Deck 11: Ethnicity and Race

Question 1

As a sociological concept, race refers to:

A) a set of distinct physical characteristics that are the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
B) cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart
C) a socially constructed category rooted in the belief that there are fundamental differences among humans, associated with phenotype and ancestry
D) the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Did slaves resist?

A) yes, sometimes through direct opposition or disobedience to orders
B) yes, but collective slave revolts occurred only in the Caribbean
C) yes, but the mixing of aspects of African cultures, Christian ideals, and cultural threads from their new environments was not a form of resistance
D) yes, but the development of jazz was not a form of resistance

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What happened in the immediate years after the formal abolition of slavery?

A) The real conditions of life for African Americans in the South were dramatically improved.
B) The "black codes" replaced the "slave codes," eliminating unjust punishment.
C) Laws forbidding segregation of blacks from whites in public places were passed.
D) One kind of slavery was replaced by another: that of social, political, and economic discrimination.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is one reason your textbook gives for why racism flourished?

A) Racism helped justify colonial rule over nonwhites.
B) White had long been associated with purity and black with evil in all cultures.
C) The symbol of blackness with negative meanings emerged after the West came into extensive contact with black peoples.
D) The notion of race as a cluster of inherited characteristics existed for thousands of years.

Question 5

The notion that was prevalent in white society during the pre-civil rights era that African American males had very highly charged sexual urges that they could not control is an example of:

A) projection
B) a diaspora
C) a microaggression
D) discrimination

Question 6

The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics is:

A) feminization
B) pluralism
C) racism
D) color-blind racism

Question 7

In the preceding 350 years or so, there have been at least four massive population shifts. The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is the:

A) forced migration of American Indians from the eastern to the western United States
B) diaspora of Jewish people from Israel to eastern Europe
C) movement of Europeans to other parts of the world
D) immigration of thousands of Cubans to Miami

Question 8

Were most white Northern leaders abolitionists?

A) no, however, there was very little hostility toward blacks on the part of whites in states where slavery had never existed
B) no, moral rejection of slavery was the dominant attitude among the working class, not the educated elite
C) no, the main factors underlying the Civil War were political and economic
D) yes, most Northern leaders were more interested in abolishing slavery than in sustaining the Union

Question 9

According to your textbook authors, what is white privilege?

A) the benefits that whites receive due to their hard work
B) the advantages that whites have because minorities are less ambitious
C) the acknowledgment by whites of their privileges
D) the benefits that whites have that were not earned and are not acknowledged as unearned

Question 10

Why does Richard Alba believe the idea that the United States will become a "majority-minority" country by 2044 is in error?

A) because the United States will become a "majority-minority" country by 2024
B) because almost all mixed-race individuals self-identify as white
C) because children of minorities will often intermarry with members of the dominant group
D) because minorities will no longer experience disadvantages in 2044

Question 11

The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing, particularly for sociologists, because:

A) they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50 percent of the population
B) they often disagree about the percentage of the population that is nonwhite
C) sociology is a dynamic discipline that has difficulty with a static concept such as minority group
D) the relative proportions of minority and majority groups change over time

Question 12

George hires José, who is Hispanic, instead of Jerome, who is African American, even though Jerome is more qualified. This is an example of:

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) desegregation
D) stereotyping

Question 13

Your textbook author claims which of the following about Donald Trump?

A) his statement about immigrants from Mexico being "rapists and criminals" is largely true.
B) his overtly racist claims are not unusual for American politics over the past 20 years.
C) his assertion that both sides were to blame for the violence that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017 is largely true.
D) he continually made one bigoted statement after another.

Question 14

As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to:

A) a set of distinct physical characteristics that is the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
B) cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others
C) physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant
D) the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype

Question 15

Steve believes that Hispanics are harder workers than African Americans. This is an example of:

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) color-blind racism
D) institutional racism

Question 16

According to sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, what is a characteristic of color-blind racism?

A) Whites engage in overt acts of racial hatred.
B) Whites knowingly act in ways that are psychologically damaging to racial minorities.
C) Whites perpetuate inequalities by paying attention to racial differences.
D) Whites who make subtle racial distinctions have become adept at maintaining an appearance of neutrality.

Question 17

The sociologically defined characteristic of a minority group is:

A) any group that is less than 50 percent of the population
B) any ethnic or "racial" group
C) a disadvantaged group
D) any immigrant group

Question 18

Arturo is a documented migrant worker in the United States. He was injured while working and went to the hospital for treatment. While he was at the hospital, the doctors and nurses had difficulty communicating with Arturo because he speaks some English but not enough to understand medical terminology. The hospital does not have a translator on staff. This is an example of:

A) institutional racism
B) prejudice
C) scapegoating
D) discrimination

Question 19

________, consideration in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, often involves the psychological mechanism of ________, directing hostility or anger toward objects that are not really the source of those feelings.

A) Institutional racism; situational ethnicity
B) Symbolic ethnicity; individual racism
C) Stereotypical thinking; displacement
D) Scapegoating; projection

Question 20

Which of the following would be an example of a microaggression?

A) asking an Asian American for directions
B) telling an Asian American that they "speak good English"
C) telling a Hispanic American that "they should lighten up" rather than be offended at a racist joke
D) telling a Native American that they are making a "mountain out of a molehill" when they disapprove of a white person dressing up as a Native American for Halloween

Question 21

Global migratory patterns are a result of the combination of two separate forces-the movement of people into a country to settle and the process by which people leave a country to settle in another-and these are known as:

A) immigration and emigration
B) emigration and immigration
C) assimilation and segregation
D) segregation and assimilation

Question 22

The feminization of migration patterns refers to the fact that:

A) as more women are elected to leadership positions, countries loosen their immigration rules
B) women business owners are more likely than businessmen to employ women immigrants
C) women are more willing to take economic, political, and social risks
D) the number of women migrants has increased in part because of changes in the global labor market

Question 23

When the U.S. Census Bureau calculates racial and ethnic composition, why might the population totals sometimes exceed 100 percent?

A) Since the year 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau has been forced to guess the population levels due to the rapid rise of illegal immigration.
B) Since 1950, researchers have received less funding to conduct surveys about race and ethnicity.
C) In the past 30 years, more people have been refusing to participate in the U.S. Census surveys.
D) Since the year 2000, respondents have been allowed to identify as more than one racial-ethnic category on the U.S. Census.

Question 24

In the colonial model of migration:

A) preferences are granted to immigrants from former colonies
B) former colonial subjects are granted only limited citizenship
C) emigration but not immigration is allowed
D) racial and ethnic quotas are routinely applied

Question 25

The ethnic group in the United States that was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II is:

A) German American
B) Italian American
C) Japanese American
D) Chinese American

Question 26

A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence even while their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism

Question 27

The Supreme Court decision that established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the 1950s through the 1970s was:

A) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
B) Plessy v. Ferguson
C) Roe v. Wade
D) Loving v. Virginia

Question 28

The country that best illustrates the classic model of immigration is:

A) Australia
B) France
C) England
D) Germany

Question 29

Which of the following would be the most characteristic of the colonial model of migration?

A) American Indian Trail of Tears march in 1838
B) special immigration status that France grants to Algerians
C) illegal movement of large numbers of Mexicans across the Texas border
D) movement of large numbers of Turkish people into Germany

Question 30

Because of tightened immigration laws, it is increasingly common to find that many industrialized countries have ______models of immigration.

A) neoclassical
B) neo-globalized
C) colonial
D) illegal

Question 31

The 1964 Civil Rights Act:

A) banned discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and any agency receiving government funds
B) eliminated resistance to civil rights once and for all
C) eliminated discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity in the United States
D) ended racial prejudice against African Americans

Question 32

Which racial-ethnic group is projected to have the largest population in the year 2050?

A) white
B) Asian
C) Hispanic
D) black

Question 33

According to your textbook, which term refers specifically to anyone living in the United States descended from Spanish-speaking regions, including Spain?

A) Spanish
B) Chicano
C) Latino
D) Hispanic

Question 34

The largest group of Latinos that resides in the United States is described as:

A) Mexican American
B) Puerto Rican
C) Cuban
D) El Salvadoran

Question 35

The group that has the highest income among Latinos is composed of:

A) Puerto Ricans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Guatemalans
D) Cubans

Question 36

Which racial-ethnic group has experienced the largest population growth during the past 50 years?

A) white
B) Asian
C) Hispanic
D) black

Question 37

When ethnic groups have achieved a distinct but equal status, the society is said to exhibit:

A) assimilation
B) segregation
C) pluralism
D) multiculturalism

Question 38

In 2016, Hispanics made up what percent of the U.S. population?

A) 4.7
B) 12.5
C) 18
D) 38

Question 39

When a group assumes the attitudes and language of the dominant community, it has engaged in:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism

Question 40

During the twentieth century, industrial development in the North and the mechanization of agriculture in the South resulted in a substantial migration to Northern urban areas by:

A) Europeans
B) African Americans
C) Latin Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 41

Most Americans would agree that education is the key vehicle for economic success. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between race and educational achievement?

A) White Americans and Latino immigrants have widened the educational gap between themselves and black Americans.
B) Regardless of the advances from the civil rights movement, the educational level of black Americans continues to decline.
C) White Americans have a higher educational level than African Americans and Latinos combined.
D) The educational level of Hispanics continues to lag behind that of whites and blacks in the United States.

Question 42

Which of the following groups has the highest median household income?

A) whites
B) blacks
C) Asians
D) Hispanics

Question 43

According to the Centers for Disease Control, whites can on average expect to live how much longer than blacks?

A) 1.5 years
B) 3.5 years
C) 7.9 years
D) 12.2 years

Question 44

Dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas often in a forced way or under traumatic circumstances is known as:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) pluralism
D) diaspora

Question 45

As of 2017, how many senators were black or Hispanic?

A) 1 black and 1 Hispanic
B) 3 black and 4 Hispanic
C) 8 black and 12 Hispanic
D) 13 black and 18 Hispanic

Question 46

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism

Question 47

As of 2016, which group had the highest unemployment rate?

A) whites
B) blacks
C) Hispanics
D) Asians

Question 48

A micro-level factor that might be part of a systems approach to explaining migration patterns between Mexico and the United States is the:

A) U.S. policy that encourages "guest workers" from Mexico to work in American service industries
B) economic condition in Mexico that makes it very difficult for many people to earn an adequate income
C) informal networking among family and friends that provides support for newly arrived immigrants
D) strength of individual-level "push factors" that exceeds that of social-level "pull factors"

Question 49

The debate about the economic effect of new immigrants to the United States is best characterized by whether:

A) the new immigrants will edge out current Americans for jobs in the high-tech sector of the economy
B) the new immigrants will cost too much in government welfare programs or provide a financial lift to the economy by paying taxes
C) the new immigrants will erode the mainstream American culture by demanding that days such as Cinco de Mayo be made a national holiday
D) the number of immigrants to the United States has increased or decreased in the past 50 years

Question 50

Croatia has become a "monoethnic" state because of the racialized policies of mass expulsion during the 1990s. This is an example of:

A) ethnic cleansing
B) antiracism
C) genocide
D) symbolic ethnicity

Question 51

Robin Cohen considers the Chinese diaspora to be which kind of diaspora?

A) imperial
B) labor
C) trade
D) cultural

Question 52

Amy Chua's seminal piece World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability argues that small ethnic minority groups often have more power than larger, poorer ethnic groups and that many times ethnic tension is a result of:

A) the lack of cultural knowledge each group has about the other
B) the economic advantage enjoyed by these groups
C) the inability of other ethnic groups to assimilate
D) segregation

Question 53

To what do Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton attribute the continuation of black poverty in the urban ghettos of the United States?

A) the history of racial residential segregation
B) the genetic makeup of whites and blacks
C) the culture of poverty
D) welfare dependency

Question 54

An example of the interaction between micro and macro factors that influence migration is a family that moves from:

A) Liberia to escape the civil war to Minneapolis, Minnesota, because they can work at a family business
B) England to New York City because of the mother's job transfer
C) Texas to Miami to be closer to Cuban culture
D) California to Texas and then to Oklahoma for work

Question 55

The systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group is called:

A) genocide
B) ethnic cleansing
C) segregation
D) pluralism

Question 56

In 2017, how many members of Congress were black or Hispanic?

A) 20 black and 9 Hispanic
B) 50 black and 39 Hispanic
C) 79 black and 69 Hispanic
D) 109 black and 90 Hispanic

Question 57

All diasporas share which key feature?

A) voluntary movement from a homeland to a new region or regions
B) a belief in the impossibility of eventual return
C) a weak sense of solidarity with members of the same ethnic group also living in areas of the diaspora
D) a shared memory about the homeland and a commitment to its preservation

Question 58

The large migration to the United States in the 1880s and 1890s came from:

A) Britain
B) Europe
C) Central America
D) Asia

Question 59

The National Immigration Forum has estimated that immigrant workers contribute significantly to the national economy. They estimate that the dollar amount of gross domestic product without them would be:

A) far less, but actual statistics are difficult to verify
B) $1 trillion less
C) far more, but actual statistics are difficult to verify
D) about the same

Question 60

The majority of immigrants to the United States prior to 1965 were from Europe, but since 1965, the majority have been from Latin America and Asia, something that is attributable to the:

A) implementation of affirmative action laws that favored other nations besides Europe
B) surge of refugees seeking asylum following the Vietnam War
C) change in economic status of Latin American and Asian peoples
D) change in preference granted to northern and western Europeans

Question 61

Did the lives of African Americans in the South get better after the Civil War? Discuss the "black codes" and segregation. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 62

List the four models offered to explain global migration movements since 1945. Name an example for each.

Question 63

The unemployment rate of black and Hispanic men has shrunk since the 1960s, so it is now about the same as the unemployment rate for white men.

Question 64

MATCHING
a. Classic model
b. Colonial model
c. Guest workers model
d. Illegal model
e. Push factors
f. Pull factors
Features of destination countries that attract immigrants

Question 65

According to your textbook authors, why has racism flourished? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 66

Using examples from the U.S. Census, discuss how race is a social construction. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 67

Why is race ultimately an unrealistic and impractical concept? Why is it nonetheless a persistent way of categorizing people? Provide examples. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 68

Does institutional racism seem to be declining in the United States? What evidence supports your position? Explain your answer in one paragraph.

Question 69

Collective slave revolts were more common in the Caribbean than in the United States.

Question 70

MATCHING
a. Classic model
b. Colonial model
c. Guest workers model
d. Illegal model
e. Push factors
f. Pull factors
Dynamics within a country of origin that force people to emigrate

Question 71

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Must an individual be prejudiced in order to discriminate? Provide examples to illustrate your position. Explain your answer in one paragraph.

Question 72

Hispanics now outnumber blacks in the United States.

Question 73

MATCHING
a. Classic model
b. Colonial model
c. Guest workers model
d. Illegal model
e. Push factors
f. Pull factors
Applies to countries that developed as nations of immigrants

Question 74

Define white privilege. Provide an example. Discuss how this example illustrates white privilege. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 75

MATCHING
a. Classic model
b. Colonial model
c. Guest workers model
d. Illegal model
e. Push factors
f. Pull factors
Grants preferences to immigrants from former colonies

Question 76

MATCHING
a. Classic model
b. Colonial model
c. Guest workers model
d. Illegal model
e. Push factors
f. Pull factors
Immigrants who gain entry into a country either secretly or under a nonimmigration pretense

Question 77

Despite the diversity of forms, Robin Cohen maintains that all diasporas potentially threaten pluralistic host societies.

Question 78

Genetic diversity within populations is as great as the diversity among populations.

Question 79

Did hostility toward blacks exist where slavery had never existed? Were most Northern leaders morally offended by slavery? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.

Question 80

Did slaves passively accept the conditions their masters imposed on them? If they resisted, how did they resist? Your answer should be one paragraph in length.