Deck 9: Global Stratification

Question 1

U.S.President John F.Kennedy's economic advisor Walt W.Rostow suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development.He stated that the second stage is the take-off stage-a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism,competition,and achievement.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

As compared with lower-middle-income economies,nations having upper-middle-income economies typically have a somewhat higher standard of living.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Global stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth,power,and prestige on a global basis,resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory,the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three major types of nations in which upward or downward mobility is conditioned by the resources and obstacles that characterize the international system.

Question 5

In 1960,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had more than 30 times the income of the poorest 20 percent of the world population;by 2005,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had almost 85 times the income of the poorest 20 percent of the world population.

Question 6

According to modernization theory,the high-income,more-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people's beliefs,values,and attitudes toward work.

Question 7

The 2008 U.S.financial crisis led to a global recession,which spread from high-income economies to lower-income economies.The economic slowdown particularly harmed countries located in the sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 8

According to social scientists,absolute poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living;it is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

Question 9

Analysts using a development framework typically view industrialization and economic development as essential steps that nations must go through in order to reduce poverty and increase life chances for their citizens.

Question 10

The average life expectancy at birth of people in middle-income countries remains about 10 years less than that of people in very high-income countries;moreover,the life expectancy of people in low-income countries is as much as 20 years less than that of people in very high-income countries.

Question 11

According to the United Nations,women constitute about 40 percent of those who are illiterate.Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to increases in fertility,improved child health,and decreased earnings potential.

Question 12

Less than one-third of the residents of middle-income economy nations live in poverty.

Question 13

Low-income countries are primarily hunting and gathering nations with some industrialization and moderate levels of national and personal income.

Question 14

Nations with high-income economies continue to dominate the world economy,despite capital flight (the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another)and deindustrialization (closing plants and factories because of their obsolescence).

Question 15

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by President Kennedy in his 1949 inaugural address.He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

Question 16

In 1990,the United Nations Development Program introduced the Human Development Index (HDI),establishing three new criteria-in addition to gross domestic product (GDP)-for measuring the level of development in a country: life expectancy,health,and education.

Question 17

Today,gross national income (GNI)is a term that refers to all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year,plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals or corporations.

Question 18

The new international division of labor theory states that the poorer nations are trapped in a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations due to their need for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials.

Question 19

First World nations consisted of the rich,industrialized nations that primarily have capitalistic economic systems and democratic political systems.

Question 20

About one­third of the world's population lives in the fifty­two low­income economies,where most
people engage in agricultural pursuits,reside in nonurban areas,and are impoverished.

Question 21

The new international division of labor theory has changed the pattern of geographic specialization between countries,whereby high-income countries have now become dependent on low-income countries for labor.

Question 22

After______________,the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social scientists.

A)the Civil War
B)the Korean War
C)World War II
D)the Vietnam War

Question 23

Nations with industrializing economies,particularly in urban areas,and with moderate levels of national and personal income,are referred to as:

A)relative-income countries
B)farming countries
C)middle-income countries
D)negligent countries

Question 24

Buyer-driven commodity chains is the term used to describe industries in which transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process.Industries that produce automobiles,computers,and other capital- and technology-intensive products are examples.

Question 25

Most high-income countries can be found in______________.

A)Europe and North America
B)Central and South America
C)Africa
D)Asia

Question 26

One of the primary problems encountered by social scientists studying______________and social and economic inequality is with determining what terminology should be used to refer to the distribution of resources in various nations.

A)cosmic stratification
B)universal stratification
C)in-group stratification
D)global stratification

Question 27

The______________was introduced by social analysts to distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens.

A)levels of development approach
B)three worlds approach
C)classification of economies approach
D)global distinction approach

Question 28

______________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies;technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations;and relatively high levels of national and per capita (per person)income.

A)High-income countries
B)Middle-income countries
C)Low-income countries
D)Relative-income countries

Question 29

The unequal distribution of wealth,power,and prestige on a worldwide basis,resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world,is referred to as:

A)global stratification
B)universal
C)planetary
D)cosmic

Question 30

Low-income countries are primarily______________with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A)service-oriented nations
B)pastoral nations
C)urbanized nations
D)agrarian nations

Question 31

By 2010,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had almost______________times the income of the poorest 20 percent.

A)50
B)100
C)150
D)200

Question 32

In 1960,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world's population had more than______________times the income of the poorest 20 percent.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 33

Rich,industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems are referred to as:

A)fourth world nations
B)second world nations
C)third world nations
D)first world nations

Question 34

Most low-income countries in Africa and South America are core nations that are dependent on peripheral nations for capital,have little or no industrialization,and have uneven patterns of urbanization.

Question 35

CARE International assists the world's poor in their effort to achieve social and economic well­ being.Its work reaches 25 million people in fifty-three nations in Africa,Asia,Latin America,and Eastern Europe.

Question 36

The idea of______________has become the primary means used in attempts to reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.

A)development
B)foreign aid
C)socialism
D)international intervention

Question 37

The 2008 U.S.financial crisis led to a(n)______________that spread from high-income economies to lower-income economies.The economic slowdown particularly harmed countries located in the sub-Saharan Africa.

A)global economic recession
B)depression
C)economic downturn
D)sift in the economy

Question 38

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population:

A)is greater in urban than in rural areas
B)has significantly decreased
C)is beginning to decline
D)continues to widen

Question 39

According to the World Health Organization,infectious diseases are far from under control in many nations due to such factors as unsanitary or overcrowded living conditions.

Question 40

The most frequently noted______________nations were the United States,Canada,Japan,Great Britain,Australia,and New Zealand.

A)third world
B)second world
C)first world
D)fourth world

Question 41

The term______________refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year,plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

A)gross deductible income (GDI)
B)gross exemption income (GEI)
C)gross national income (GNI)
D)gross economic income (GEI)

Question 42

Those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are______________.

A)adult males
B)women and children
C)politicians
D)capitalists

Question 43

President Truman believed that an increase in the______________meant that a nation was moving toward economic development,which typically included the improved exploitation of natural resources by industrial development.

A)standard of the economy
B)standard of living
C)standard of development
D)standard of life

Question 44

The______________,named after a U.S.Secretary of State,provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

A)Albright Plan
B)Baker Plan
C)Southern Plan
D)Marshall Plan

Question 45

Although some people have grown wealthy in lower-middle-income nations,many others continue to live in poverty,defined as______________per day in purchasing power.

A)$10.00
B)$5.00
C)$.50
D)$1.25

Question 46

______________ nations included China,North Korea,Vietnam,Cuba,and portions of the former Soviet Union.

A)Second world
B)Fourth world
C)First world
D)Third world

Question 47

When an individual is able to purchase more quantities of food,higher quality food,higher quality housing,or a vehicle,the individual's______________is increased.

A)standard of the economy
B)standard of living
C)standard of development
D)standard of life

Question 48

______________ is an important example of an upper-middle income economy because it manages to export a wide array of goods including tobacco and citizens have a higher standard of living than lower-income economies while still dealing with serious human rights issues such as hazardous child labor practices.

A)Egypt
B)Mexico
C)Kazakhstan
D)Ghana

Question 49

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income.Bolivia,Cameron,China,Ecuador,Egypt,India,Indonesia,Iraq,Pakistan,Thailand,and Vietnam are classified as:

A)high-income countries
B)upper-middle-income countries
C)lower-middle-income countries
D)low-income countries

Question 50

The term______________refers to material well-being,which is measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

A)standard of living
B)standard of development
C)standard of the economy
D)standard of life

Question 51

Lower-middle-income economies include the nations of:

A)United States,Canada,and Japan
B)Tanzania and South Africa
C)Bangladesh,Mexico,and Nigeria
D)Timor-Leste,Togo,and Ghana

Question 52

About______________of the world's population resides in the nations with middle-income economies.

A)one-half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)one-fifth

Question 53

Mariela's country where about 1/3 of the people live in poverty and her family makes about $4,000 annually.While there are diverse array of goods and services available,there are also substantial economic issues facing most citizens.What kind of economy does Mariela's country have?

A)Poverty-Income
B)Low-Income
C)Middle-Income
D)High-Income

Question 54

About______________of the world's population lives in the thirty-five low-income economies,where most people engage in agricultural pursuits,reside in nonurban areas,and are impoverished.

A)25 percent
B)33 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent

Question 55

Countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living are referred to as:

A)first world nations
B)second world nations
C)third world nations
D)fourth world nations

Question 56

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by______________in his 1949 inaugural address.He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

A)President Roosevelt
B)President Eisenhower
C)President Truman
D)President Kennedy

Question 57

People living in the______________,which comprise the poorest countries,have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living,shortest life expectancies,and highest rates of mortality.

A)first world
B)second world
C)third world
D)fourth world

Question 58

As a result of the 1992 U.N.Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,terms such as "underdevelopment" have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development,and economies are now classified by their:

A)material well-being
B)levels of economic development
C)levels of income or their ranking on the Human Development Index
D)standard of living

Question 59

The World Bank classifies nations into four economic categories:

A)upper,middle,working,and lower
B)developed,developing,transitioning,underdeveloped
C)postindustrial,industrial,agrarian,horticultural
D)high-income,upper-middle,lower-middle,and low economies

Question 60

Among those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are:

A)women and children
B)adult men and women
C)aged men and women
D)aged women

Question 61

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is defined as:

A)standard poverty
B)absolute poverty
C)relative poverty
D)subjective poverty

Question 62

As compared with lower-middle-income economies,nations having upper-middle-income economies typically:

A)have a somewhat higher standard of living
B)have high levels of indebtedness
C)export manufactured goods,raw materials and fuels
D)have low levels of indebtedness

Question 63

Using the Gini Index,which of the following countries is the most equitable?

A)Seychelles
B)United States
C)China
D)Sweden

Question 64

______________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.

A)Relative
B)Subjective
C)Standard
D)Absolute

Question 65

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle.Argentina,Brazil,Mexico,and Turkey are considered nations with______________economies.

A)upper-middle-income
B)high-income
C)lower-middle-income
D)low-income

Question 66

Nations with continue to dominate the world economy,despite the fact that shifts in _____________
The global marketplace have affected some workers who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

A)lower-middle-income economies
B)low-income economies
C)high-income economies
D)upper-middle-income economies

Question 67

Defining levels of poverty involves all of the following dimensions EXCEPT for:

A)how many people are poor
B)how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
C)how long they have been poor
D)how far below the poverty line people's incomes fall

Question 68

______________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.

A)Absolute
B)Subjective
C)Relative
D)Standard

Question 69

______________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

A)Absolute
B)Relative
C)Standard
D)Subjective

Question 70

According to the United Nations,______________is the process of "increasing the number of choices that people have so that they can lead life to its fullest and be able to take action for themselves to improve their lives."

A)life expectancy
B)life span
C)human development
D)global development

Question 71

______________economies are found in 69 nations,including Portugal,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Norway,and Germany. _____________

A)Low-income
B)Lower-middle-income
C)Upper-middle-income
D)High-income

Question 72

Beginning in 2010,the Human Development Report included a new top category of nations called:

A)Extreme Development
B)Postmodern Development
C)Postindustrialized Development
D)Very High Human Development

Question 73

The World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality what is known as the______________,which ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income)to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).

A)Helmicki coefficient
B)Georgia equation
C)Gyro formula
D)Gini coefficient

Question 74

______________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A)Relative poverty
B)Absolute poverty
C)Subjective poverty
D)Standard poverty

Question 75

The United States is ranked 43^rd in the world with a Gini coefficient of about______________.On this measure,the United States fares better than a number of countries in the Middle East.

A)41
B)25
C)78
D)91

Question 76

Capital flight often occurs because transnational corporations become aware of pools of cheap labor in______________nations where workers do not have legal protection or unions to help boost their wages and improve their work conditions.

A)upper
B)higher-middle
C)lower-middle
D)lower-income

Question 77

______________ is the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.

A)Deindustrialization
B)Economic mobility
C)Capital flight
D)Capital movement

Question 78

In 1990,the United Nations introduced the______________,establishing three new criteria,in addition to the gross domestic product,for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy,education,and living standards.

A)national resource product (NRP)
B)personal socialization index (PSI)
C)Gini coefficient
D)human development index (HDI)

Question 79

The average income per person in lower-income countries has______________in the past thirty years.

A)remained the same
B)decreased
C)doubled
D)barely risen

Question 80

The World Bank has defined______________as living on less than $1.25 a day.

A)standard poverty
B)absolute poverty
C)relative poverty
D)subjective poverty