Deck 18: Collective Action,Social Movements,and Social Change

Question 1

An example of collective action would be:

A) someone helping the homeless.
B) a student clapping in class.
C) everyone walking out on an exam.
D) a telephone marketing campaign in which a group made thousands of phone calls.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Ten thousand people writing the governor,asking him or her not to execute an individual,is an example of:

A) crowd collective action.
B) political activism.
C) mass collective action.
D) social change.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An accident occurs on a busy street,and a pedestrian immediately starts pulling people from cars and instructing others on what to do.This person would be an example of which collective action theory?

A) convergence
B) contagion
C) emergent norm
D) mass collective

Answer 3

C

Question 4

You have identified yourself as a pet lover all your life,but your involvement with the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)has come and gone,depending on your workload at the time.The fact that you love pets would be a ________ identity,but your on-again,off-again involvement with the ASPCA would be a ________ identity.

A) change; dynamic
B) static; dynamic
C) stable; dynamic
D) static; change

Question 5

You are at a football game with your friends,though you aren't a football fan.Nonetheless,when "the wave" comes your way,you stand up and take part.Afterward,you feel surprised that you did such a silly thing that you don't really even enjoy.A sociologist explains that you were influenced by the behavior of those close to you,which is called ________ theory.

A) contagion
B) convergence
C) mass collective
D) emergent norm

Question 6

If one individual behaves in a socially inappropriate manner,he or she is considered deviant,but if several individuals behave this way,it is referred to as a:

A) collective action.
B) public rebellion.
C) demonstration.
D) nongovernmental organization.

Question 7

Professor Stephen Duncombe argues that the Occupy Wall Street movement was a ________ and thus not a lasting ________.

A) burst; success
B) success; protest
C) success; problem
D) mass movement; citizens' movement

Question 8

The ________ is a group of present-day activists who attempt to create social movements through satire.

A) Anti-inflammatory League
B) NRA
C) Yes Men
D) Convergence Group

Question 9

A theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others is ________ theory.

A) convergence
B) mass collective
C) emergent norm
D) contagion

Question 10

If your identity is a definition of who you are,then how does your affiliation with multiple groups affect it?

A) Group affiliation affects social identity but not religious or family identity.
B) You are affected primarily by the groups with whom you participate in collective action.
C) If affects your identity only if you are the keynote leader.
D) Your unique identity comes from the collection of groups to which you belong.

Question 11

Presbyterian,Green Bay Packers fan,Republican,and Italian are all group associations that help define a person as a(n):

A) potential voter.
B) male.
C) citizen.
D) individual.

Question 12

An example of a(n)________ social movement might be a group of individuals trying to stop unwed mothers from having abortions.

A) revolutionary
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) alterative

Question 13

The difference between collective action and deviance is:

A) the number of people acting.
B) the type of people involved.
C) whether you are acting alone or as part of a group.
D) the reaction of others to your actions.

Question 14

Convergence theory says that the role of planning in collective action:

A) isn't necessary; collective action can emerge from social circumstances.
B) is vital; collective action requires the definition of a problem and the planned strategies to solve it.
C) is important,but it can happen before or during the action.
D) can't happen; collective action by definition can't be planned.

Question 15

The difference between a social movement and a ritual is that:

A) rituals don't aim to change something about society.
B) a ritual is something that is done only in a religious context.
C) social movements happen every other year.
D) rituals happen only during holidays.

Question 16

You are a deacon in a Southern Baptist church.The church condemns same-sex marriage; however,you personally believe same-sex marriage should be allowed,and in your free time you protest for equal rights for gays and lesbians.This would be an example of:

A) static identity.
B) dynamic identity.
C) identity dissonance.
D) conflicting identities.

Question 17

Group behavior has to violate social norms in order to be classified as "collective action" because:

A) collective action strengthens social norms.
B) collective action seeks to highlight the reasons social norms should be changed.
C) collective action always leads to changes in social norms.
D) social norms govern individual behavior and not group behaviors.

Question 18

Contagion effects often work through the influence of a leader with a lot of:

A) charisma.
B) power.
C) knowledge.
D) experience.

Question 19

The most limited social movement,focusing on a narrow group of people,would be a(n):

A) redemptive social movement,because it focuses on one person at a time.
B) alterative social movement,like Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).
C) reformative social movement,because it tends to be limited to certain religious sects.
D) revolutionary social movement,like the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 20

What is the difference between alterative social movements and reformative movements? Alterative social movements focus on ________; reformative movements focus on ________.

A) public policies; individual behaviors
B) multiple related issues; a single concern
C) individual behaviors; the entire society
D) radical social changes; social changes

Question 21

The stage of a social movement when people start organizing,donating money,and lobbying political officials is:

A) emergence.
B) routinization.
C) coalescence.
D) resolution.

Question 22

You are concerned about water quality in your town,but officials don't seem to be listening.You join a group that puts on a public play in which some people pour filthy water on others.When the wet people pretend to die,the water-pourers rejoice.This approach reflects the ________approach to activism promoted by Andy Bichlbaum.

A) ritualized
B) spoof
C) mass collective action
D) urgency

Question 23

An example of a(n)________ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement,when African Americans boycotted buses.

A) redemptive
B) revolutionary
C) reformative
D) alterative

Question 24

Social movements tend to have three stages.Which is the most fragile stage,the one at which most movements just simply fade away?

A) emergence
B) coalescence
C) routinization
D) institutionalization

Question 25

The 1930s Townsend Plan movement,which organized elderly Americans to demand a pension from the government,is an example of:

A) how millions of people can make a change.
B) how social movements succeed.
C) how apparent failures can create conditions for success.
D) Roosevelt's Social Security legislation.

Question 26

Which of the following is a reason why some social movements fade away during the coalescence stage?

A) lack of funds and time commitment
B) not enough members
C) lack of International support
D) no interest by the general population

Question 27

What does a mass protest organization do?

A) advocates for social change through protest
B) recruits only young people
C) relies on only individual levels of membership participation to promote social change
D) solicits medical professionals

Question 28

Mothers Against Drunk Driving introduced the concept of the "designated driver" in order to combat drunk driving.Because it focused on a single issue and sought to change individual behavior,it is best described as:

A) redemptive.
B) alterative.
C) reformative.
D) revolutionary.

Question 29

Reformative social movements:

A) focus on individual behaviors.
B) target specific subgroups of society.
C) target almost everyone in a society.
D) solely focus on animals and the environment.

Question 30

Which of the following is characteristic of professional movement organizations?

A) The membership base plays a major role.
B) They attempt to influence public policy.
C) They represent the interests of a particular professional group,such as doctors.
D) They have a grassroots,entirely volunteer staff.

Question 31

Which social movement model suggests that discontent and the availability of resources are the key factors that determine if a social movement will coalesce?

A) classical
B) political process
C) revolutionary
D) resource mobilization

Question 32

________ social movements advocate the radical reorganization of society.

A) Revolutionary
B) Alterative
C) Redemptive
D) Reformative

Question 33

The period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness describes which stage of a social movement?

A) emergence
B) resolution
C) coalescence
D) routinization

Question 34

The emergence of a social movement that is a collective response to structural strain that has a psychological effect on individuals is explained by:

A) the political process model.
B) revolutionary theory.
C) classical theory.
D) resource mobilization theory.

Question 35

Which of the following is a criticism of resource mobilization theory?

A) Involvement of the elites often results in the demise of a social movement.
B) Social movements are often led by elite classes.
C) Elites have the most to gain from a social movement.
D) The grievance with resource mobilization theory is unclear.

Question 36

Imagine you are a member of Critical Mass,the cycling organization that attempts to educate the public about carbon dioxide pollution from gas vehicles.Even though it lacks the organizational structure of a professional movement,it has high levels of member participation.This would be a ________ organization.

A) grassroots
B) redemptive
C) premodern
D) mass protest

Question 37

A group of conservationists encourages their community to save water by using low-flushing toilets or faucets that release more pressure but less water.Which social movement would this represent?

A) alterative
B) redemptive
C) reformative
D) revolutionary

Question 38

What did Tocqueville mean by "land of joiners"?

A) Democratic citizens easily change what they set their minds to.
B) Citizens in democracies have less equality than citizens in aristocratic societies.
C) Americans frequently come together to join voluntary associations.
D) American citizens are forced to join "voluntary" associations.

Question 39

A mass protest organization and a grassroots organization both rely on high levels of membership,but a grassroots organization:

A) enforces a strict hierarchical structure.
B) focuses on environmental issues.
C) solicits membership from qualified professionals.
D) works through existing political structures to promote change.

Question 40

A homeless shelter for battered women,where they can learn how to care for themselves and their children,would be an example of a(n)________ social movement.

A) reformative
B) redemptive
C) alterative
D) revolutionary

Question 41

In ________ societies,tradition was important because the customs that were passed down through the generations helped guide everyday life.

A) early modern
B) modern
C) premodern
D) postmodern

Question 42

Which of the following is a reason why the egalitarian nature of American democracy has made Americans more likely than Europeans to enlist in voluntary organizations?

A) Immigrants formed organizations to unite with other immigrants with similar values.
B) Early American puritan society created a culture of voluntary association.
C) Early Americans were inspired by Alexis de Tocqueville to join organizations.
D) Joining organizations expresses individuality,something that Americans value.

Question 43

How does the dialectic theory assume social change occurs?

A) linearly
B) slowly
C) out of conflict
D) peacefully

Question 44

Rap music,the Seagram Building in New York City,and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris are cultural examples from which time period?

A) early modern
B) premodern
C) modern
D) postmodern

Question 45

During the modern period,science competed with ________ as the primary source for knowledge.

A) religion
B) theory
C) capitalism
D) philosophy

Question 46

How does a dialectic work?

A) Experts discover new ideas and popularize them with the general public.
B) The process of technological progress produces social change.
C) Social activists expose the irrationality of social norms and people agree to change them.
D) The process of conflict and resolution leads to social change.

Question 47

New technologies like the Internet and social media are major contributors to rapid social:

A) unrest.
B) change.
C) deviance.
D) coalescence.

Question 48

Describe an example of mass collective action,and explain why it fits the category.Describe an example of crowd collective action,and explain why it fits the category.In your view,which type of action is more likely to make substantive change in a large-scale society like the United States,and why?

Question 49

Social change:

A) is usually caused by social movements.
B) can be caused by a variety of factors,like new ideas and technologies.
C) usually takes centuries to happen.
D) arises only through conflict.

Question 50

The time period that is characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation is the period of:

A) modern societies.
B) premodern societies.
C) postmodern societies.
D) early modern societies.

Question 51

A building that breaks the traditional rules of architecture and borrows liberally from several genres to create a new and unique style is an example of:

A) early modernism.
B) premodernism.
C) modernism.
D) postmodernism.

Question 52

A focus on science,universal truths,and objectivity was a characteristic of which period?

A) postmodern
B) premodern
C) early modern
D) modern

Question 53

What was one of the largest American social movements that effected major social change?

A) the women's movement
B) the civil rights movement
C) the anti-Vietnam War movement
D) the abolitionist movement

Question 54

Which sociologist suggested that modernity was a time when each person was a unique combination of overlapping group affiliations?

A) Pierre-Charles L'Enfant
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Georg Simmel

Question 55

Compare and contrast the theories of collective action: convergence theory,contagion theory,and emergent norm theory.In your comparison,describe two things these theories have in common.In your contrasts,describe at least three differences between the theories.

Question 56

Today,most women know that smoking during pregnancy is putting their babies in danger.The cause of this "social change" was probably mostly due to:

A) technology.
B) innovation.
C) new ideas.
D) conflict.

Question 57

Environmental activists who wish to ban all carbon emissions spur a countermovement by manufacturers whose factories must emit some pollutants to operate at a profit.When these two groups come together to formulate new environmental policies,it is an example of:

A) crowd collective action.
B) a dialectic.
C) a revolutionary social movement.
D) mass collective action.

Question 58

Research discovering the link between smoking and cancer has led to decreases in cigarette smoking in the past several decades.This demonstrates the role that ________ can play in social change.

A) new ideas
B) health
C) economic development
D) conflict

Question 59

A society that relies purely on tradition to choose its leaders would be classified as:

A) postmodern.
B) premodern.
C) early modern.
D) modern.

Question 60

Which is one of the major breaks between the postmodern period and the modern period?

A) an uncritical faith in technology's ability to solve problems
B) new ideas about multiculturalism and the blending of different narratives
C) an appreciation of the steady progress of human society
D) a resurgence of religiosity

Question 61

In what ways does group affiliation affect the development of individual identity? Using yourself or someone you know as an example,describe how group affiliation shapes individual identity.What is the most significant benefit of group affiliation? Why is it so significant?

Question 62

There have been several attempts to explain the emergence and sustenance of social movements.The earliest model,the classical model,incorporates some psychological aspects.Give an example of a social movement and use the classical model in its emergence and sustenance.Discuss the criticisms associated with the classical model.

Question 63

In the 1830s,Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States from France and called the United States a "land of joiners." What did he mean by this? How does "joining" affect people's individual identities?

Question 64

What is the difference between a social movement and a ritual? Give examples of each.

Question 65

What is a social movement? Describe the four types of social movements and give examples of each.In your view,which type of social movement has the most potential for positive social change,and why?

Question 66

Give an example of technological innovation and the emergence of new ideas as causes of social change,and give possible examples of the three stages of social movements that would follow.

Question 67

You are concerned that the new bar in town is allowing bands to play into the early morning hours.There is no noise ordinance in your town,but you and your neighbors are irritated that you can't sleep on the weekends.You and your neighbors decide to write letters to local politicians to get a noise ordinance in place.This would be what type of participatory movement organization and why? Why would this be a participatory type of organization and not a professional one?