Deck 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health

Question 1

As a consequence of digestion, three different forms of energy are delivered to the body:

A) peptides, alcohol, and proteins.
B) disaccharides, enzymes, and peptides.
C) lipids, amino acids, and glucose.
D) alcohol, amino acids, and carbohydrates.
E) pizza, fries, and beer.

Answer 1

lipids, amino acids, and glucose.

Question 2

Many people believe that hunger is a product of

A) high levels of insulin.
B) high levels of glucagon.
C) energy deficits.
D) meal times.
E) set points.

Answer 2

energy deficits.

Question 3

Free fatty acids are the main source of energy for the body (excluding the brain) during

A) puberty.
B) infancy.
C) the fasting phase.
D) the cephalic phase.
E) the absorption phase.

Answer 3

the fasting phase.

Question 4

Many people assume that hunger is normally triggered when energy resources fall

A) below a prescribed optimal homeostatic level called a set point.
B) to the glucose level.
C) to a fat set point.
D) to the settling point.
E) to the optimal levels of hypothalamic activity.

Question 5

Although the __________ assumption is engrained in most people's thinking, it is inconsistent with most of the evidence.

A) negative feedback
B) feedback
C) positive feedback
D) homeostasis
E) set-point

Question 6

The case of R.H., the man who forgot not to eat, suggests that

A) all obese people eat too much.
B) the motivation to eat a meal does not normally come from the decline of energy resources.
C) only amnesic patients have no set points.
D) amnesic patients forget their set points.
E) there are set points for complex foods such as veal parmigiana.

Question 7

Most of the body's energy reserves are stored in the form of

A) glycogen.
B) fat.
C) glucose.
D) protein.
E) alcohol.

Question 8

Which phase of energy metabolism is triggered by the sight, odor, or taste of food, or just by thinking about eating?

A) fasting phase
B) cephalic phase
C) absorptive phase
D) dynamic phase
E) static phase

Question 9

During the fasting phase, the main fuel of the brain is

A) free fatty acids.
B) glucose.
C) ketones.
D) carbohydrates.
E) gluconeogenesis.

Question 10

The body stores energy as

A) fats.
B) glycogen.
C) proteins.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 11

During the fasting phase, most of the energy used by muscles is derived from

A) glucose.
B) free fatty acids released from adipose tissue.
C) glycogen.
D) amino acids.
E) ketones.

Question 12

Insulin promotes the

A) use of glucose as a metabolic fuel.
B) conversion of glucose to fat.
C) conversion of glycogen to glucose.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 13

The three phases of energy metabolism are, in sequence,

A) eat, fast, and absorb.
B) absorptive, cephalic, and fasting.
C) cephalic, absorptive, and fasting.
D) fasting, absorptive, and cephalic.
E) absorb, fast, and eat.

Question 14

There are __________ phases of energy metabolism.

A) 2
B) 14
C) 3
D) 5
E) 15

Question 15

All set-point models have

A) a set-point mechanism.
B) a detector mechanism.
C) an effector mechanism.
D) all of the above
E) a thermostat.

Question 16

The conversion of protein to glucose is called

A) gluconeogenesis.
B) glucagon.
C) glucogenesis.
D) the cephalic phase.
E) glucosis.

Question 17

Immediately following a meal, glucose levels in the blood do not increase as much as they otherwise might because

A) insulin promotes the use of glucose by the body.
B) glucagon promotes lipolysis.
C) glucagon promotes lipogenesis.
D) glucagon promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.
E) both A and B

Question 18

During the fasting phase, the body (excluding the brain) cannot use glucose as a metabolic fuel because

A) there is none left.
B) it is all stored in neurons.
C) insulin levels are low and insulin is needed for glucose to enter the cells of the body.
D) glycogen is needed for glucose to enter the cells of the body.
E) glucose is needed for insulin to enter the cells of the body.

Question 19

Insulin promotes the

A) conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.
B) use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body.
C) storage of glycogen and fat.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 20

The transition between the absorptive and fasting phase occurs when

A) a person begins to weaken from lack of food.
B) about 4 hours have passed since the last meal.
C) the body stops deriving its energy from the fuels still circulating in the blood from the previous meal.
D) the brain stops deriving its energy from glycogen.
E) the brain stops deriving its energy from the glycogen stored in neurons from the previous meal.

Question 21

All set-point systems are __________ systems.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) no-feedback
D) settling point
E) positive-incentive

Question 22

Animals learn to

A) prefer the tastes of key vitamins and minerals in their food.
B) prefer tastes that have been followed by an infusion of calories.
C) avoid tastes that have been followed by gastrointestinal illness.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 23

The inability of set-point theories to account for the basic phenomena of hunger and eating has led to the development of

A) homeostatic theories.
B) dual-center theories.
C) positive-incentive theories.
D) feedback theories.
E) conditioning theories.

Question 24

Injections of insulin

A) usually increase blood glucose.
B) usually trigger eating.
C) trigger eating only if the doses are large enough to produce reductions in blood glucose that are greater than those that would normally occur under typical free-feeding conditions.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 25

Animals in the wild tend to eat a balanced diet because they

A) have an innate preference for all foods that contain critical toxins.
B) have an innate preference for the taste of all critical vitamins and minerals.
C) learn to prefer the tastes of all of the vitamins and minerals that are good for them.
D) recognize the tastes of all of the vitamins and minerals that were in their mother's milk.
E) none of the above

Question 26

Glucostatic theory is to lipostatic theory as

A) glucose is to fat.
B) short-term is to long-term regulation.
C) long-term is to short-term regulation.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 27

Inconsistent with theories that hunger and eating are entirely regulated by set points is the fact that

A) flavor has a major impact on hunger and eating.
B) the brain can use ketones.
C) the main fuel of the brain is glucose.
D) humans are not warm-blooded.
E) men weigh more than women.

Question 28

The anticipated pleasurable effect of eating a particular food is that food's

A) nutritive density.
B) nutritive value.
C) reinforcement.
D) reinforcement value.
E) positive-incentive value.

Question 29

Rats have been shown to prefer flavors that

A) they experience in their mother's milk.
B) they smell on the breath of other rats.
C) taste of vitamins.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 30

Which of the following influences the positive-incentive value of food?

A) the flavor of the food
B) the amount of time since one last ate
C) one's previous experiences with the food
D) whether or not other people are present and eating
E) all of the above

Question 31

Animals with a sodium deficiency, tend to favor diets rich in sodium because

A) they learn to recognize the health-promoting effects of sodium-rich diets.
B) they learn to recognize the health-disrupting effects of sodium-free diets.
C) the deficiency produces an immediate preference for the taste of sodium salts.
D) sodium is usually found in thiamine-rich diets.
E) thiamine is usually found in sodium-rich diets.

Question 32

Animals with a sodium deficiency

A) never learn to prefer food laced with sodium salt.
B) slowly learn to prefer the taste of sodium salt by experiencing its health-promoting effects.
C) slowly learn to prefer the taste of sodium salt by experiencing the alleviation their symptoms.
D) automatically prefer the taste of sodium salt.
E) both B and C

Question 33

Consuming a high-calorie drink before a meal reliably

A) reduces hunger.
B) reduces the number of calories in the following meal by approximately the same number as those in the drink.
C) reduces the set-point.
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 34

Most humans have a fondness for __________ tastes.

A) sweet
B) fatty
C) salty
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 35

Set-point negative-feedback systems are one way of maintaining

A) high levels of food intake.
B) high levels of body fat.
C) high levels of energy consumption.
D) high levels of hunger.
E) homeostasis.

Question 36

According to the lipostatic theory,

A) reduced fat levels in the body are the primary cause of mealtime hunger.
B) each person has a body-fat set point.
C) maintaining fat levels in the body at homeostatic levels is a major factor in the long-term regulation of food intake.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 37

According to the positive-incentive theory, the main cause of hunger in food-replete environments is

A) a shortage of calories in the body.
B) the presence or anticipation of food.
C) deviation from an energy set point.
D) deviation from a positive-incentive set point.
E) high levels of insulin.

Question 38

Negative feedback systems in the body tend to maintain

A) homeostasis.
B) excessive body weight.
C) lipolysis.
D) glucostats.
E) positive incentives.

Question 39

Set-point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with

A) eating-related evolutionary pressures as we understand them.
B) the major effects on eating of taste, learning, and social factors.
C) the failure of researchers to confirm that energy deficits are the usual stimuli for eating.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 40

Eating sweet and fatty foods is adaptive for many mammals living in the wild because in nature these tastes

A) are characteristic of energy-rich foods.
B) are often found in association with beneficial vitamins and minerals.
C) are only rarely associated with high-calorie foods.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 41

Hunger and eating can be induced in satiated mammals by decreasing blood glucose levels with large injections of insulin. However, such large decreases

A) rarely, if ever, occur in healthy humans or other mammals with ready access to food.
B) occur naturally about four times per day in humans.
C) occur naturally about three times per day in most mammals.
D) occur naturally just before mealtime in North Americans, who are used to eating three meals per day.
E) occur six times per day in humans--on the average.

Question 42

Illustrated here is a __________ preparation.

A) sham-eating
B) VMH-lesioned
C) LH-lesioned
D) vagotomized
E) gastric by-pass

Question 43

Rats that have lived for several weeks with access to only a single laboratory chow that is devoid of thiamine

A) automatically prefer familiar foods tasting of thiamine.
B) will always learn to prefer new foods tasting of thiamine.
C) will often learn to prefer the taste of a new diet that contains thiamine.
D) sometimes learn to prefer the taste of thiamine.
E) will sometimes learn to avoid the taste of thiamine.

Question 44

In sham-eating experiments, the first sham eaten meal of a familiar diet is typically the same size as previous normal meals of the same diet. This suggests that the amount that we eat at a meal is influenced by

A) our previous experience of the physiological consequences of eating the same food.
B) the presence of anticipatory eating responses.
C) the amount of sodium in it.
D) the length of the meal.
E) the rate at which the meal is digested.

Question 45

According to the Pavlovian conditioning studies of Weingarten, we are likely to initiate meals when

A) we have an energy deficit.
B) we are about to have an energy deficit.
C) we are in situations in which we have often eaten before.
D) unconditional stimuli are presented.
E) we enter situations in which others are eating.

Question 46

As a meal is consumed, there is

A) a rapid decline in the positive-incentive values of the particular tastes that are being consumed.
B) an increase in the positive-incentive value of the foods that are being consumed.
C) a gradual decline in the positive-incentive value of all foods.
D) no effect on the positive incentive value of familiar tastes.
E) both A and C

Question 47

Don poured himself half a glass of milk. Because he was thirsty, he added half a glass of water to it. In doing so, Don

A) doubled the milk's nutritive density.
B) increased the milk's nutritive density by 50%.
C) halved the milk's nutritive density.
D) reduced the milk's nutritive density by 100%.
E) reduced the milk's nutritive density by 33.33%.

Question 48

Small amounts of food eaten prior to a meal __________ hunger. This is called __________.

A) reduce; satiety
B) reduce; feeding intervention
C) increase; the appetizer effect
D) increase; sham eating
E) increase; conditioning

Question 49

A classic series of conditioning experiments in laboratory rats showed that the initiation of eating can be a consequence of

A) operant conditioning.
B) Pavlovian conditioning to meal-predictive cues.
C) instrumental conditioning.
D) the effects of odor on meal initiation.
E) the effects of taste on meal initiation.

Question 50

According to the text, many people who live in modern industrialized societies have difficulty eating a diet with enough vitamins and minerals because

A) during evolution they lost their ability to associate taste with outcome.
B) conditioned taste aversions inevitably override the effects of positive learning.
C) they eat too many different flavors each day for their systems to learn the relation between the flavor of a food and its effects.
D) humans have lost the ability to taste vitamins and minerals.
E) taste is overpowered by olfaction.

Question 51

People tend to feel hungry

A) at their regular mealtimes, whenever they are.
B) at noon.
C) in the evening.
D) in the morning.
E) B, C, and D

Question 52

According to Woods, the hunger that one experiences as a regular mealtime approaches is

A) your body crying out for energy.
B) caused by an energy deficit.
C) the result of the changes occurring in your body in preparation for the homeostasis-disturbing meal.
D) the result of elevated blood glucose levels.
E) the result of low levels of insulin.

Question 53

Which of the following produces a substantial increase in the caloric intake of laboratory rats and a significant increase in their body weight?

A) removing thiamine from their usual laboratory chow
B) adding thiamine to their usual laboratory chow
C) offering them a cafeteria diet, rather than their usual single-chow laboratory diet
D) sham feeding them
E) both C and D

Question 54

Cafeteria diets

A) greatly reduce consumption.
B) maintain consumption at baseline levels.
C) are those in which several palatable foods are available.
D) are inherently less healthy.
E) increase sensory-specific satiety.

Question 55

According to Woods, the cephalic phase is a period during which

A) physiological changes occur that tend to minimize the homeostasis-disturbing effects of the expected meal.
B) the effects of energy deficits are minimized.
C) the set-point is calibrated.
D) hunger starts to dissipate.
E) satiety starts to dissipate.

Question 56

__________ encourages the consumption of a varied diet.

A) Body fat
B) Sensory-specific satiety
C) A set point
D) Palatability
E) Negative feedback

Question 57

Those mammals with ready access to a continuous supply of good food usually eat __________ per day.

A) three meals
B) one large meal
C) two large meals
D) three or fewer meals
E) many small meals, or snacks,

Question 58

Rats eat __________ when fed __________.

A) less; in groups
B) less; a cafeteria diet
C) more; in groups
D) more; in isolation
E) more; following VMH stimulation

Question 59

Sham-eating procedures typically reduce caloric intake into the bloodstream during a meal by

A) 100%.
B) 40%.
C) 60%.
D) 80%.
E) 20%.

Question 60

According to Woods, in the short-term, meals are

A) controlled by set points.
B) homeostasis-disturbing.
C) homeostasis-promoting.
D) likely to be eaten during the cephalic phase.
E) likely to be initiated during the fasting phase.

Question 61

CCK, bombesin, glucagon, and somatostatin

A) are peptides.
B) are released from the gut.
C) have been reported to increase food intake.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 62

The idea that the LH is a hunger center has largely been abandoned because

A) bilateral lesions of the LH produce hyperphagia.
B) the paraventricular nucleus appears to be the hunger center.
C) bilateral LH lesions produce severe and general motor disturbances and reduce responsiveness to all kinds of sensory input, not just food.
D) LH lesions do not reduce eating.
E) LH lesions do not reduce either eating or drinking.

Question 63

CCK is to neuropeptide Y as

A) galanin is to CCK.
B) serotonin is to satiety.
C) satiety is to hunger.
D) rats are to humans.
E) hunger is to satiety.

Question 64

Rats in the static phase of the VMH syndrome

A) have LH lesions.
B) are grossly hyperphagic.
C) eventually enter the dynamic phase.
D) increase their food intake following a period of deprivation.
E) are hypophagic.

Question 65

Evidence suggests that the effects of large bilateral VMH lesions on eating are, in part, caused by damage to the __________ or its connections.

A) paraventricular nuclei
B) lateral geniculate nuclei
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) preoptic nuclei
E) amygdala

Question 66

Human patients who have had their stomachs surgically removed eat

A) so little that they need to be fed intravenously to survive.
B) much more than do humans with stomachs.
C) continue to maintain their body weights by eating more meals of smaller size.
D) only through implanted fistulas.
E) only wet food.

Question 67

In a classic study, a stomach was transplanted from one rat into another and connected to the circulatory system of the recipient. Food was then injected into the implanted stomach. This experiment indicated that

A) the gastrointestinal tract produces a satiety signal.
B) food-related chemical signals from the stomach are transmitted through the circulatory system to the brain.
C) hunger signals from the stomach are transmitted through the nervous system to the brain.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 68

Neuropeptide Y, galanin, orexin A, and ghrelin are

A) hunger peptides.
B) amino acids.
C) catecholamines.
D) serotonin agonists.
E) satiety peptides.

Question 69

According to the dominant hypothalamic theory of eating in the 1950s and 1960s, hunger is to satiety as the

A) LH is to the VMH.
B) VMH is to the LH.
C) LH is to the paraventricular nuclei.
D) pancreas is to the liver.
E) paraventricular nuclei are to the LH.

Question 70

The conclusion of the 1912 study illustrated here was that stomach contractions are associated with

A) eating.
B) hunger.
C) pain.
D) gas.
E) excess satiety.

Question 71

The VMH hyperphagia syndrome comprises two phases. In chronological sequence, these phases are the

A) aphagia phase and the adipsia phase.
B) adipsia phase and the aphagia phase.
C) dynamic phase and the static phase.
D) hyperphagia phase and the hypophagia phase.
E) static phase and the dynamic phase.

Question 72

Large bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce

A) aphagia.
B) adipsia.
C) hyperphagia.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 73

Both galanin and neuropeptide Y

A) are peptides.
B) increase eating.
C) have effects similar to those of CCK.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 74

One of the first studies of the physiology of hunger was that of Cannon and Washburn (1912). They found that

A) subjective feelings of hunger are associated with stomach contractions.
B) subjective feelings of hunger are associated with eating.
C) stomach contractions are associated with high blood glucose levels.
D) stomach contractions are associated with eating.
E) eating is associated with high blood glucose levels.

Question 75

Evidence suggests that the hyperphagia of rats with large bilateral VMH lesions may result from

A) sham eating.
B) intragastric feeding.
C) increases in insulin release.
D) hypoinsulinemia.
E) gluconeogenesis.

Question 76

Undermining the theory that the VMH is the satiety center is the fact that selective lesions of the __________ nuclei of the hypothalamus lead to hyperphagia and obesity.

A) paraventricular
B) lateral
C) ventromedial
D) mammillary
E) dorsomedial

Question 77

VMH lesions in rats

A) increase lipogenesis.
B) increase insulin release.
C) reduce lipolysis.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 78

Grossly obese rats that are regulating their weights after large bilateral VMH lesions are usually

A) moderately hyperphagic.
B) grossly hyperphagic.
C) moderately hypophagic.
D) grossly hypophagic.
E) aphagic.

Question 79

Food in the stomach stimulates the release of __________ from the stomach wall.

A) peptides
B) ketones
C) free fatty acids
D) glucose
E) bile

Question 80

The dynamic phase of the VMH syndrome is associated with

A) hypophagia.
B) weight gain.
C) lipogenesis.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C