Deck 14: Experimentation

Question 1

In order for causality to be accepted in an experiment,the cause and effect relationship must be supported and verified by significant outcomes from appropriate statistical tests.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Every experiment has at least one manipulation.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

John is a waiter.He wants to determine if how he greets his customers (specifically whether or not he introduces himself by name)affects his tips.In this situation,the dependent variable would be ________

A)the size of John's tips
B)the number of repeat customers
C)the presence or absence of John's name in his greeting
D)whether or not John's customers address him by name

Answer 3

A

Question 4

John is a waiter.He wants to determine if how he greets his customers (specifically whether or not he introduces himself by name)affects his tips.In this situation,the independent variable would be ________

A)the size of John's tips
B)the number of repeat customers
C)the presence or absence of John's name in his greeting
D)whether or not John's customers address him by name

Question 5

Experiments allow researchers to bypass the recall of behavior and actually observe behaviors in response to a stimulus of interest.

Question 6

Maturation is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

A)a pretest survey
B)variation in data collection procedures
C)the sample
D)the study context
E)the researcher

Question 7

Which of the following type(s)of data collection allow(s)a researcher to determine causality?

A)surveys
B)experiments
C)both surveys and experiments work equally well to determine causality

Question 8

________ allows a researcher to determine the effect of changes in one area on one or more other areas.

A)Causality
B)Correlation
C)Creativity
D)Brainstorming
E)Synergy

Question 9

The text describes Peter's pizza experiment.In this experiment the amount of water was the ________ variable.

A)dependent
B)independent
C)causative
D)categorical

Question 10

It is always the case that an experiment seeks to determine the effect of changes in the dependent variable on the independent variable.

Question 11

Instrumentation is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

A)a pretest survey
B)variation in data collection procedures
C)the sample
D)the study context
E)the researcher

Question 12

History is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

A)a pretest survey
B)variation in data collection procedures
C)the sample
D)the study context
E)the researcher

Question 13

Survey results become more reliable and valuable for decision making when individuals are asked for introspection in areas of behavior they do not normally think about.

Question 14

The following two statements refer to experimental causality.
I.In order for causality to be accepted in an experiment,changes in the
Independent variable must precede changes in the dependent variable.
II.In order for causality to be accepted in an experiment,only one alternative
Explanation of the outcome must be eliminated.
Which,if any,of these statements is (are)true?

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and II are both true
D)Neither I nor II is true

Question 15

The first step in conducting an experiment is to ________.

A)identify what you need to learn
B)begin the experiment by taking the relevant actions
C)determine the research budget
D)hire a field service to collect the data

Question 16

The following statements refer to the use of survey results.
I.Survey results become less reliable and less valuable for decision making
When individuals are asked to use memory to attribute cause and effect.
II.Survey results become less reliable and less valuable for decision
Making when there are believed to be complex,multiple,or interrelated
Influences on behavior.
Which,if any,of these statements is (are)true?

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and II are both true
D)Neither I nor II are true

Question 17

An experiment's ________ refers to the extent to which one can eliminate alternative explanations for the observed experimental results.

A)internal validity
B)external validity
C)external reference
D)internal reference

Question 18

Premeasurement is a threat to internal validity that is related to problems associated with ________.

A)a pretest survey
B)variation in data collection procedures
C)the sample
D)the study context
E)the researcher

Question 19

The text describes Peter's pizza experiment.In this experiment the quality of crust texture was the ________ variable.

A)dependent
B)independent
C)causative
D)categorical

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of causality?

A)show a respondent an ad and then ask questions about reactions to the ad
B)give a respondent a sample product and then conduct an interview to determine satisfaction
C)vary the amount of advertising exposure to determine changes in sales

Question 21

The diagram below illustrates what type of experimental design?

A)quasi-esperimental: two group post-test only
B)quasi-experimental: two group post-test with control
C)experimental: two group post-test only
D)experimental: two group simulated pretest to post-test

Question 22

At the start of an experiment everyone is excited about their participation.Everyone takes a great deal of care in completing the pretest survey.The experiment takes five hours to complete.At the end of the experiment,a post-test questionnaire is administered.Many of the respondents just want to get home,and so give only superficial answers to the post-test questions.This situation reflects a ________ threat to internal validity.

A)maturation
B)selection
C)mortality
D)testing
E)researcher bias

Question 23

Premeasurement threats to internal validity occur after exposure to the independent variable.

Question 24

True experimental designs differ from quasi-experimental designs in that ________ designs use random assignment to groups.

A)true experimental
B)quasi-experimental

Question 25

The diagram below illustrates what type of experimental design?

A)simulated pretest - post-test
B)post-test only with control
C)pretest to post-test with control
D)factorial design

Question 26

________ threats to internal validity refer to any events or influences beyond those of the researcher that occur during the experiment and have the potential to affect the experimental outcome.

A)Testing
B)Researcher bias
C)Premeasurement
D)Historical
E)Mortality

Question 27

Consider the diagram shown below. Assume that 50 people were assigned to each group.Which of the following would result in the best improvement to this design?

A)Increase sample size to 200 per group
B)Use random assignment to place individuals in each group
C)Decrease the time lag between pretest and post-test
D)Restrict the group composition to include individuals of only one gender

Question 28

________ threats to internal validity refer to data outcomes that are not the result of the experimental manipulation,but are instead the result of changes in the data collection instrument.

A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcher bias

Question 29

Maturation is closely related to what other threat to internal validity?

A)Instrumentation
B)Interaction
C)History
D)Mortality
E)Researcher bias

Question 30

________ threats to internal validity occur whenever an interview given before the start of an experiment has a direct effect on a respondent's responses during the experiment.

A)Premeasurement
B)Historical
C)Interaction
D)Selection
E)Researcher bias

Question 31

Peg gives everyone participating in an experiment a pretest which measures attitudes toward the brand.When she examines this data,she notices problems with several of the questions.She revises these questions prior to their use on the post-test.This change could result in ________ threats to internal validity.

A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcher bias

Question 32

The diagram shown below illustrates what type of experimental design?

A)quasi-experimental: one group post-test only
B)quasi-experimental: one group pretest to post-test
C)experimental: one group post-test only
D)experimental: simulated pretest to post-test

Question 33

________ threats to internal validity occur whenever an interview administered before the start of an experiment affects a respondent's sensitivity or responsiveness to the independent variable.

A)Premeasurement
B)Historical
C)Interaction
D)Selection
E)Researcher bias

Question 34

The random assignment of individuals to test and control groups is important because this procedure ________.

A)eliminates the possibility of problems associated with data collection
B)guarantees the same number of men and women in each group
C)reduces many of the threats to external validity
D)reduces many of the threats to internal validity

Question 35

________ threats to internal validity can result from repeated administrations of the same survey,when the survey is given once before the treatment and once again after the treatment.

A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcher bias

Question 36

The diagram below illustrates what type of experimental design

A)quasi-esperimental: one group post-test only
B)quasi-experimental: one group pretest to post-test
C)experimental: one group pretest to post-test
D)experimental: simulated pretest to post-test

Question 37

________ are a poor attempt to uncover causal relationships.

A)True experimental designs
B)Quasi-experimental designs

Question 38

Premeasurement is closely related to what other threat to internal validity?

A)Interaction
B)Instrumentation
C)Mortality
D)History
E)Researcher bias

Question 39

________ threats to internal validity arise when respondents drop out of the research between the pretest and the post-test and,as a result,it cannot be determined if differences between the two tests are the the result of the experimental treatment or are the result of different group characteristics at the two stages of measurement.

A)Mortality
B)Researcher bias
C)Selection
D)Testing
E)Premeasurement

Question 40

________ threats to internal validity occur whenever,at the start of the experiment,the test and control groups differ in terms of relevant demographics,attitudes,or behaviors.

A)Testing
B)Mortality
C)Researcher bias
D)Selection
E)Premeasurement

Question 41

Krathwohl notes that internal validity is greater when the "effect" reinforces rather than reverses a prevailing tendency or condition.

Question 42

What are the four primary steps in conducting an experiment?

Question 43

Which true experimental design controls for all internal threats to internal validity?

A)Solomon four group
B)pretest to post-test with control
C)simulated pretest - post-test
D)post-test only with control

Question 44

Define "independent" and "dependent" variable.

Question 45

The diagram below illustrates what type of experimental design?

A)simulated pretest - post-test
B)post-test only with control
C)pretest to post-test with control
D)factorial design

Question 46

Imagine that the YTR advertising agency wants to conduct an experiment to determine the effect of increased advertising exposure on consumers' purchase intent.What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of conducting this experiment in a laboratory or in the field?

Question 47

The diagram below illustrates what type of experimental design?

A)simulated pretest - post-test
B)post-test only with control
C)pretest to post-test with control
D)factorial design

Question 48

Pete wants to determine whether changing the form of a paid search ad affects click-through.He wants to change both wording and type color.He plans to run one experiment focusing on just the change in wording and a second experiment focusing on just the change in type color.What is the better alternative to this plan?

Question 49

Why are random assignment and the use of control groups requirements for more powerful true experimental designs?

Question 50

Max and Tom have heard that if you drop Mentos into bottles of Diet Coke an explosion occurs.They conduct an experiment in which they vary the number of Mentos dropped into a bottle and the size (in ounces)of the Diet Coke bottle.This would be an example of a ________ experiment.

A)simulated pretest - post-test
B)Solomon four group
C)factorial
D)pretest to post-test with control

Question 51

Which true experimental design is both the most powerful and the most resource-intensive?

A)Solomon four group
B)pretest to post-test with control
C)simulated pretest - post-test
D)post-test only with control

Question 52

Krathwohl notes that internal validity is greater when a change in the "cause" is followed by large changes in the "effect."

Question 53

________ experiments tend to have relatively high internal validity but relatively low external validity.

A)Laboratory
B)Field

Question 54

The following two statements refer to the structure of experiments.
I.An experiment can only manipulate one aspect or level of the independent
Variable at a time.
II.An experiment can only have one independent variable.
Which,if any,of these statements is (are)true?

A)I only
B)II only
C)I and II are both true
D)Neither I nor II are true

Question 55

________ validity is concerned with the extent to which the experimental results can legitimately be generalized beyond the narrow confines of the experiment itself.

A)External
B)Internal
C)Modified
D)Correlational
E)Statistical