Deck 11: Sex,gender,and Sexuality

Question 1

In agrarian societies,people no longer have to move continually in search of food and they can acquire a surplus.Men gain control over the disposition of the surplus and the kinship system,and this control serves men's interests.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Males receive more praise for their contributions and are called on more frequently in class,even when they do not volunteer.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Virtually everything social in our lives is gendered: people continually distinguish between males and females and evaluate them differently.Gender is an integral part of the daily experience of both women and men.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating problems.With bulimia,a person has lost body weight due to a compulsive fear of becoming fat.

Question 5

When children are old enough to help with household chores,they are often assigned different tasks.Maintenance chores are assigned to boys whereas domestic chores are assigned to girls.Chores may also become linked with future occupational choices and personal characteristics.

Question 6

During adolescence,adults are often stronger and more effective agents of socialization than
peers.Adults are thought to be especially important in boys' development of gender identity.

Question 7

Affirmative action programs in the United States were never meant to work for women.

Question 8

As societies industrialize,the status of women tends to improve significantly.Industrialization in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by men at home and the paid work of women.

Question 9

For females,competitive sports become a means of constructing a masculine identity,a legitimated outlet for violence and aggression,and an avenue for upward mobility.

Question 10

Across cultures,girls are preferred to boys,especially when the number of children that parents can have is limited by law or economic conditions.

Question 11

Cross­dressers often "pass" for members of one sex because their appearance and mannerisms
fall within the range of what is expected from members of the other sex.

Question 12

From children's cartoons to adult shows,television programs offer more male than female characters.Male characters are typically aggressive,constructive,and direct,while some female characters defer to others or manipulate them by acting helpless,seductive,or deceitful.

Question 13

Both men and women can be victimized by sexism.

Question 14

Across cultures,male children are preferred over female children.

Question 15

In most horticultural and pastoral societies,women are full economic partners with men;relations between them tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian.

Question 16

Body consciousness is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body;it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

Question 17

At birth,male and female infants are distinguished by secondary sex characteristics,which are the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

Question 18

Sex refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found
in the meanings,beliefs,and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

Question 19

Objectification is the process of treating people as if they were objects or things,not human beings.We tend to objectify people when we judge them on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

Question 20

Gender identity is a person's perception of the self as a female or male.

Question 21

Building on the civil rights and feminist movements of the late 1960s and the early 1970s,some contemporary black feminists have focused on the cultural experiences of African American women.A central assumption of this analysis is that race,class,and gender are forces that simultaneously oppress African American women.

Question 22

Human capital is acquired by education and job training;it is the source of a person's productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages)and the cost (schooling or training).

Question 23

A(n)______________person is someone whose sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.They tend to have some combination of male and female genitalia.

A)transsexual
B)intersexed
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 24

Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other.This is true for a______________person - an individual whose gender identity does match the person's assigned sex.

A)hermaphrodite
B)transgendered
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 25

At puberty,an increased production of hormones results in the development of______________,the physical traits (other than reproductive organs)that identify an individual's sex.

A)primary sex characteristics
B)hormonal correlates
C)secondary sex characteristics
D)tertiary sex characteristics

Question 26

Sex is not always clear-cut.A(n)______________is an individual who is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not correspond to typical definitions of male or female;in other words,the person's sexual differentiation is ambiguous.

A)transsexual
B)intersexed person
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 27

The biological and anatomical differences between females and males refer to:

A)sex
B)primary distinctions
C)gender
D)secondary distinctions

Question 28

A male who lives as a woman,or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia,is referred to as a:

A)hermaphrodite
B)transsexual
C)cross-dresser
D)intersexual

Question 29

According to conflict analysts,women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies.While the husband performs the expressive tasks,the wife assumes the instrumental tasks.This division of labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled.

Question 30

A chromosomally normal (XY)male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a urinary opening similar to that of a female.This individual would be referred to as a(n):

A)transsexual
B)bisexual
C)intersexed person
D)transvestite

Question 31

The objectification of girls and women is widespread and particularly common in the United States and many other nations,but:

A)it is not an issue for men
B)men receive different cultural messages about objectification
C)men are never judged on their physical appearance
D)men may also be objectified in some societies

Question 32

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women?

A)enlarged breasts
B)wider hips
C)menstruation
D)a vagina

Question 33

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men?

A)a penis
B)more muscular build
C)deeper voice
D)more body and facial hair

Question 34

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived.The mother contributes an X chromosome and if the father contributes a Y chromosome,a
_____________

A)male embryo
B)heterosexual embryo would be produced.
C)female embryo
D)hermaphrodite embryo

Question 35

At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived.The mother contributes an X chromosome and if the father contributes an X,a would be produced.
_____________

A)heterosexual embryo
B)male embryo
C)hermaphrodite embryo
D)female embryo

Question 36

At birth,male and female infants are distinguished by______________,which are the genitalia used in the reproductive process.

A)tertiary sex characteristics
B)primary sex characteristics
C)cultural tendencies
D)secondary sex characteristics

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the objectification of women?

A)Women are responded to primarily as "females," while their personal qualities and accomplishments are of secondary importance.
B)Women are seen as being "all alike."
C)Women are seen as independent.
D)Women are seen as easily ignored,dismissed,or trivialized.

Question 38

Overall,women make approximately 77 cents for every $1 earned by men.

Question 39

______________ is the process of treating people as if they were things,rather than human beings.This occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.

A)Objectification
B)Reification
C)Mechanization
D)Technological stereotyping

Question 40

In the liberal feminist view,men's oppression of women is deliberate,and ideological justification for this subordination is provided by other institutions such as the media and religion.For women's conditions to improve,liberal feminists claim,patriarchy must be abolished.

Question 41

An example of______________directed against men is the assumption that men should not be employed in certain female-dominated occupations,such as nurse or elementary school teacher.

A)matriarchal control
B)sexual harassment
C)patriarchy control
D)sexism

Question 42

______________ refer(s)to an individual's preference for emotional­sexual relationships with______________members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality),the same sex (homosexuality),or both (bisexuality).

A)Sexual feelings
B)Sexual differentiations
C)Sexual identification
D)Sexual orientation

Question 43

______________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body;it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.

A)Sexual identity
B)Gender identity
C)Body consciousness
D)Gender role

Question 44

A______________system includes all of the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.This system is legitimated by religion,science,law,and other societal values.

A)sexual image
B)gender belief
C)biological correlate
D)body consciousness

Question 45

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With______________,a person has lost body weight due to a compulsive fear of becoming fat.

A)disgorgement
B)bulimia
C)obesity
D)anorexia

Question 46

Sexism is interwoven with______________-a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural,political,and economic structures are controlled by men.

A)patriarchy
B)polyarchy
C)matriarchy
D)monoarchy

Question 47

______________ refer(s)to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings,beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

A)Gender
B)Primary sexual identifiers
C)Sex
D)Secondary sexual identifiers

Question 48

______________ refers to the attitudes,behavior,and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.

A)Sexual role
B)Gender identity
C)Gender role
D)Sexual identity

Question 49

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With______________,a person binges by consuming large quantities of food and then purges the food by induced vomiting,excessive exercise,laxatives,or fasting.

A)anorexia
B)body chiseling
C)bulimia
D)gestation

Question 50

The social significance of gender stereotypes can be illustrated in a variety of ways through eating disorders.With obesity,individuals are______________above their desired weight as established by the medical profession.

A)0 to 7 percent
B)10 to 15 percent
C)16 to 19 percent
D)20 percent or more

Question 51

In the United States,males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness,whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing.This illustrates the concept of:

A)sexual identity
B)gender role
C)sexual role
D)gender identity

Question 52

A gendered experience,______________is the process of deliberately cultivating an increase in the mass and strength of the skeletal muscles by means of lifting and pushing weights.

A)bodychiseling
B)bodybuilding
C)bodystructuring
D)bodysculpturing

Question 53

Which of the following has been the most widely publicized form of discrimination against gays and lesbians in the United States?

A)prejudice against same sex adoption
B)inequality in health care
C)discriminatory practices in high school sports
D)the military's "Don't ask,Don't tell" policy

Question 54

Sexism directed at women has three components.All of the following were identified EXCEPT for:

A)negative attitudes toward women
B)stereotypical beliefs that reinforce,complement,or justify the prejudice
C)discrimination,acts that exclude distance,or keep women separate
D)biological characteristics that place limits on a woman's ability to perform activities like a man

Question 55

In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s,researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual including which of the following?

A)sexual attraction to all persons
B)having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
C)sexual involvement with only one person
D)self-identification as a gay,lesbian,or bisexual

Question 56

According to popularly held stereotypes,the primary victims of eating problems are:

A)lower-class lesbians of color
B)middle-class Latinas
C)white,middle-class,heterosexual women
D)African American,heterosexual women

Question 57

The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features,external to the individual,that perpetuate gender inequality.These structures have been referred to as ,meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all
Sectors of society.

A)gendered institutions
B)gendered structures
C)gendered correlates
D)gendered determinants

Question 58

______________ is the subordination of one sex,usually female,based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

A)Sexual harassment
B)Patriarchal control
C)Sexism
D)Matriarchal control

Question 59

______________ is defined as extreme prejudice directed at gays,lesbians,bisexuals,and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.

A)Homogamy
B)Monogaphobia
C)Homophobia
D)Endogamy

Question 60

What keeps the LGBT community from being completely forthcoming in surveys about sexual identity?

A)ignorance about the terms
B)social stigma
C)lack of researcher sensitivity
D)a desire to be in the closet

Question 61

The earliest known division of labor between women and men is in______________societies.

A)pastoral
B)horticultural
C)agrarian
D)hunting and gathering

Question 62

______________ is a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural,political,and economic structures are controlled by women.

A)Monoarchy
B)Patriarchy
C)Polyarchy
D)Matriarchy

Question 63

According to the text,three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)the type of subsistence base
B)the proportion of females within the power structure
C)the supply of and demand for labor
D)the extent to which women's childrearing activities are compatible with certain types of work

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding the assignment of chores to children by parents is LEAST LIKELY to be true?

A)Maintenance chores are assigned to boys.
B)Domestic chores are assigned to girls.
C)Chores are not linked to future occupational choices of males and females.
D)Girls often are responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters.

Question 65

A postindustrial society is characterized by______________.

A)a service and information based economy
B)a large amount of factory and manufacturing work
C)an economy dominated by farming and agriculture
D)an economy based around education and health care industries

Question 66

In the United States,men were responsible for being "breadwinners";the women were seen as "homemakers." In this new______________,the home became a private,personal sphere in which women created a haven for the family.

A)"matriarchal theory"
B)"cult of domesticity "
C)"winner­take­all principle"
D)"intergender warfare"

Question 67

The text points out that gender-appropriate behavior is:

A)acquired at birth
B)fixed and inalterable by age five
C)learned through the socialization process
D)difficult for some people to learn

Question 68

The gendered division of labor that came with industrialization increased the economic and political subordination of______________.

A)children
B)men
C)women
D)the elderly

Question 69

Approximately______________of all United States adult women are in the labor force.

A)15%
B)45%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 70

When inadequate moisture in an area makes planting crops impossible,______________-the domestication of large animals to provide food-develops.

A)corporate farming
B)hunting and gathering
C)pastoralism
D)egalitarianism

Question 71

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to most hunting and gathering societies?

A)A relatively equitable relationship exists because neither sex has the ability to provide all of the food necessary for survival.
B)Women are full economic partners with men.
C)Relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian.
D)Women do not contribute to food production in these societies.

Question 72

As industrialization progressed and food became more plentiful in the late nineteenth century,middle-class women started to become preoccupied with______________.

A)farming
B)domestication of animals
C)the cult of personality
D)body fitness

Question 73

From kindergarten through college,schools operate as a______________.

A)gender-neutral institution
B)gendered institution
C)body conscious institution
D)psychological disorder institution

Question 74

All of the following statements regarding gender socialization by parents are true EXCEPT that:

A)children's toys reflect their parent's gender expectation
B)when girl babies cry,parents respond to them more quickly
C)parents are more prone to talk and sing to male infants
D)girl babies receive more gentle treatment

Question 75

Sociologist Virginia Cyrus explains,"Under______________,men are seen as 'natural' heads of the households,presidential candidates,corporate executives,college presidents,etc.Women,on the other hand,are men's subordinates,playing such supportive roles as housewife,mother,nurse,and secretary."

A)matriarchy
B)patriarchy
C)polyarchy
D)monoarchy

Question 76

______________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that increasingly was performed by men and unmarried girls.

A)Industrialization
B)Urbanization
C)Suburbanization
D)Commercialization

Question 77

Almost______________million U.S.children live with their mother only.

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)20

Question 78

In discussing peers and gender socialization,the text points out that:

A)male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
B)female peer groups place more pressure on girls to do "feminine" things than male peer groups place on boys to do "masculine" things
C)peer groups of both sexes are increasingly egalitarian in the 1990s
D)peer groups actually have little influence on adolescent development

Question 79

According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization:

A)during adolescence,peers are usually less effective agents of gender socialization than are adults
B)male bonding does not occur until after adolescence is completed
C)peer acceptance does not appear to be as important to males and females today as it has been in the past
D)peer groups are organized largely around gender relations

Question 80

The means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life,including food,shelter,and clothing is referred to as:

A)the technoeconomic base
B)the division of labor
C)subsistence
D)pastoralism