Deck 12: Managing Change and Innovation

Question 1

The "calm waters" metaphor of change is consistent with Lewin's concept of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Changing structure includes any change in structural variables such as reporting relationships, coordination mechanisms, employee empowerment, or job redesign.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Organizational change can be any alterations in people, structure, or technology.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

One reason people resist change is that it substitutes ambiguity for uncertainty.

Question 5

Any manager can be a change agent.

Question 6

Cultural change is easier when the organizational culture is strong.

Question 7

Competitive factors or new innovations within an industry often require managers to introduce new equipment, tools, or operating methods.

Question 8

A major disadvantage of coercion is that it may be illegal.

Question 9

Computerization is a technological change that replaces people with machines.

Question 10

In the "white- water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time, and it may last for unspecified lengths of time.

Question 11

Managers used different OD techniques during the strategic change including team building, survey feedback, and intergroup development.

Question 12

Manipulation is the use of direct threats.

Question 13

One reason people resist change is the belief that the change is incompatible with the goals and interests of the organization.

Question 14

Arab managers and workers have the willingness to change if they feel that change is not imposed on them by an alien force.

Question 15

Cooperation refers to covert attempts to influence.

Question 16

The change in demand for health care technicians is an example of an economic change.

Question 17

Sensitivity training is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction.

Question 18

Probably the most visible technology changes in recent years have come through managers' efforts to expand corporate financing.

Question 19

Change threatens the investment you've already made in the status quo.

Question 20

Negotiation refers to covert attempts to influence, twisting and distorting facts, or withholding information.

Question 21

Having creative people is not enough to produce innovative products and work methods.

Question 22

Managing change is an integral part of .

A) every manager's job
B) top management's job
C) middle- level management's job
D) the first- line manager's job

Question 23

Strictly enforcing rules and policies would promote more innovation in Arab organizations.

Question 24

In a survey about stress in the Arab world, almost a fifth of all respondents said that they were under severe stress, while another 66 percent felt stress in some form.

Question 25

Which of the following is not an external force of change?

A) Workforce
B) Economic changes
C) Government laws and regulations
D) Marketplace

Question 26

A leadership change can facilitate cultural change.

Question 27

Internal forces that stimulate the need for change tend to originate primarily from the impact of external forces or from .

A) change in technology
B) the internal operations of the organization
C) customer demand for the products the company produces
D) the forces of competition

Question 28

More willingness to accept risks will lead to more creativity and innovation in Arab organizations.

Question 29

Stress symptoms can be grouped under three general categories: physical, psychological, and behavioral.

Question 30

One of the primary views of the change process is , while the other view is .

A) occasional; continuous
B) optimistic; pessimistic
C) problematic; encouraged
D) costly; conservative

Question 31

Stress is the physical and psychological tension an individual feels when he or she is facing or experiencing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.

Question 32

A realistic job preview during the selection process can minimize stress by reducing ambiguity over job expectations.

Question 33

Lewin's theory is consistent with which view of organizational change?

A) continuous
B) contemporary
C) "calm waters"
D) Mayo's

Question 34

In terms of organizational factors, any attempt to lower stress levels has to begin with employee selection.

Question 35

Cultural change is likely to take place when a dramatic crisis occurs.

Question 36

Which of the following is not an internal force of change?

A) strategy
B) workforce
C) employee attitudes
D) technology

Question 37

Falling interest rates are an example of what external force?

A) government laws and regulations
B) economic changes
C) marketplace
D) labor markets

Question 38

Stress can be caused by personal factors and by job- related factors.

Question 39

Labor strikes are an example of what change factor that may encourage a change in management thinking and practices?

A) equipment
B) workforce
C) strategy
D) employee attitudes

Question 40

In a survey about stress in GCC countries, employees in Saudi Arabia and UAE indicated the highest levels of stress.

Question 41

Which type of change might include a shift from a functional to a product structure?

A) a structural design change
B) a structural component change
C) computerization
D) automation

Question 42

When grocery stores installed scanners to read the product price, this was an example of managing which change category?

A) people
B) competitors
C) structure
D) technology

Question 43

According to Kurt Lewin, increasing the driving forces, which direct behavior away from the status quo, is a means of doing which of the following?

A) changing
B) restraining forces
C) refreezing
D) unfreezing

Question 44

Organizational change is classified as _.

A) technology, goals, management
B) rules, procedures, management
C) people, structure, or technology
D) structure, management, goals

Question 45

In spurring organizational change, outside consultants are usually more , whereas internal managers may be more .

A) drastic; thoughtful
B) highly paid; risky
C) cautious; friendly
D) resistant; bold

Question 46

The is consistent with uncertain and dynamic environments.

A) contemporary metaphor
B) calm waters metaphor
C) white- water rapids metaphor
D) continuous metaphor

Question 47

Managers' options for change essentially fall into what three categories?

A) structure, technology, and people
B) mission, environment, and process
C) mission, structure, and people
D) environment, technology, and mission

Question 48

Initiating change involves identifying which organizational areas might need to be changed and .

A) hiring a consultant to confirm that the change is needed
B) forming a committee to determine that the need for change is real
C) putting the change process in motion
D) discussing them with the board of directors

Question 49

Techniques to change people and the quality of interpersonal work relationships are termed .

A) downsizing
B) robotics
C) organizational development
D) operations

Question 50

In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process are called .

A) operations managers
B) charismatic leaders
C) change masters
D) change agents

Question 51

According to Kurt Lewin, which of the following is not a stage in the change process?

A) refreezing
B) restraining
C) changing
D) unfreezing

Question 52

A company that decides to decentralize its sales procedures is managing what change category?

A) people
B) competitors
C) technology
D) structure

Question 53

As change agents, managers should be motivated to initiate change because they are committed to .

A) promoting the welfare of their employees
B) meeting the competition head- on in the market
C) improving their organization's performance
D) managing and want to do the best they can for everyone

Question 54

The unfreezing step of the change process can be thought of as _.

A) thawing the organization loose from the current status to the new status
B) preparing for the needed change
C) loosening the organization from the old condition and moving it to the new condition
D) making the move to the new organizational condition

Question 55

What is an emerging and evolving consumer trend that Hallmark identified?

A) happening
B) future perfect
C) chariness
D) from me to we

Question 56

Competitive factors or new innovations within an industry often require managers to introduce all of the following except new _ .

A) employees
B) equipment
C) operating methods
D) tools

Question 57

Which category of change involves work processes, methods, and equipment?

A) competitors
B) people
C) structure
D) technology

Question 58

Structural changes include .

A) behavior
B) attitudes
C) span of control
D) work processes

Question 59

In the white- water rapids metaphor, change is a natural state, and managing change is .

A) a maintenance process
B) an expected practice
C) a continual process
D) an accepted practice

Question 60

According to Lewin, which of the following is the objective of refreezing?

A) It hinders movement away from existing equilibrium.
B) It eliminates the need for future change.
C) It stabilizes the new situation.
D) It directs behavior away from the status quo.

Question 61

If a company hired a consultant to decrease group friction and enhance cooperative work relationships, this would be an example of managing which change category?

A) structure
B) competitors
C) technology
D) people

Question 62

Which of the following represents the relationship between organizational culture and change?

A) Culture can change in months but not weeks.
B) Culture and change are naturally compatible.
C) Culture tends to be very resistant to change.
D) Culture can never be purposely changed.

Question 63

Which of the following is not a favorable situational condition that may facilitate change in an organizational culture?

A) the culture is weak
B) the organization is young and small
C) stock prices remain constant
D) a dramatic crisis occurs

Question 64

Which OD technique involves changing behaviour through unstructured group iteraction?

A) process consultation
B) sensitivity training
C) intergroup development
D) team building

Question 65

All of the following are mentioned as actions that managers can use to deal with resistance to change except .

A) diversification
B) education and communication
C) participation
D) facilitation and support

Question 66

Which of the reasons for resistance to change expressed by an employee may be beneficial to the organization?

A) refreezing
B) change is incompatible with the interests of the organization
C) uncertainty
D) freezing

Question 67

Stress, in and of itself, is .

A) healthy in most cases
B) harmful, especially if not managed by exercise
C) beneficial to those who use it
D) not necessarily bad

Question 68

For to be effective, there must be mutual trust and credibility between managers and employees.

A) negotiation
B) participation
C) coercion
D) education

Question 69

To cope with the complexity of life, individuals rely on habits or .

A) programmed responses
B) beliefs
C) the status quo
D) certainties

Question 70

Cultural change is most likely to take place when .

A) the culture is strong
B) there is a leadership change
C) the organization is old
D) the organization is large

Question 71

is using direct threats or force on those who resist change.

A) Education and communication
B) Negotiation
C) Coercion
D) Cooptation

Question 72

Before using the same OD techniques to implement behavioral changes, especially across different countries, managers need to be sure that they've taken into account .

A) organizational differences
B) societal differences
C) cultural characteristics
D) employee attitudes

Question 73

One reason for the resistance to change in the Arab world is that .

A) there is a lack of qualifications of key people involved in the change process
B) there is a lack of presence of change agents
C) the word "change" has negative connotations
D) there is a lack of resources needed to implement change

Question 74

Which organizational development (OD) technique is a technique for assessing attitudes and perceptions, identifying discrepancies in these, and resolving the differences by using survey information in feedback groups?

A) survey feedback
B) sensitivity training
C) intergroup development
D) team building

Question 75

What OD technique involves changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that work groups have about each other?

A) sensitivity training
B) survey feedback
C) team building
D) intergroup development

Question 76

What is a strategy for managing cultural change?

A) Redesign socialization processes to align with the new values.
B) Support employees who remain devoted to the old values.
C) Keep the reward system the same.
D) Terminate top managers who are positive role models.

Question 77

prevent you from doing what you desire; refer to the loss of something desired.

A) Demands; constraints
B) Fears; stressors
C) Constraints; demands
D) Stressors; fears

Question 78

A dynamic and uncertain organizational environment has created a large number of employees who are .

A) overworked, but paid very well
B) overworked and stressed out
C) young and energetic about the "next day's work"
D) old enough to retire, but can't afford to retire

Question 79

An individual is likely to resist change because of all of the following reasons except .

A) increased productivity
B) uncertainty
C) belief that the change is not in the organization's best interest
D) concern over personal loss

Question 80

is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.

A) Creativity
B) Stereotyping
C) A halo effect
D) Stress