Deck 7: Intelligence and Reasoning

Question 1

Which of the following was not viewed as an indicator of intelligence by the experts and laypersons interviewed during Sternberg's research?

A) social competence
B) problem solving abilities
C) verbal ability
D) spatial ability

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Knowledge acquired through experience and education constitutes

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) primary intelligence.
D) tertiary intelligence.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the dual-component model,pragmatic intelligence dominates during

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) adulthood.
D) throughout the life-span.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which researcher's name is associated with largest and most comprehensive sequential study of intelligence?

A) Wechsler
B) Sternberg
C) Salthouse
D) K.Warner Schaie

Question 5

The secondary mental ability focused on fluent perception of auditory patterns is

A) auditory organization.
B) visual organization.
C) crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 6

The secondary mental ability focused on the perception of visual patterns is

A) auditory organization.
B) visual organization.
C) crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 7

The approach to intelligence that focuses on developmental changes in the way people conceptualize problems and styles of thinking is known as

A) psychometric approach.
B) dual-component model.
C) cognitive structural approach.
D) practical intelligence.

Question 8

Which approach to intelligence emphasizes scores on standardized tests?

A) psychometric
B) neofunctionalist
C) cognitive
D) applied

Question 9

By age_____ nearly everyone shows decline on one ability,though very few people show decline on four or five abilities

A) 70
B) 88
C) 50
D) 60

Question 10

The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective?

A) plasticity
B) multidirectionality
C) interindividual variability
D) intraindividual consistency

Question 11

The hierarchy of intelligence from the lowest to highest levels is:

A) test questions,tests,primary mental abilities,secondary mental abilities,third order
Mental abilities,general intelligence
B) primary mental abilities,secondary mental abilities,third order mental abilities,general intelligence,test questions,tests
C) primary mental abilities,secondary mental abilities,test questions,tests,third order mental abilities,general intelligence
D) primary mental abilities,test questions,tests,general intelligence,secondary mental abilities,third order mental abilities

Question 12

Longitudinal sequential research on primary mental abilities reveals

A) no age-related declines.
B) major declines prior to age 40.
C) little practical decline until age 60.
D) identical patterns for all abilities.

Question 13

Figuring out which letter goes next in the series "z,w,s,n _____" is an example of

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) primary intelligence.
D) tertiary intelligence.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a basic concept of the life-span view?

A) plasticity.
B) multidirectionality
C) interindividual variability
D) intraindividual consistency

Question 15

If the performance on one test is highly related to the performance on another,the abilities measured by the two tests are interrelated and called a

A) test.
B) trait.
C) factor.
D) correlation.

Question 16

In Baltes' dual-component model,cognition as a basic process concerns

A) acquisition of symbolic knowledge.
B) everyday cognitive performance and human adaptation.
C) developmental changes in basic forms of thinking.
D) modification of underlying fluid intelligence abilities.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a primary mental ability?

A) verbal meaning
B) inductive reasoning
C) word fluency
D) fluid intelligence

Question 18

In the psychometric approach,intelligence refers to

A) the stages of intellectual growth.
B) moderators of performance.
C) the organization of interrelated abilities.
D) how test performance data are analyzed.

Question 19

According to the dual-component model,adulthood is predominantly concerned with the growth of

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) inter-cohort similarity.
D) multidiversity trends.

Question 20

An individual's innate abilities independent of acquired knowledge and experience constitute

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) primary intelligence.
D) tertiary intelligence.

Question 21

Compared to traditional intelligence tests,basic skills tests (e.g.,reading street maps,reading labels)are

A) less relevant to everyday life of older adults and does not measure similar concepts.
B) more relevant to everyday life of older adults and measure similar concepts.
C) more complex for older adults and measure different concepts.
D) unrelated to each other.

Question 22

On the television show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire," many of the big winners have been in their 40s and 50s.This likely due to their superiority in which type of intelligence?

A) fluid
B) emotional
C) crystallized
D) inductive reasoning

Question 23

Project ADEPT and Project ACTIVE examined whether primary mental abilities could be trained.Which second-order ability is related to the abilities trained in ADEPT and ACTIVE?

A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 24

Project ADEPT showed that

A) older adults' performance could not be improved by training.
B) the improvements due to training disappear after a few months.
C) it was necessary to combine training with medication to see improvements.
D) training and booster sessions resulted in improved performance.

Question 25

Knowing all the names of each president and vice president of the United States of America draws on which intelligence?

A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) primary intelligence
D) tertiary intelligence

Question 26

Which of the following tests would not measure crystallized intelligence?

A) vocabulary
B) intentional learning
C) comprehension
D) inductive reasoning

Question 27

Based on the research on fluid and crystallized intelligence,we know that

A) learning continues through adulthood.
B) learning gets easier through adulthood.
C) you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
D) learning in adulthood is tedious and should be avoided.

Question 28

From the research on intelligence,we know that with increasing age,

A) there are gains in information-processing abilities.
B) there are losses in information-processing abilities.
C) there are declines in experienced-based processes.
D) information-processing abilities and experienced-based processes remain stable.

Question 29

Project ACTIVE training on spatial or reasoning ability reveals that

A) training did not change intellectual performance.
B) training improved spatial ability but not reasoning ability.
C) training reversed 14-year declines.
D) training actually made declines worse.

Question 30

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence,on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score?

A) vocabulary
B) perceptual speed
C) spatial relations
D) inductive reasoning

Question 31

Research comparing performance on standardized and everyday versions of tasks showed that older adults' everyday performance correlated best with measures of

A) inductive reasoning.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) vocabulary.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a moderator of intellectual change?

A) cohort
B) educational level
C) occupation
D) gender

Question 33

Seven years after completing training on primary mental abilities in Project ADEPT,over _____ were still performing above baseline rates.

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 34

Schaie (1995)reported that individuals with which personality characteristic at midlife tend to experience fewer declines in intellectual competence?

A) egocentricism
B) personal control
C) flexible attitude
D) introversion

Question 35

Evidence concerning crystallized and fluid intelligence shows that

A) all abilities change at the same rate.
B) all abilities decline.
C) intellectual development is constant.
D) intellectual development is diverse.

Question 36

With respect to health and intellectual performance,

A) physical health is not related to intellectual performance.
B) the relationship between cardiovascular disease and intelligence is controversial.
C) less healthy people tend to be more intellectual.
D) the connection between cardiovascular disease and intelligence is well established.

Question 37

Research on the long-term effects of cognitive training on fluid abilities shows that

A) effects can last as long as seven years.
B) effects do not last longer than one year.
C) effects are strong in the beginning and then are eliminated.
D) effects are present only in women.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a social demographic variable implicated in reducing rates of intellectual decline?

A) having a complex job
B) exposure to stimulating environments
C) utilization of cultural and educational resources
D) low educational level

Question 39

The fact that younger generations generally do better on primary mental abilities than older generations is an example of

A) a cohort effect.
B) changes in information processing system.
C) better health care improving mental functioning.
D) all of these.

Question 40

In general,crystallized and fluid intelligence show

A) opposite developmental trends.
B) identical developmental trends.
C) no developmental trends.
D) unknown developmental trends.

Question 41

Which type of thought is characterized by the recognition that the correct answer varies from situation to situation,the solutions must be realistic,that ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception,and that emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking?

A) concrete operational thought
B) formal operational thought
C) postformal thought
D) reflective thought

Question 42

According to Kramer,Kahlbaugh,and Goldston (1992)reflective judgment progresses in the following order:

A) relativistic; absolutist; dialectical
B) absolutist; relativistic; dialectical
C) dialectical; relativistic; absolutist
D) absolutist; dialectical; relativistic

Question 43

The research on emotion and thought processes concluded that

A) high school students tend to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally salient problems (e.g.,pregnancy).
B) middle-aged adults tend to think at lower developmental levels when confronted with emotionally salient problems (e.g.,children).
C) high school students tend to think at lower developmental levels when confronted with emotionally salient problems (e.g.,pregnancy).
D) middle-aged adults tend to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally salient problems (e.g.,children).

Question 44

According to Piaget,what is responsible for cognitive development?

A) changes in cognitive structures
B) changes in function
C) changes in assimilation processes
D) changes in behavior

Question 45

Which of the following is not a characteristic of formal operations?

A) hypothetico-deductive thought
B) logical structure
C) reality constraints
D) one solution

Question 46

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages?

A) concrete operations,sensorimotor,formal operations,preoperational
B) sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
C) formal operations,concrete operations,preoperational,sensorimotor
D) preoperational,formal operations,sensorimotor,concrete operations

Question 47

Postformal thought is characterized by all of the following except

A) the correct answer varies from situation to situation.
B) there is only one correct answer.
C) emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking.
D) the recognition that the solutions must be realistic.

Question 48

Using what you know about fast food restaurants to order lunch at a new burger place is an example of _____ in Piaget's theory.

A) organization
B) operations
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 49

Mary is frustrated with her psychology professor because she will not tell Mary which theory of intelligence is the "correct" one.Mary is demonstrating which aspect of formal operations?

A) hypothetico-deductive thought
B) multiple frameworks
C) reality constraints
D) single solution

Question 50

The research on gender and thought processes reports that

A) males reason in more sophisticated ways than females.
B) the different ways of knowing are unique to males.
C) males and females reason is qualitatively different ways.
D) the different ways of knowing are found in both males and females.

Question 51

According to Piaget's theory,interpreting the world in terms of existing cognitive structures is called

A) organization.
B) operations.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is an example of unconstrained thought?

A) "There is only one answer to this problem."
B) "Let's assume the United States disarms unilaterally."
C) "If A>B,and B>C,then A>C."
D) "If you do not agree that standing on your head is silly,then you are wrong."

Question 53

Changing how you study for algebra exams as compared to history exams would be an example of _____ in Piaget's theory.

A) organization
B) operations
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

Question 54

According to Kitchener and Fischer (1990),the highest developmental level of information-processing a person is capable of is known as

A) skill acquisition.
B) reflective judgment.
C) optimal level.
D) procedural knowing.

Question 55

Research on developmental trends in formal operations shows that

A) older adults outperform younger adults.
B) college-educated adults typically skip this stage.
C) all adults operate at this level.
D) some adults never attain this level.

Question 56

Traditional scientific reasoning is an example of which aspect of formal operations?

A) hypothetico-deductive thought
B) multiple frameworks
C) reality constraints
D) multiple solutions

Question 57

According to Piaget's theory,changing one's thoughts to make a better approximation of the world is called

A) organization.
B) operations.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 58

Realizing that there can be more than one right answer to a problem,and that they are dependent on situational circumstances demonstrates

A) absolutism.
B) mechanism.
C) formalism.
D) relativism.

Question 59

Reasoning about highly emotionally-charged dilemmas

A) is easier for young adults.
B) is easier for older adults.
C) is easier for adolescents.
D) is easier for middle-aged adults.

Question 60

How people reason through dilemmas involving current affairs,religion,science,etc.are using

A) postformal thought.
B) reflective judgment.
C) absolutist judgment.
D) none of these.

Question 61

____________________ theorists are interested in individual differences and plasticity in intelligence.

Question 62

Fluid intelligence is an example of

A) cognition as basic processes.
B) interdependent third-order abilities.
C) unexercised ability.
D) optimally exercised ability.

Question 63

Research on wisdom shows that it is most associated with

A) creativity.
B) age.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) life experience.

Question 64

Intelligence is____________________,meaning that it consists of many dimensions.

Question 65

In the dual-component model,the phrase____________________,is used to discuss the first cognitive process,which concerns developmental changes in basic information-processing and problem-solving abilities.

Question 66

Research on practical problem solving shows that

A) performance peaks in early adulthood and then declines.
B) performance increases from early adulthood to middle age.
C) performance increases most between middle and old age.
D) performance remains the same across adulthood.

Question 67

Which of the following is not a specific factor identified by Baltes and Staudinger (2000)to help a person become wise?

A) intraindividual variability
B) general personal conditions
C) specific expertise conditions
D) facilitating life contexts

Question 68

Wisdom is viewed as involving the following cognitive processes except

A) practical and social intelligence.
B) insight into the deeper meanings underlying a given situation.
C) constrained thinking.
D) awareness of the relative,uncertain,and paradoxical nature of problems.

Question 69

The Dalai Lama wisdom story at the beginning of the chapter highlighted all of the following characteristics of wisdom except

A) it involved practical knowledge.
B) it was given at a price.
C) it was based on life experience.
D) it involved psychological insights.

Question 70

Crystallized intelligence is an example of

A) cognition as basic processes.
B) interdependent third-order abilities.
C) untrained or unpracticed ability.
D) optimally exercised ability.

Question 71

The "triumph of knowledge over reasoning" is best documented by research on

A) wisdom.
B) expertise.
C) postformal thought.
D) unexercised abilities.

Question 72

Wisdom is

A) the same thing as creativity.
B) the generation of a new solution to a problem.
C) different than creativity.
D) characterized by constrained reasoning processes.

Question 73

____________________ are the distinct patterns of change in abilities over the lifespan,where some abilities remain stable and others increase or decrease.

Question 74

The range of functioning within an individual and the conditions under which a person's abilities can be modified within a specific age range is____________________.

Question 75

In Denney's model,which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training?

A) optimally exercised ability
B) pragmatic intelligence
C) unexercised ability
D) interindividual variability

Question 76

In Denney's model,which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit with practice or training?

A) optimally exercised ability
B) pragmatic intelligence
C) unexercised ability
D) interindividual variability

Question 77

Research on age differences in wisdom shows that

A) there is little association between the two.
B) wisdom increases dramatically during old age.
C) there are few individual differences.
D) young adults cannot be wise.

Question 78

Which of the following is not true of older adults' decision making?

A) Older adults have difficulty in unfamiliar situations.
B) Older adults have difficulty when under time pressure.
C) Older adults have difficulty when decision-making requires a lot of capacity.
D) Older adults' quality of decisions is not as good as younger adults.

Question 79

The process of encapsulation refers to the way in which

A) the processes of thinking becomes disconnected from the products of thinking.
B) the processes of thinking improves while the products of thinking decline.
C) the processes of thinking declines while the products of thinking improve.
D) the processes of thinking becomes connected to the products of thinking.

Question 80

Experts

A) use novel approaches to solve difficult problems.
B) have extensive knowledge about a particular topic.
C) are highly practiced.
D) use all of these.