Deck 12: Family

Question 1

The ________ theory of the family,developed by Talcott Parsons,argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.

A) functionalist
B) Malinowskian
C) nuclear
D) traditional

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States,although most U.S.marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous.What factors might discourage exogamy?

A) having opportunities to interact with members of other racial/ethnic groups
B) living in a region where racial attitudes are more tolerant
C) facing ostracism from within one's community
D) having parents and close friends who support racial intermarrying

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Grandparents,aunts,uncles,and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n)________ family.

A) outer
B) extended
C) polymember
D) intergenerational

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program? The program was a good portrayal of:

A) how most Americans lived,dressed,and spoke in the 1950s.
B) the economic and emotional struggles of a working-class family.
C) most white families' lives in the middle of the twentieth century.
D) an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.

Question 5

The Frith family consists of a mother,a father,and their biological children.Sociologists classify this as a(n)________ family.

A) polygamous
B) polyandrous
C) extended
D) nuclear

Question 6

James has had four wives,but this is legal in the United States because he was married to only one at a time.This legality reflects a rule of:

A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) endogamy.
D) exogamy.

Question 7

Gausa has fallen in love with Niso,a man who is outside her ethnic group.Her family shames her and convinces her to marry Xhoso,a man within her group.Gausa is following her ethnic group's rule of:

A) endogamy.
B) exogamy.
C) monogamy.
D) polygamy.

Question 8

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father)in U.S.history? The traditional family:

A) was unique to a particular time in history (1950s)and in broader historical view,seems almost unusual.
B) is a phrase that,when correctly used,describes preindustrial families.
C) is the family arrangement that best defines America's history.
D) was the dominant family for Americans of all races and classes until recently.

Question 9

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

A) nuclear family.
B) preindustrial family.
C) cohabitation.
D) extended family.

Question 10

The Lovings embrace in this photograph,celebrating the Supreme Court decision that,in Loving v.Virginia (1967),struck down America's ________ laws.

A) Jim Crow
B) racial purity
C) antimiscegenation
D) exogamy

Question 11

In much of the Western world,choice of a marriage partner is influenced by age,education,class,race,and religion.Which of the following explains this tendency?

A) Marriage outside one's social group is forbidden by law in several Western nations.
B) People are often attracted to others who are opposite in these traits.
C) Marrying someone significantly different in age,race,social class,and religion is often met with disapproval from others.
D) We tend to prefer people who do not resemble our parents' social backgrounds.

Question 12

John has two wives because his society allows:

A) polygamy.
B) polygyny
C) endogamy.
D) exogamy.

Question 13

If Jerome won't have a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory,which he jokingly refers to as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as:

A) exogamy.
B) endogamy.
C) cohabitation.
D) the principle of least interest.

Question 14

Nani is a Zambian girl who needs advice regarding a friendship conflict.Following the norms of her culture,she is likely to seek advice from:

A) a book.
B) her mother.
C) her aunt.
D) her pastor.

Question 15

In her native country of India,Malina's family would have insisted that she marry someone of a similar ethnicity and social class.Her family has immigrated to the United States,and though her family disapproves,Malina marries a Hawaiian man she has fallen in love with.Her choice reflects her preference for the U.S.marriage rule of:

A) endogamy.
B) exogamy.
C) nuclear families.
D) polygamy.

Question 16

Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913)examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:

A) kinship forms of tribal societies are so diverse,they cannot be grouped together as "family."
B) family is a universal human institution.
C) respect for cultural diversity requires understanding each culture on its own terms,so drawing cross-cultural conclusions about kinship is fruitless.
D) some societies do not have families.

Question 17

In some rural areas of Asia,women can have several husbands at one time.This practice is known as:

A) monogamy.
B) endogamy.
C) polyandry.
D) polygyny.

Question 18

Michael and Shawn are cohabitating.They love each other,but sociological research predicts that,when they do marry,they will face a higher risk of divorce.Sociologists believe this is because they:

A) lived together relatively easily,so the stresses of marriage will feel more difficult.
B) don't take commitment seriously.
C) are likely more accepting of divorce.
D) will want to "try on" another relationship.

Question 19

In the Na culture of China,a little boy grows up very close to one of his male relatives.Everyone expects a strong degree of influence between this man and the child.This role model male relative is the boy's:

A) father.
B) uncle.
C) grandfather.
D) brother.

Question 20

The Soron family consists of a male breadwinner,a female housewife,and their children.A sociologist might see the Soron family as statistically interesting,because this family type represents about ________ of today's U.S.families.

A) 6 percent
B) 23 percent
C) 33 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 21

Phillipe Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

A) thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
B) treated in the same manner as contemporary children.
C) sent to work by the age of 12,although before then,they were treated as children.
D) ideally seen and not heard.

Question 22

Though she has a husband,children,and adequate income,a housewife feels lost,aimless,and sad.She doesn't have a name for what she feels.If you were to interpret the housewife's experience through Betty Friedan's framework,you'd say the housewife is experiencing the:

A) feminist bind.
B) feminine mystique.
C) public-private divide.
D) second shift.

Question 23

On most weekends the Smiths,who have one son and two daughters,do their assigned chores.The son mows the lawn and helps his dad with automobile maintenance,while the girls help clean the house and prepare the meals.This distribution of chores reflects:

A) the importance of being gender-flexible.
B) children bearing a proportion of the second shift.
C) the natural division of labor between boys and girls.
D) how gender roles are learned at home.

Question 24

According to research in Dalton Conley's The Pecking Order (2004),how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms? The daughters of stay-at-home mothers are:

A) less likely to earn as much as their brothers.
B) likely to earn more than their brothers.
C) more likely to earn a salary-based income.
D) less likely to earn a salary-based income.

Question 25

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

A) the pre-Depression era
B) World War I
C) World War II
D) the post-World War II economic boom

Question 26

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research,time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time women spend on housework.What explanation is given for her finding?

A) These devices just take longer than a human being to get the job done.
B) These devices break so frequently that time gets wasted on repairs.
C) Standards of cleanliness have also risen,so even more cleaning is expected.
D) Ease of use and availability have led to women cleaning more frequently.

Question 27

Amy and her husband Seamus both work.Outside working hours,Amy does most of the housework and Seamus serves on the local city council.Sarah Fenstermaker Berk,who studies family role formation,has called the family a:

A) "cult of domesticity."
B) "gender factory."
C) "pecking order."
D) "biological destiny."

Question 28

It is commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s,but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

A) decreasing since an all-time high in the 1970s.
B) holding steady.
C) at a relatively constant level since 1900.
D) steadily rising since the nineteenth century.

Question 29

Amy is a married woman with children.She and her partner Alan both work full-time jobs.When they come home,Amy makes dinner,cleans,and tends to the children for the evening.Alan helps with these things sometimes,but many days he rests after work.If Arlie Hochschild saw this household,she would say Amy is experiencing the:

A) "cult of domesticity."
B) "gender factory."
C) "second shift."
D) "night shift."

Question 30

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

A) Husbands and wives were partners in both homemaking and economic labor.
B) There were distinct differences between public and private spheres.
C) Divisions between men's work and women's work were strict and reinforced by religion.
D) The nuclear family was isolated from extended kin.

Question 31

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families.One important consequence is that the Industrial Revolution:

A) forced families to tighten their budgets.
B) created new wealth and a variety of new consumer products.
C) separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
D) made new expectations for women and children to make and use their own food,clothes,and goods.

Question 32

According to your textbook,the most frequent form of domestic violence is:

A) husband on wife.
B) wife on husband.
C) parents on kids.
D) sibling on sibling.

Question 33

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker)in post-World War II America?

A) all family members working together to accomplish family tasks
B) an increase in real wages
C) the creation of the public and private spheres
D) higher education levels

Question 34

John and Monique are married.Both of their parents live with them,as does John's sister and brother-in-law and some nieces and nephews.This is known as a ________ network.

A) social
B) kinship
C) functionalist
D) family

Question 35

In families where both spouses work for wages,the second shift can best be described as:

A) the domestic tasks that couples share in order to keep their households running smoothly.
B) the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
C) a second job that either spouse may take in order to help make ends meet.
D) the time one or both parents spend on child-rearing duties after getting home from work.

Question 36

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

A) "roots."
B) "petals."
C) "beanpoles."
D) "weeds."

Question 37

Melissa keeps a poster showing the Victorian feminine domestic ideal in her dorm room.She says she loves imagining the past when women's worlds were at home and women supported each other in child rearing.Melissa enjoys imagining the:

A) cult of domesticity.
B) beanpole family.
C) second shift.
D) preindustrial family.

Question 38

In 2007,intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths.What percentage of these victims were male?

A) 0 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 39

Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging.Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?

A) Men do the housework and women help out.
B) Men,as breadwinners,consider housework to be a second shift.
C) Women do the housework and men help out.
D) Men and women tend to divide chores equally.

Question 40

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

A) Dalton Conley
B) Betty Friedan
C) Philippe Aries
D) Stephanie Coontz

Question 41

A TV director pitches the idea of remaking The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet,but with African American characters.An African American producer says,"This is a terrible idea! That family never could have been black!" Why was the traditional family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

A) African American women have always had to combine work and family.
B) African Americans divided work and family responsibilities earlier than their white counterparts.
C) African American fathers have historically been more heavily involved in child care than white fathers.
D) The patriarchal tradition of the African American family made it easy for black women to separate work and home.

Question 42

Define what Barbara Risman calls fair families.List and explain two examples of the potential benefits of these types of families.

Question 43

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs.Which of the following is true about her experiences?

A) She felt that if she had only worked harder,she would have been able to "get by."
B) Even with only herself to support and juggling two or more jobs,she could not afford to live off her wages.
C) She worked hard and did so well at her low-wage job that she was quickly promoted to a higher-paying job.
D) She was surprised at how easy her work was and was stressed when she returned to her old lifestyle.

Question 44

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund.Ultimately,after feminist groups lobbied the U.S.government,what happened?

A) Only the deceased's future earnings were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
B) Only the deceased's economic status at the time of death was measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
C) Neither the deceased's future earnings nor his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
D) Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

Question 45

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

A) 2 years
B) 5 years
C) 10 years
D) more than 15 years

Question 46

Family life during the preindustrial period differed significantly from family life during the Industrial Revolution.List and describe three key differences.

Question 47

Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome,rather than the cause,of racial oppression and poverty?

A) Arlie Hochschild
B) Daniel Patrick Moynihan
C) Karl Marx
D) W.E.B.Du Bois

Question 48

Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?

A) to provide unlimited aid to families with dependent children
B) to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
C) to combat conservative views of "welfare queens"
D) to provide assistance to those who are "unemployable"

Question 49

Define nuclear family and briefly describe its evolution.Can the nuclear family be called the "traditional family form" in the United States today? Justify your answer with two examples drawn from the chapter.

Question 50

Rodney and Tina are a married couple with children.They split up work,chores,and childcare,and they feel the balance is pretty much equal.Sociologist Barbara Risman calls this a(n)________ family.

A) happy
B) fair
C) egalitarian
D) feminist

Question 51

Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:

A) growing acceptance of exogamy.
B) growing acceptance of endogamy.
C) declining acceptance of exogamy.
D) declining acceptance of endogamy.

Question 52

Cole's parents divorced when he was six,but now both of them are remarried.He has two stepsisters on his mother's side and a new stepbrother on his father's side.These families are examples of which of the following type of family?

A) an extended family
B) a nuclear family
C) a kinship network
D) a blended family

Question 53

It is difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:

A) there are fewer Latinos than other minority groups.
B) their origins and geography are so diverse.
C) families are unimportant to Latinos.
D) Latinos are reluctant to share family information with sociologists.

Question 54

Discuss the main findings from research on the chore wars-the gendered division of household labor-as studied by Arlie Hochschild (1989,2003)and Viviana Zelizer (2005).

Question 55

In the 1960s,many social scientists,including Daniel Patrick Moynihan,viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

A) the inevitable result of poverty and discrimination that emasculated husbands and fathers.
B) a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
C) a positive characteristic that would eventually strengthen the African American family.
D) an anomaly that resulted from increased job opportunities for black women but not black men after World War II.

Question 56

In his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009),sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from the:

A) secularization of major American social institutions,including marriage.
B) fact that Americans are individualistic and evaluate their marriages in personal terms.
C) declining occupational status of men.
D) fact that Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.

Question 57

The contemporary belief that work life and family life are separate spheres emerged with the Industrial Revolution.With this shift came the expectation that family life was women's domain and work life was men's domain.Lingering notions of separate spheres continue to shape men's and women's experiences today.Provide four examples of how this notion shapes (or could shape)men's and women's lives differently.

Question 58

Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

A) the Civil Rights Act
B) the Americans with Disabilities Act
C) the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
D) the Violence Against Women Act

Question 59

Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 60

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

A) government-sponsored day care programs
B) their immediate families
C) the day care institutions in their places of employment
D) their extrafamilial female networks

Question 61

Define what Arlie Hochschild and others call the supermom strategy and discuss one possible negative consequence of this strategy.