Deck 16: Education

Question 1

Preindustrial societies existed before the invention of reading and writing.These societies have no written language and are characterized by very basic technology and a simple division of labor.Daily activity often centers around the struggle to survive against natural forces,and the earliest forms of education are survival oriented.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Many schools have attempted to downstream children with disabilities by providing exclusion programs,under which the special education curriculum is segregated with the regular education program.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Educational credentials are extremely important in societies that emphasize credentialism-a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In 2000,the U.S.Supreme Court ruled in Gratz v.Bollinger that "separate but equal" segregated
schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

Question 5

According to symbolic interactionists,the undercover curriculum is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes,such as conformity and obedience to authority,through implied demands found in the rules,routines,and regulations of schools.

Question 6

Males (9.1 percent)have a higher status dropout rate than females (7 percent).

Question 7

Education serves an important purpose in all societies.At the microlevel,people must acquire the basic knowledge and skills they need to survive in society.At the macrolevel,the social institution of education is an essential component in maintaining and perpetuating the culture of a society across generations.

Question 8

A manifest function of education is that schools transmit cultural norms and values to each new generation and play an active part in the process of assimilation,whereby recent immigrants learn dominant cultural values,attitudes,and behavior so that they can be productive members of society.

Question 9

With regard to unequal funding of public schools,most educational funds come from the federal government and a small percentage from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes.

Question 10

Conflict theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility.From this perspective,students must be taught to put the group's needs ahead of their individual desires and aspirations.

Question 11

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years,thus helping keep unemployment within reasonable bounds.This illustrates a latent function of education.

Question 12

Working-class and poverty-level income parents endow their children with more cultural capital than do middle- and upper-income parents.Because cultural capital is essential for acquiring an education,children with more cultural capital have fewer opportunities to succeed in school.

Question 13

The Southern part of the United States has the lowest dropout rates while the Northeast has the highest.

Question 14

According to functionalists,the process of labeling is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled.For some students,labeling amounts to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 15

Because schools bring together people of similar ages,social class,and race/ethnicity,young people often meet future marriage partners and develop social networks that may last for many years.This is an example of the manifest function of socialization in education.

Question 16

Postmodern views of higher education might incorporate the ideas of sociologist George Ritzer,who believes that "McUniversity" can be thought of as a means of educational consumption that allows students to consume educational services and eventually obtain "goods" such as degrees and credentials.

Question 17

As societies industrialize,the need for formal education of the masses increases significantly.In the United States,the free public school movement was started in 1848 by Horace Mann.

Question 18

Exclusion programs are designed to mainstream children with disabilities.This is accomplished by taking the special education program curriculum and integrating it with the regular education program and each child receives an individualized education plan that provides annual educational goals.

Question 19

Tracking refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores,previous grades,or other criteria.Conflict theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performance and their overall academic accomplishments.

Question 20

Conflict theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society;rather,they believe that schools often perpetuate class,racial/ethnic,and gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.

Question 21

Storytelling and ritualistic ceremonies that convey cultural messages and provide behavioral norms are an example of:

A)formal education
B)latent education
C)informal education
D)manifest education

Question 22

Affirmative Action is a term that describes policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people deemed to have been previously excluded from equality in education,employment,and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.

Question 23

During the Middle Ages,the first colleges and universities were developed under the auspices of:

A)the government
B)the military
C)the Catholic church
D)the political organizations

Question 24

In 1966,Charles Whitman went on a killing spree at the University of Virginia Tech.

Question 25

______________ is defined as learning that occurs in a spontaneous,unplanned way.

A)Informal education
B)Manifest education
C)Formal education
D)Latent education

Question 26

Education serves an important purpose in all societies.At the______________,people must acquire the basic knowledge and skills they need to survive in society.

A)mesolevel
B)macrolevel
C)tertiary level
D)microlevel

Question 27

______________ is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge,skills,and cultural values within a formally organized structure.

A)Religion
B)Political science
C)Education
D)Sociology

Question 28

______________ is the process by which children and recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant cultural beliefs,values,norms,and accumulated knowledge of a society.

A)Cultural discovery
B)Cultural transmission
C)Cultural diffusion
D)Cultural absorption

Question 29

Perhaps the earliest______________occurred in ancient Greece and Rome,where philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle taught elite males the skills required to become thinkers and orators who could engage in the art of persuasion.

A)manifest education
B)institutional education
C)primary education
D)formal education

Question 30

Community college enrollment accounts for 45 percent of all U.S.undergraduates.

Question 31

Education serves an important purpose in all societies.At the______________,the social institution of education is an essential component in maintaining and perpetuating the culture of a society across generations.

A)macrolevel
B)tertiary level
C)microlevel
D)mesolevel

Question 32

In the United States,the free public school movement was started in 1848 by______________,who stated that education should be the "great equalizer."

A)Thomas Jefferson
B)John Adams
C)Horace Mann
D)Noah Webster

Question 33

Parents who educate their children at home believe that their children are receiving a better education because instruction can be individualized to the needs and interests of their children.Some parents also indicate religious reasons for their decision to homeschool their children.

Question 34

______________ societies existed before the invention of reading and writing.These societies have no written language and are characterized by very basic technology and a simple division of labor.The earliest forms of education are survival-oriented.

A)Preindustrial
B)Industrial
C)Postindustrial
D)Preliterate

Question 35

______________ is defined as the learning that takes place within an academic setting such as a school,which has a planned instructional process and teachers who convey specific knowledge,skills,and thinking processes to students.

A)Formal education
B)Latent education
C)Informal education
D)Manifest education

Question 36

With the rapid growth of capitalism and factories during the______________,it became necessary for workers to have basic skills in reading,writing,and arithmetic.

A)Great Depression
B)Middle Ages
C)Renaissance
D)Industrial Revolution

Question 37

In preliterate societies,parents and other members of the group provide information about how to gather food,find shelter,make weapons and tools,and get along with others.This is accomplished through direct______________education.

A)informal
B)manifest
C)formal
D)latent

Question 38

During the______________,the focus of education shifted to the importance of developing well- rounded and liberally educated people.

A)Middle Ages
B)Renaissance
C)Industrial Revolution
D)Great Depression

Question 39

One of the components of President Obama's "A Blueprint for Reform" in education is an effort to improve teacher and principal effectiveness.

Question 40

Although______________societies have a written language,few people know how to read and write,and formal education is often reserved for the privileged.

A)preliterate
B)preindustrial
C)industrial
D)postindustrial

Question 41

Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion.Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A)social placement
B)matchmaking and production of social networks
C)restriction of some activities
D)creation of a generation gap

Question 42

According to sociologist______________,education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.Education is the "influence exercised by adult generations on those that are not yet ready for social life." In other words,we can learn from what others have already experienced.

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Robert Merton
C)Max Weber
D)Karl Marx

Question 43

Durkheim asserted that moral values are the foundation of a cohesive social order and that are responsible for teaching a commitment to the common morality.

A)religious institutions
B)families
C)schools
D)social facts

Question 44

All social institutions,including education,have some______________-hidden,unstated,and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A)intrinsic functions
B)latent functions
C)extrinsic functions
D)manifest functions

Question 45

______________ refers to providing free,public schooling for wide segments of a nation's population.

A)Mass education
B)Formal education
C)State education
D)National education

Question 46

Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline,respect,obedience,punctuality,and perseverance.Schools teach conformity by encouraging young people to be good students,conscientious future workers,and law-abiding citizens.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)social placement

Question 47

Functionalists acknowledge that education has certain______________that are evident by lagging test scores.

A)dysfunctions
B)contributions
B)functions
C)operations

Question 48

Because schools bring together people of similar ages,social class,and race/ethnicity,young people often meet future marriage partners.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A)creation of a generation gap
B)transmission of culture
C)matchmaking and the production of social networks
D)restriction of some activities

Question 49

As student populations diversify over time,new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs.For example,sex education,drug education,and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)change and innovation
D)social placement

Question 50

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation,whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values,attitudes,and behavior so that they can be productive members of society.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)change and innovation

Question 51

All of the following are manifest functions of education EXCEPT:

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)restriction of some activities
D)social control

Question 52

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years,thus helping keep unemployment within reasonable bounds.This illustrates which latent function of education?

A)restriction of some activities
B)matchmaking and the production of social networks
C)creation of a generation gap
D)social placement

Question 53

All of the following are examples of latent functions EXCEPT:

A)the restriction of some activities
B)the creation of a generation gap
C)matchmaking and the production of social networks
D)change and innovation

Question 54

In kindergarten,children learn the appropriate attitudes and behavior for the student role.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)social placement
D)change and innovation

Question 55

Early in the twentieth century,all states passed______________laws that require children to attend school until they reach a specified age (usually age sixteen)or complete a minimum level of formal education (generally the eighth grade).

A)compulsory education
B)mandatory education
C)required education
D)minimum education

Question 56

Some purposes of education are______________-open,stated,and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A)latent functions
B)intrinsic functions
C)extrinsic functions
D)manifest functions

Question 57

______________ theorists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility.They view education as one of the most important components of society.

A)Symbolic interactionist
B)Conflict
C)Postmodernist
D)Functionalist

Question 58

Overall,______________typically advocate the importance of establishing a more rigorous academic environment in which students are required to learn the basics that will make them competitive in school and job markets.

A)symbolic interactionists
B)functionalists
C)conflict theorists
D)postmodernists

Question 59

Schools promote awareness of and appreciation for cultural differences so that students can work and compete successfully in a diverse society and a global economy.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)socialization
B)transmission of culture
C)multicultural education
D)change and innovation

Question 60

Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society.As a result,students are channeled into programs based on individual ability and academic achievement.This illustrates which manifest function of education?

A)change and innovation
B)transmission of culture
C)social control
D)social placement

Question 61

The______________movement has influenced some schools and teachers,stressing that students should be deliberately placed in classes of mixed ability.

A)tracking
B)detracking
C)ability grouping
D)desegregation of tracking

Question 62

______________ theorists believe that tracking seriously affects many students' educational performances and their overall academic accomplishments.In elementary schools,tracking is often referred to as ability grouping and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

A)Functionalist
B)Conflict
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Postmodernist

Question 63

______________ is a social system in which status is acquired through individual ability and efforts.

A)Tracking
B)Credentialism
C)Meritocracy
D)Educational bureaucracy

Question 64

The hidden curriculum affects______________students more than it does students from middle- and upper-income families.

A)working-class
B)low-income
C)upper class
D)middle class

Question 65

Through the______________,schools for middle-class students stress the processes (such as figuring and decision making)involved in getting the right answer.

A)latent function of education
B)educational indoctrination
C)tracking system
D)hidden curriculum

Question 66

______________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores,previous grades,or other criteria.

A)Age grading
B)Intelligence grouping
C)Tracking
D)Ability segregation

Question 67

Middle- and upper-income parents endow their children with more______________than do working- class and poverty level parents.

A)cultural capital
B)proper social grace
C)accumulated social wisdom
D)cultural mystique

Question 68

Detracking is a major concern to parents of______________students because they believe they should have classes that maximize their potential,rather than hold them back with less-able or less-talented students.

A)lower performing
B)high-achieving
C)average-achieving
D)lowest performing

Question 69

The______________is the transmission of cultural values and attitudes,such as conformity and obedience to authority,through implied demands found in rules,routines,and regulations of schools.

A)tracking system
B)hidden curriculum
C)latent function of education
D)educational indoctrination

Question 70

In elementary schools,tracking is often referred to as______________and is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group of students who have similar abilities.

A)age grading
B)ability grouping
C)intelligence grouping
D)ability segregation

Question 71

The______________focus on the process of labeling and how it is directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are being labeled.

A)conflict theorists
B)functionalists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodernists

Question 72

______________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society;rather,they believe that schools often perpetuate class,racial/ethnic,and gender inequalities as some groups seek to maintain their privileged position at the expense of others.

A)Functionalist
B)Symbolic interactionist
C)Conflict
D)Postmodernist

Question 73

One study,cited in the text,of five elementary schools in different communities found significant differences in how knowledge was transmitted to students.Which of the following observations was NOT found?

A)Schools for working-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization without much decision making,choice,or explanation of why something is done a particular way.
B)Schools for affluent students focus on creative activities in which students express their own ideas and apply them to the subject under consideration.
C)Schools for middle-class students emphasize procedures and rote memorization without much decision-making,choice,or explanation of why something is done a particular way.
D)Schools for students from elite families work to develop students' analytical powers and critical thinking skills,applying abstract principles to problem solving.

Question 74

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu,students from diverse backgrounds come to school with different amounts of______________,which refers to social assets that include values,beliefs,attitudes,and competencies in language and culture.

A)cultural capital
B)proper social grace
C)accumulated social wisdom
D)cultural baggage

Question 75

Looking at the future of education,experts say that______________is here to stay.This will include both the export of students from countries such as India and China to other countries to study,and the development of top-tier research universities in countries,including China,Singapore,and Saudi Arabia,where students may study without living abroad.

A)the urbanization of education
B)McUniversity
C)university globalization
D)the diversification of education

Question 76

______________ is a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications.

A)Credentialism
B)Tracking
C)The hidden curriculum
D)Ability grouping

Question 77

Race,class,language,gender,and many other social categories may determine the placement of children in elementary______________systems as much as or more than their actual abilities and interests.

A)mutuality activities
B)intelligence grouping
C)tracking
D)collective activities

Question 78

According to______________theorists,gender bias and the hidden curriculum are embedded in schools.For many years,reading materials,classroom activities,and treatment by teachers and peers contributed to a feeling among many girls and young women that they were less important than male students.

A)symbolic interactionist
B)functionalist
C)postmodernist
D)conflict

Question 79

______________ involves "proper" attitudes toward education,socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books,art,music,and other forms of high and popular culture.

A)Cultural mystique
B)Proper social grace
C)Accumulated social wisdom
D)Cultural capital

Question 80

______________ theorists examine educational practices that undermine female students' self­esteem and discourage them from taking certain courses,such as math and science,which were usually dominated by male teachers and students.

A)Conflict
B)Postmodernist
C)Symbolic interactionist
D)Functionalist