power and suppression of social dissent

Question 11

While most African American leaders in the 1960s were working within the Civil Rights Movement,some sought complete independence from white society.The most influential of these nationalist leaders was:

A) Roy Wilkins.
B) Stokey Carmichael.
C) Martin Luther King Jr.
D) Malcolm X (Little).
E) Eldridge Cleaver.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true of culture in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) Social transformations in the postwar world gave families more money and leisure time,which would lead to a transformation of culture: a cultural revolution.
B) Given the large numbers of young people as a result of the "baby boom," the mass culture of the 1950s and 1960s would be expressed primarily through music.
C) After victory in World War II,Western society attempted to settle once more into the traditional patterns of the past with men working outside the home and women staying home with children.
D) The mass culture of the 1950s and 1960s was not confined to music but expanded to include art,initially through abstract expressionism and later in pop art.
E) all of these

Question 13

The American Civil Rights Movement headed by Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.embraced the philosophy of nonviolence espoused by the Indian social and political activist:

A) Dogan Upshanishads.
B) Ram Dass.
C) Dharma Dyane.
D) Jawaharlal Nehru.
E) Mohandas Gandhi.

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT an issue addressed by the American Civil Rights Movement,in addition to racial equality?

A) greater toleration of minority religions,particularly Islam
B) greater accountability of private and public corporations to the general public
C) opposition to U.S.involvement in Vietnam
D) the elimination of poverty and other gross material inequalities
E) all of these

Question 15

One of the contributing factors to the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s was the ready availability of:

A) automobiles.
B) leisure time.
C) abortions.
D) rock 'n' roll music.
E) oral contraceptives.

Question 16

One of the most divisive events in the United States during the 1960s was the:

A) student campus protest.
B) Vietnam War.
C) Civil Rights Movement.
D) feminist movement.
E) 1968 presidential election.

Question 17

One invention that helped further the spread of popular music was:

A) the LP record.
B) CDs.
C) transistor radios.
D) AM radio stations.
E) FM radio stations.

Question 18

After the postwar economic boom ended in the 1960s,people were generally feeling less satisfied with:

A) feminism.
B) environmentalism.
C) material comfort.
D) politics.
E) religion.

Question 19

Film directors such as François Truffaut,Jean-Luc Godard,and Jirí Menzel represented a new type of direction known as the _________ school.

A) neorealist
B) situationist
C) surrealist
D) new wave
E) expressionist

Question 20

Which of the following were immediate causes of the unrest in Paris during 1968?

A) the nearly universal unpopularity of President Charles de Gaulle
B) fears concerning the possibility of nuclear war and demands for unilateral French disarmament
C) anger and frustration over France's bitter and divisive colonial war in Algeria
D) demands for modernization of university life and wage increases for embattled industries
E) France's defeat in Indochina at the battle of Dien Bien Phu

Question 21

Although every European country had at one point or another taken violent action against one ethnic group or another within its own borders,one group,the _________,was attacked in virtually every country in which they lived.

A) Bosnians
B) Croats
C) Muslims
D) Magyars
E) Romani

Question 22

Although he had backed Mikhail Gorbachev in the summer of 1991,Boris Yeltsin,from his position as _________,joined with others to declare the end of the Soviet Union in the fall of 1991.

A) president of the Soviet Politburo
B) president of Byelorussia
C) president of the Russian Federation
D) president of the Supreme Soviet
E) president of the Soviet Union

Question 23

Arguably the most repressive dictatorship in Eastern Europe was that of Nicolae Ceausescu in:

A) Transylvania.
B) Bulgaria.
C) Romania.
D) Moravia.
E) Yugoslavia.

Question 24

Which of the following did NOT endure and grow following the 1960s?

A) the environmental movement
B) second-wave feminism
C) opposition to nuclear weapons
D) violent student protests
E) the student population

Question 25

One manifestation of the upheavals of 1968 in Europe was the:

A) Prague Spring.
B) Sarajevo Awakening.
C) Vienna Spring.
D) Berlin Summer.
E) Moscow Thaw.

Question 26

Which of the following was an immediate political consequence of the events of 1968?

A) a new wave of left-leaning governments in Western Europe and the United States
B) widespread resentment of Soviet power in Eastern Europe
C) the political recovery of leading conservatives from the United States to Czechoslovakia
D) a widespread diplomatic impetus for new talks between the superpowers,curbing the Cold War
E) the birth of the environmental movement as the focus of student activists

Question 27

The hopes raised by the changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s were,by 1989:

A) fully realized throughout most of the region.
B) understood to be taking longer and would be harder than thought.
C) co-opted by the communist establishment and diverted.
D) deferred by the military action taken by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.
E) dashed completely by the repressive measures taken by the Warsaw Pact military.

Question 28

In November 1989 the embodiment of the Cold War,the _________,was torn down by ordinary citizens.

A) Iron Curtain
B) Great Wall
C) Moscow Wall
D) Kremlin
E) Berlin Wall

Question 29

One consequence of the economic stagnation of the 1970s was:

A) the collapse of the governments of many Eastern bloc countries.
B) a severe depression in the Soviet Union.
C) the collapse of East Germany and its reunification with West Germany.
D) the rise of an independent labor movement in Poland.
E) all of these

Question 30

The political unrest in Eastern Europe that had surfaced in 1968 peaked again in 1980 with the rise of a politicized labor union in Poland; _________ organized strikes that threatened to bring the government down.

A) Solidarity
B) Workers United
C) Poland Forever
D) Polonaise National
E) United Poland

Question 31

The Russian term perestroika refers to a:

A) program of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union.
B) process of calculated,unilateral arms reductions by the Soviet Union and matched by the West.
C) cultural resurgence of music,painting,and architecture based on Russian folk motifs.
D) new process of diplomatic détente launched by Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1990s.
E) program encouraging greater political and cultural openness in the Soviet Union.

Question 32

The idea of a single,unified Europe had been the dream of many for years,a dream that was finally partly realized in 1991 with the formation of the _________,which included a single currency,a central European bank,and unified social policies.

A) European Confederation
B) European Economic Association
C) United States of Europe
D) Confederation of European States
E) European Union

Question 33

Which of the following was NOT a disturbing follow-up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union?

A) economic buccaneering by Russian and foreign entrepreneurs that often included organized crime
B) the emergence of xenophobic nationalists in Russia.
C) bitter ethnic conflicts on the margins of Russia,which persisted throughout the 1990s
D) the near collapse of Russia's currency accompanied by severe economic hardship
E) the fragmentation of the Warsaw Pact into competing factions

Question 34

The last general secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union was:

A) Nicholae Ceausescu.
B) Vladimir Zhirinovsky.
C) Mikhail Gorbachev.
D) Andrei Sakharov.
E) Boris Yeltsin.

Question 35

What was one of the first consequences of the Soviet policy of glasnost in Eastern Europe?

A) the mass migration of East German citizens to the West
B) the reunification of Germany
C) the overthrow of a conservative communist regime in Czechoslovakia
D) a renewed revolution in Hungary by the survivors of the 1957 revolution
E) the resurgence of the solidarity movement and other dissidents in Poland

Question 36

The economic transformation that Western Europe experienced in the decades following World War II was,for the Eastern bloc:

A) the same.The Eastern bloc likewise experienced unprecedented growth.
B) nonexistent.The Eastern bloc experienced an economic slowdown due to its failure to innovate.
C) even better.The Eastern bloc far outstripped Western Europe in economic growth.
D) similar.Unlike Western Europe,however,the Eastern bloc grew rapidly immediately after the war,but then suffered a serious recession in the late 1960s.
E) a little slower to develop.By the 1960s,the Eastern bloc had caught up with the West economically.

Question 37

To what does the term velvet divorce refer?

A) the collapse of Czechoslovakia into the separate nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
B) the political disenchantment of citizens in the former East and West Germany with reunification
C) Slovenia's secession from the federal state of Yugoslavia
D) the process by which Mikhail Gorbachev was ousted as leader of the Soviet Union
E) the dissolution of Poland into two distinct nations after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Question 38

After the success of the "velvet revolution" in Czechoslovakia,the first open elections resulted in the playwright _________ being elected president.

A) Háry János
B) Václav Havel
C) Jan Masaryk
D) Eduard Benes
E) Janos Kadar

Question 39

Which political act played a significant role in the economic stagnation of Western Europe in the early 1970s?

A) the rapid expansion of state-run economies in Eastern Europe
B) the oil embargo staged by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)in 1973
C) the failure of Britain's devaluation of its currency in 1967 to produce a new wave of growth
D) the sudden reversal of West Germany's industrial "economic miracle"
E) the global recession caused by the near collapse of the Japanese economy

Question 40

Which of the following statements best characterizes the status of Eastern European economies of the 1970s in comparison to their counterparts in Western Europe?

A) Eastern European economies faced their own difficulties and restrictions,centered on debt.
B) Eastern European economies were tied more tightly to a relationship with their largest market,the Soviet Union.
C) Eastern European economies were unaffected by the oil embargo,continuing to operate on an even course.
D) Eastern Europeans enjoyed a period of unprecedented industrial and commercial expansion.
E) all of these

Question 41

Much of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s made the transformation from communism to democracy peacefully; there were some exceptions,most notably in Yugoslavia under the rule of:

A) Slobodan Milosevic.
B) Wassily Kandinsky.
C) Franco Tudjman.
D) Ljubljana Zagreb.
E) Nicolae Ceauçescu.

Question 42

By the 1960s,industrial labor meant something far different than what it did in the nineteenth century.

Question 43

Transformations of land and agriculture resulted in dramatic changes that enabled Germany,for example,to enjoy a 600 percent increase in the ability to feed its people by 1980.

Question 44

One of the primary goals of the Peace Corps was to show Americans' benevolence and good intentions to foreign nations in light of the growing communist threat.

Question 45

Of all the consumer goods available to the public in the postwar period,hygiene products represented the largest increase of demand.

Question 46

What two visions of ethnically motivated politics came into conflict in Kosovo?

A) a "greater Serbia" and a "greater Albania"
B) a "greater Slovenia" and a "greater Croatia"
C) Orthodox Serbian Christianity and Bosnian Muslim fundamentalism
D) Croatian and Serbian nationalism
E) Serbian Muslim fundamentalism and Kosovan Orthodox Christianity

Question 47

Oral contraceptives greatly affected the birthrate in the West in the 1960s.

Question 48

Popular dissatisfaction with government organization of mass consumption contributed to the downfall of communist regimes.

Question 49

Which of the following Yugoslav republics first touched off the round of ethnic secessions from that nation in the early 1990s?

A) Croatia
B) Slovenia
C) Bosnia-Herzegovina
D) Serbia
E) Kosovo

Question 50

Some of the innovation in film in this period involved the use of color and widescreen technology.

Question 51

Though harshly repressed in Russia,rock and roll made its way into the Soviet Union; pirated records were copied onto X-ray plates salvaged from hospitals.

Question 52

To what does the term safe areas refer?

A) territory astride the recently demolished Berlin Wall claimed as neutral ground by citizens in both the Eastern and Western zones of the city
B) the free fire zones in Kosovo which civilians were advised to avoid as only those armed combatants would be safe
C) demilitarized zones along the border between Croatia and Serbia
D) areas in Bosnia designated by the United Nations as free of violence for ethnic refugees during the civil war there
E) areas in Western European states bordering communist states that served as reception points for refugees in 1989

Question 53

Film in the changing mass culture put the emphasis on the actor,not the writer,and elevated many to superstardom.

Question 54

The emergence of new black nations in Africa and the Caribbean greatly influenced the African American insurgency in the United States.

Question 55

The term ethnic cleansing was coined in reference to:

A) Russian efforts to shed responsibility for republics with non-European majority populations after 1991.
B) deliberate campaigns of terror conducted by Serbian guerrillas in Bosnia,to force the flight of much larger populations of Muslims and Croatians.
C) the efforts of ethnic Albanians to rid Kosovo of ethnic Serbs through guerrilla warfare and terrorism.
D) new German immigration policies restricting opportunities for foreigners who were not ethnically German.
E) actions taken by the Romani in Yugoslavia to expel all Serbs,Croats,and Bosnians from their territory.

Question 56

The "British invasion" was a group of successful British rock and roll bands that blended the American sounds of the new music of the 1960s with the inflections of their own poverty and defiance and added touches of music-hall showmanship.

Question 57

Alfred Kinsey was a former zoologist who studied sexual attraction in humans.

Question 58

In the changing atmosphere of the world after the Second World War,education alone automatically produced social mobility.

Question 59

Race music was the term given to the special efforts,especially within the factories,to blend the increasingly hostile ethnic groups of the Soviet Union together.

Question 60

The West Germans' resentment of East Germans continued into the 1990s after the Berlin Wall came down because of a "wall in the mind," as it was called by:

A) Konrad Adenauer.
B) Janos Kadar.
C) Jirí Menzel.
D) Günter Grass.
E) Helmut Kohl.

Question 61

How did governmental support of compulsory education impact the mass culture of the 1960s?

Question 62

Why was perestroika the best hope for the Soviet Union,and why did it fail?

Question 63

What factors combined to breed antiwar sentiment in America over the Vietnam War?

Question 64

What effects did the student protests of 1968 have on Western governments?

Question 65

What was pop art,and how did it differ from abstract expressionism?

Question 66

How did changing ideas of class in Western Europe differ from patterns in the Eastern bloc?

Question 67

Contrast the goals and methods of Martin Luther King Jr.and Malcolm X.

Question 68

What factors contributed to the sexual revolution?

Question 69

While many Western countries condemned the war in Vietnam,student protests remained a peculiarly American method of challenging government decisions.

Question 70

How did new patterns of consumption spur changes in mass culture?

Question 71

What were the goals of the feminist movement?