Deck 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development

Question 1

If an individual learns to compensate for his or her drunkenness by walking more slowly, this would be an example of _________ tolerance.

A) behavioral
B) acute
C) dispositional
D) protracted

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a type of functional tolerance?

A) behavioral tolerance
B) reverse tolerance
C) dispositional tolerance
D) protracted tolerance

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to a drug's effects are thought to be determined by .

A) classical conditioning
B) expectancies
C) genetics
D) none of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A person who is highly tolerant to creates problems for anesthesiologists in surgery.

A) marijuana
B) amphetamines
C) nicotine
D) barbiturates

Question 5

Which of the following is thought to contribute to drug expectancies?

A) past use of a drug
B) advertising
C) friends' use of a drug
D) television
E) all of these

Question 6

Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?

A) susceptibility to a drug's effects declines over the life span
B) susceptibility to a drug's effects increases over the life span
C) children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects
D) age has no effect on susceptibility to drug effects

Question 7

refers to an increase in the rate of the metabolism of a drug, so that the user must consume greater quantities of it in order to maintain a certain level of the drug in his or her body.

A) Functional tolerance
B) Dispositional tolerance
C) Cross tolerance
D) Reverse tolerance

Question 8

Setting factors are particularly important in the effects of .

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) hallucinogens
D) all of these
E) alcohol and marijuana only

Question 9

means a state of equilibrium or balance.

A) Homeostasis
B) Potentiation
C) Cell adaptation
D) Tolerance

Question 10

According to cell adaptation theory, the cells of the become adapted to the presence of a drug with repeated exposure to it.

A) central nervous system
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) pancreas

Question 11

tolerance to a drug occurs when there is increased sensitivity to the effects of the drug with repeated use.

A) Reverse
B) Cross
C) Dispositional
D) Protracted

Question 12

tolerance is a type of functional tolerance that is measured within the course of action of a single dose or first few doses of a drug.

A) Acute
B) Cross
C) Protracted
D) Dispositional

Question 13

In tolerance, tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs.

A) dispositional tolerance
B) functional
C) reverse
D) cross

Question 14

According to the stress response dampening model, people who are are more likely to be sensitive to alcohol's stress­reducing effects.

A) bored
B) introverted
C) deliberate
D) aggressive

Question 15

Studies have shown that young men who later developed alcohol problems were more likely to be .

A) conforming
B) introverted
C) impulsive
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 16

If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of .

A) acute tolerance
B) protracted tolerance
C) dispositional tolerance
D) reverse tolerance

Question 17

A specified dose of a drug administered to a man and a woman on average will have greater effects on the woman. This is because of differences in .

A) brain chemistry
B) body fat
C) hormones
D) expectancies

Question 18

Tachyphylaxis is another name for .

A) reverse tolerance
B) acute tolerance
C) dispositional tolerance
D) protracted tolerance

Question 19

The phenomenon of occurs when repeated administration of a drug results in reduced response to that drug.

A) tolerance
B) dependence
C) conditioning
D) withdrawal

Question 20

Which of the following is not true of drug expectancies?

A) Expectancy effects are most prominent with proscribed behaviors, such as aggression
B) Expectancies may be more influential than a drug's pharmacological action
C) Alcohol's effect on motor skills is not impacted by expectancies
D) The same sensation produced by a drug may be interpreted either positively or negatively depending on the user's expectancies.

Question 21

When given , the usual disruption in behavior produced by introducing the punishment component in "conflict paradigm" experiments does not occur.

A) marijuana
B) benzodiazepines
C) LSD
D) amphetamines

Question 22

Which of the following are examples of conditioned stimuli associated with substance use?

A) a syringe
B) a bar
C) a drinking buddy
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 23

is an increase in the frequency of a behavior when it results in avoidance of or escape from something.

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Withdrawal

Question 24

Learning not to touch a hot stove after having been burned by it is an example of learning through .

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) none of these

Question 25

A is a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that it will occur in the future.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) punisher
C) reinforcer
D) rebound effect

Question 26

Over repeated occasions of pairing drug taking and drug taking cues, just presenting the drug taking cues alone will elicit a drug compensatory reaction. This is an example of .

A) cell adaptation
B) homeostasis
C) classical conditioning
D) reverse tolerance

Question 27

The is a set of ethical guidelines established after WWII to prevent human rights abuse in biomedical research.

A) Warsaw Pact
B) Treaty of Versailles
C) Nuremberg Code
D) Helsinki Charter

Question 28

studies allow behavioral pharmacologists to classify experimental drugs according to their subjective effects even before they have been administered to people.

A) drug discrimination
B) conflict paradigm
C) placebo control
D) classical conditioning

Question 29

Which of the following is a way in which new drugs are discovered?

A) accidental observation of an unexpected drug effect
B) the synthesis of known or novel compounds
C) the rediscovery of folk usages of naturally occurring products
D) all of these

Question 30

Research has shown that about of the traffic fatalities in the U.S. are associated with alcohol.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 31

How was penicillin discovered?

A) in mold
B) in plant microbes taken from the sea
C) from bacteria found in jellyfish
D) synthesized using a computer

Question 32

Sometimes the body counteracts a drug's disruption to the body's homeostasis by producing an effect opposite to the drug effect. This is referred to as .

A) a rebound effect
B) withdrawal
C) a compensatory reaction
D) a flashback

Question 33

A group is one in which subjects receive a chemically inactive substance, but are of the same make- up and are treated the same as subjects who do receive the drug.

A) double blind
B) drug discrimination
C) placebo control
D) none of these

Question 34

Which of the following is true?

A) protracted tolerance reverses in a short time period, while acute tolerance requires more abstinence to reverse
B) acute tolerance reverses in a short time period, while protracted tolerance requires more abstinence to reverse
C) acute and protracted tolerance both reverse in a short time period of abstinence
D) acute and protracted tolerance both require a lengthy period of abstinence to reverse

Question 35

The cell adaptation-homeostasis theory of drug tolerance is most helpful in explaining tolerance.

A) dispositional
B) protracted functional
C) acute functional
D) none of these

Question 36

Drug self-administration studies indicate that .

A) animals may actually "prefer" the drug experience
B) reinforcers are more effective when there is some delay between them and the behavior
C) the psychiatric drugs chlorpromazine and imipramine are high in reinforcement value
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 37

At what blood alcohol level do all states consider an individual to be legally intoxicated?

A) .06
B) .08
C) .10
D) .12

Question 38

When people are exposed to conditioned stimuli many times without the drug they are associated with, the feelings of discomfort or craving these stimuli produce dissipate. This is a process known as .

A) extinction
B) withdrawal
C) rebound
D) reverse tolerance

Question 39

In the development of new drugs, how many species must be tested in the animal testing phase?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 10

Question 40

refers to the experimental method in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows which experimental condition the subject is in.

A) Placebo control
B) Classical conditioning
C) Double blind
D) Group design

Question 41

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name?

A) It is the name most people would know.
B) It is the most useful name for chemists.
C) It is a shortened version of a drug's chemical name.
D) None of these are true.

Question 42

How long does the post-marketing testing of a new drug take?

A) 6 months to one year
B) 1 to 2 years
C) 3 to 5 years
D) 2 to 10 years

Question 43

A drug's name indicates the drug's structural formula.

A) chemical
B) pharmacokinetic
C) brand
D) generic

Question 44

The elderly are more sensitive to drug effects because their enzyme systems may be impaired, resulting in increased duration of drug action.

Question 45

How long does the first step in new drug development--initial synthesis and preclinical trials--typically take?

A) 1 - 3 months
B) 6 months - 1 year
C) 1 - 3 years
D) 5 - 10 years

Question 46

What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

A) animal trials
B) experimental studies with healthy volunteers
C) experimental studies with clinical patients
D) belief that a particular compound has clinical value
E) none of these

Question 47

Acute tolerance to alcohol is more likely to produce impairment in the speed in which we perform cognitive tasks than in the accuracy of performance.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of generic drugs?

A) They are chemical copies of brand name drugs
B) They are less effective than brand name drugs
C) They can be sold after a brand name drug has been on the market for 20 years
D) They cost the same as brand name drugs, but are more readily available

Question 49

Research subjects who drank in the company of others were more likely to report about physical changes related to drinking than were subjects who drank alone.

Question 50

"Downregulation" refers to a process where repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of receptor sites on neurons that the drug activates.

Question 51

Research has indicated that men and women who have developed substance use disorders may be distinguished from people who did not on the basis of personality characteristics predating the substance abuse.

Question 52

Marijuana is a drug whose pharmacological effects far outweigh the influence of expectancies.

Question 53

According to the Stress Response Dampening model, individuals who have had a stressful drug or alcohol experience are less likely to abuse drugs or alcohol.

Question 54

What can be concluded from the results of the 1993 Concorde study?

A) the clinical trials process in drug testing should be dramatically reduced
B) the clinical trials process will continue to take a substantial period of time
C) the clinical trials process is only necessary for certain drugs
D) none of these

Question 55

is an example of a drug that was approved too early, before potential side effects could adequately be explored.

A) AZT
B) penicillin
C) thalidomide
D) prozac

Question 56

Expectancy effects are most prominent with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression.

Question 57

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.

Question 58

As of 2007, generic drugs account for of the prescription drugs that are dispensed in the U.S.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 59

Because a heavier person has more blood and other body fluids than a lighter person, the same drug dose has more of an effect on the heavier person.

Question 60

Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include .

A) up to 50 patients with the target disease
B) up to 50 normal volunteers
C) 1,000 or more patients with the target disease
D) 1,000 or more normal volunteers

Question 61

Once a particular tolerance level is reached, it is irreversible.

Question 62

Reacquisition of tolerance following an extended period of abstinence takes as long as when tolerance to the drug was initially developed.

Question 63

There appear to be underlying genetic differences between ethnic subgroups that impact their response to a dose of a given psychotherapeutic drug.

Question 64

How have recent advances in technology impacted the discovery and development of new drugs?

Question 65

The term "placebo effects" arose in the 16th Century with the Catholic Church's effort to discriminate between exorcisms of the devil that were real or fake.

Question 66

Cell adaptation theory assumes that a drug's action occurs on specific cells in the central nervous system.

Question 67

A control group is an experimental group in which subjects can control the dose of a drug that is administered.

Question 68

How do drug expectancies develop? How do they affect the drug experience?

Question 69

The set of ethical guidelines for biomedical research is known as the Nuremburg code.

Question 70

What is a placebo-control experiment? Why is it often used in the study of alcohol and other drugs?

Question 71

In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration sets the guidelines regulating new drug development.

Question 72

How are new drugs discovered, developed, and distributed? What are the different levels of testing new drugs?

Question 73

In drug studies, the generalizability from animals to humans is poor.

Question 74

How do the characteristics of the user (for example, age, weight) affect the drug experience?

Question 75

The American Medical Association prefers that their customers use brand-name drugs rather than generic drugs because the brand-name drugs are more rigorously tested.

Question 76

What are the current theories regarding the development of tolerance to a drug's effects?