Deck 15: Motivating Employees

Question 1

High levels of effort don't necessarily lead to favorable job performance unless the effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the organization.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Lower- order needs are satisfied internally while higher- order needs are predominantly satisfied externally.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Reinforcement theory is related to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Based on McClelland's three- needs theory, high achievers perform best when the odds are against them.

Question 5

The best managers are high in the need for power and high in the need for affiliation.

Question 6

Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.

Question 7

David McClelland proposed the three- needs theory, which says there are three acquired needs that are major motives in work.

Question 8

Adding vertical depth to a job is called job enlargement.

Question 9

Some studies about motivation in the Arab world indicated that professionals in Tunisia have the highest levels of motivation.

Question 10

People with a high need for achievement strive for personal achievement rather than for the trappings and rewards of success.

Question 11

Job enlargement increases job depth.

Question 12

Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next is activated.

Question 13

Motivation refers to the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.

Question 14

Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next is activated and that once a need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

Question 15

The three key elements in the definition of motivation are energy, direction, and achievement.

Question 16

According to Herzberg, the factors that led to job satisfaction were separate and distinct from those that led to job dissatisfaction.

Question 17

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Question 18

The two- factor theory is also called Theory X and Theory Y.

Question 19

The best- known theory of motivation is probably McGregor's Theories X and Y.

Question 20

The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals, expectations, and needs and focuses solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action.

Question 21

The drive to find food, drink, and sexual satisfaction is based on what level of need?

A) physiological
B) social
C) safety
D) self- actualization

Question 22

According to equity theory, a person who earns $50,000 will be less satisfied with his or her pay than a person who earns $100,000.

Question 23

Equity theory has three referent categories: other, system, and self.

Question 24

Within Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for belonging is associated with .

A) physiological needs
B) social needs
C) esteem needs
D) safety needs

Question 25

According to the job characteristics model, task identity is not important.

Question 26

Contrary to what Maslow said, in countries where uncertainty avoidance characteristics are strong, such as some Arab countries, security needs would be at the top of the needs hierarchy.

Question 27

Bayt and YouGov's Employee Motivation study in the Middle East indicated that professionals in _ reported the highest levels of motivation.

A) Tunisia, Lebanon, and Oman
B) Algeria, Bahrain, and Egypt
C) Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia
D) Jordan, Kuwait, and Morocco

Question 28

What element of motivation is a measure of intensity or drive?

A) persistence
B) energy
C) achievement
D) direction

Question 29

Vroom would say that if a person values an outcome, his or her effort to obtain that outcome will always be great.

Question 30

Flextime is a scheduling system in which employees work four 10- hour days.

Question 31

An individual who wants to buy a home in an expensive neighborhood with a low crime rate is satisfying which need?

A) physiological
B) safety
C) self- actualization
D) esteem

Question 32

The three variables in Vroom's expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.

Question 33

Job sharing consists of two or more people who split a full- time job.

Question 34

Everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in autonomy, variety, and responsibilities.

Question 35

When a mail sorter's job is expanded to include mail delivery, the mail sorter has experienced job enlargement.

Question 36

We want employees to _ putting forth an effort to achieve organizational goals.

A) stop
B) motivate others into
C) consider
D) persist in

Question 37

Stock options are widely used in the Arab world as a motivation mechanism.

Question 38

In the job characteristics model, skill variety refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.

Question 39

Equity theory has a relatively strong following in the United States.

Question 40

refers to the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.

A) Effort management
B) Leadership
C) Need configuration
D) Motivation

Question 41

Which of the following is considered a lower- order need?

A) social
B) esteem
C) safety
D) self- actualization

Question 42

The concept that behavior is a function of consequences is known as .

A) human resource management
B) group dynamics
C) leadership
D) reinforcement theory

Question 43

Growth, achieving one's potential, self- fulfillment, and the drive to become what one is capable of becoming are characteristics of which need according to Maslow's hierarchy?

A) social
B) self- actualization
C) esteem
D) physiological

Question 44

The higher your , the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed in a task.

A) self- efficacy
B) job scope
C) self- esteem
D) reinforcers

Question 45

According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction, managers should concentrate on .

A) motivator factors (moderate)
B) hygiene factors
C) extrinsic factors
D) issues such as pay

Question 46

An individual who would enjoy taking on the challenge of personally redesigning the work flow of a manufacturing line to improve employee productivity would probably be rated high on which of the following?

A) need for power
B) need for impact
C) need for achievement
D) need for affiliation

Question 47

Theory Y assumes that people inherently _ .

A) avoid responsibility and need to be closely controlled
B) work to satisfy hygiene factors
C) want to belong more than anything else
D) want to work and can exercise self- direction

Question 48

Which of the following suggests that there is a desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships at work?

A) need for achievement
B) need for fulfillment
C) need for power
D) need for affiliation

Question 49

assumes that employees have little ambition, dislike work, and avoid responsibility.

A) Self- actualization Need Theory
B) Theory X
C) Belongingness Need Theory
D) Theory Y

Question 50

Which factor has been found to influence the goals--performance relationship?

A) easy goals
B) external locus of control
C) foreign culture
D) goal commitment

Question 51

Maslow argued that once a need is substantially satisfied, _ .

A) individuals no longer require that need
B) it becomes a higher- order need
C) that need continues to motivate an individual
D) the next need becomes dominant

Question 52

Goal setting works best when the goals are _ .

A) indefinite
B) infinite
C) moderately challenging
D) specific

Question 53

According to Herzberg,when are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they also will not be satisfied.

A) hygiene factors
B) power needs
C) achievement needs
D) affiliation needs

Question 54

Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from .

A) setting high goals
B) internal personality traits, such as need for achievement
C) intrinsic satisfiers
D) external consequences

Question 55

People will do better when they get because it helps identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do.

A) feedback
B) goals
C) input
D) equity

Question 56

According to McClelland, the need to make others behave in a way they wouldn't have behaved otherwise is which of the following work motives?

A) need for motivation
B) need for power
C) need for achievement
D) need for affiliation

Question 57

The need for such factors as status, recognition, attention, self- respect, autonomy, and achievement are examples of which of the following needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) social
B) physiological
C) esteem
D) self- actualization

Question 58

Difficult goals, when accepted, result in .

A) lower performance than easy goals
B) higher performance than easy goals
C) higher dissatisfaction
D) low satisfaction

Question 59

According to Herzberg, what characteristic is associated with job dissatisfaction?

A) status
B) advancement
C) growth
D) work itself

Question 60

A _ _ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

A) reinforcer
B) job characteristics model
C) goal
D) conclusion

Question 61

is the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.

A) Job enrichment
B) Job scope
C) Job design
D) Job enlargement

Question 62

According to reinforcement theory, rewards are effective if they a desired behavior.

A) decrease
B) precede
C) coincide with
D) follow

Question 63

An approach to designing motivating jobs that includes the vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities is .

A) reinforcement theory
B) job characteristics model
C) job enrichment
D) job enlargement

Question 64

Which one of the following identifies five primary job characteristics, their interrelationships, and their impact on employee productivity, motivation, and satisfaction?

A) job characteristics model
B) job rotation
C) job enlargement
D) job enrichment

Question 65

Behavior that is not rewarded, or is punished, is .

A) not high on a list of priorities
B) unstructured
C) less likely to be repeated
D) extinguished

Question 66

The research evidence on the use of job enrichment programs could be classified as .

A) encouraging
B) inconclusive
C) moderately supportive
D) strongly supportive

Question 67

Goal setting is more effective in cultures located in .

A) Europe
B) North America
C) South America
D) Asia

Question 68

One of the first attempts to design jobs horizontally expanded jobs and is known as job .

A) enrichment
B) rotation
C) enlargement
D) scope

Question 69

is the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in an individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance.

A) Feedback
B) Task significance
C) Task identity
D) Skill variety

Question 70

Job _ _ is vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities.

A) design
B) enrichment
C) enlargement
D) scope

Question 71

Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief that having a high grade point average is critical in obtaining a good job?

A) valence
B) expectancy
C) goal setting to achievement
D) instrumentality

Question 72

The job characteristics model provides guidance to managers concerning .

A) job design
B) pay satisfaction
C) employee selection
D) collective bargaining

Question 73

The job characteristics model (JCM) identifies as the degree to which a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.

A) autonomy
B) skill variety
C) task significance
D) task identity

Question 74

In general, the research support for equity theory could be described as .

A) inconclusive
B) moderate
C) weak
D) considerable

Question 75

Maslow's hierarchy aligns well with employees in .

A) Japan
B) most Arab countries
C) the United States
D) Mexico

Question 76

The view that a high achievement need acts as an internal motivator presupposes a willingness to accept a moderate degree of risk and a concern with performance: two cultural characteristics that are relatively absent in .

A) Canada
B) the United States
C) some Arab countries
D) Great Britain

Question 77

A theory that suggests that employees compare their inputs and outcomes from a job to the ratio of input to outcomes of relevant others is known as _.

A) reinforcement theory
B) equity theory
C) goal setting
D) action motivation

Question 78

The importance that an individual places on a potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job is known as .

A) valence or attractiveness of reward
B) goal- setting behavior
C) operant learning opportunity
D) effort performance linkage or expectancy

Question 79

is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.

A) Autonomy
B) Task identity
C) Task significance
D) Skill variety

Question 80

The number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated is .

A) scope
B) enrichment
C) enlargement
D) design